LAB MIDTERM
Coccyx
"tail bone" fused vertebrae
RETICULAR DERMIS
- Deepest skin layer - Composed of dense irregular connective and contains many arteries and veins, sweat and sebaceous glands and pressure receptors (LAMELLAR CORPUSCLES) - DERMAL BLOOD SUPPLY— temperature regulation When temp is high capillary networks dilates and becomes engorged w heated blood - Lymphatic vessels - NERVE FIBERS- transmit messages to CNS based on environmental stimuli
hair follicle
- Formed of both epidermal and dermal cells - Epithelial root sheath enclosed by thickened basement membrane (glassy membrane) and by a peripheral connective tissue (fibrous) sheath which is essentially dermal tissue - A small nipple of dermal tissue protrudes into the hair bulb from the peripheral sheath and provides nutrition to the growing hair
Four protective functions of the skin are:
- Insulate and cushion - Protect from abrasion, exposure, chemicals, temp, bacteria - prevent water loss from body surface - temp regulation
PAPILLARY DERMIS
- More superficial dermal region composed of areolar connective tissue - DERMAL PAPILLAE- fingerlike projections which attach to the epidermis --In hands and feet dermal ridges produce fingerprints - Abundant capillary networks in the papillary layer furnish nutrients for the epidermal layers and allow heat to radiate to the skin surface - PAIN RECEPTORS- free nerve endings - TOUCH RECEPTORS— tactile corpuscles
CT CHARACTERISTICS- EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
- Much of the space bt connective tissue is composed of the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) --Non-living material produced by cells. Largely responsible for the strength of connective tissue but degrees of ECM can vary considerably depending on type. (elastin, collagen)
BONE tissue
- OSSEOUS TISSUE - hard, calcified matrix, many collagen fibers; osteocytes in lacunae SUPPORTS, PROTECTS, PROVIDES STRUCTURE and levers for muscles; - stores calcium - bone marrow site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
CHARACTERISTICS THAT DISTINGUISHES EPITHELIAL TISSUE-
- Polarity (apical surface and basal surface) - Specialized contacts (fit together to form sheets of cells bound together by special junctions) - Supported by connective tissue (basement membrane) - Avascular but innervated - Regeneration
CONNECTIVE TISSUE CHARACTERISTICS
- Rich blood supply (except cartilage,tendons and ligaments) - Composed of many types of cells - Lots of non-cellular, non-living matrix between cells (extracellular matrix— network of proteins and other molecules that surround, support and give structure to cells and tissues in the body)
EPIDERMIS
- Structurally the avascular epidermis is keratinized squamous epithelium - does not have blood/veins
muscle tissue- SKELETAL MUSCLE
- attached to bone - voluntary
muscle tissue- CARDIAC MUSCLE
- found in heart - involuntary
MUSCLE TISSUE
- highly specialized to contract and produce MOVEMENT
integument
- is considered an organ system bc it consists of multiple organs such as the skins and its;s accessory organs --Nails, hair, cutaneous glands (oil and sweat)
Cartilage - hyaline
- supports and reinforces as a cushion - ribcage
muscle tissue- SMOOTH
- walls of hollow organs - urinary tract etc. - involuntary
TACTILE EPITHELIAL CELLS
Main function— in combination w sensory nerve ending form sensitive touch receptors located at epidermal-dermal junction
MELANOCYTES
Main function— produce melanin Melanin provides a protective pigment umbrella over the nuclei of cells, shielding their genetic material from UV radiation
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Most abundant and widely distributed type of tissue
ethmoid
Superior and middle nasal conchae formed from its projections
Differentiate between a true rib and a false rib.
TR- vertebrostermal are 7/12 pairs of ribs connected to sternum FR- connects other 5 ribs, not attached properly to sternum
carpals
The _____________________ are the wrist bones.
Metacarpals
The _____________________ form the palm of the hand, and the heads of these bones form the knuckles.
NERVOUS TISSUE
Tissue that senses stimuli and transmits signals. - NEURONS TRANSMIT SIGNAL (COMMUNICATION)
blackheads and acne
blackheads- accumulation of dried sebum, bacteria and melanin from epithelial cells in the oil duct acne- active infection of sebaceous gland
Under what conditions do the secondary curvatures develop?
after birth w normal development (child learns to sit, walk, stand etc)
What is the importance of skull bones being joined by sutures?
allow bones to move during birth
tarsals
ankle bones
coronoid fossa
anterior depression, superior to the trochlea, that receives part of the ulna when bending at the elbow
maxilla
anterior part of hard palate
stratum spinosum--
area where weblike pre-keratin filaments first appear
DENDRITIC CELLS
arise from bone marrow and migrate to epidermis Main function— ingest foregin substances Play a key role in activating the immune response
epithelia classifications- covering and lining are based on
arrangement relative number of layers
Describe how the ribs articulate with the vertebral column.
articular facets are transverse and ribs are process or have joint
DENSE REGULAR CT
attaches muscle to bone, muscle to muscle, or bone to bone
HAIR- ROOT
beneath skin surface and embedded within the follicle (Hair shaft and root have 3 layers of keratinized cells: MEDULLA in the center surrounded by the CORTEX and the protective CUTICLE)
metatarsals
bones forming the instep of the foot
nasal
bridge of nose
axial skeleton
can be divided into three parts: the skull, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage. This division of the skeleton forms the longitudinal axis of the body and protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs.
vertebral foramen
cavity enclosing the spinal cord
Acetabulum
deep socket in the hip bone that receives the head of the thigh bone
axis
dens here provides a pivot for rotation of the first cervical vertebra (C1)
glenoid cavity
depression in the scapula that articulates with the humerus
papillary dermis--
dermal layer responsible for fingerprints
stratum basale --
epidermal layer exhibiting the most rapid cell division location of melanocytes and tactile epidermal cells
Describe how a spinal nerve exits from the vertebral column.
exits through ventral root then ventral horn. sensory nerves enter spinal cord (dorsal horn)
nail bed
extension of stratum basale beneath the nail bed - contains germinal cells necessary for nail growth - as the matrix produces the nails cells they become heavily keratinized and die - thus nails like hair are mostly nonliving
What is the bony orbit?
eye socket for eyeballs and surroundings
floating ribs
false ribs
What kind of tissue makes up the intervertebral discs?
fibrocartilage
pectoral girdle
flexibility most important lightweight insecure axial and limb attachments
frontal
forms the anterior cranium
inferior nasal conchae
forms the most inferior turbinate
coracoid process
hooklike process; biceps brachii attachment site
nails
horn -like derivatives of epidermis
Name two factors/structures that permit flexibility of the vertebral column.
intervertebral discs curvatures/ s-shaped
Why can the sphenoid bone be called the keystone bone of the cranium?
it articulates w all other cranial bones
Sacroiliac articulation
joint between axial skeleton and pelvic girdle
patella
kneecap
skin
largest organ of the body - Most functions concern protection - Insulates and cushions underlying body tissues - Protects entire body from abrasion, shcmil exposure, temperature extremes, bacterial invasion - Prevents water loss from body - Capillary network allows temp regulation - Acts as secretory system as well --Urea, salts, water lost through pores as sweat - METABOLIC DUTIES: vitamin D synthesis - Sense organs for touch, pressure, pain, temperature -Skin is most important and has lots of diverse functions
calcaneus
largest tarsal bone
l. lateral malleolus
lateral ankle projection
acromion
lateral end of the spine of the scapula; clavicle articulation site
capitulum
lateral rounded knob on the distal humerus
stratum granulosum--
layer names for the numerous granules present layer that secretes a glycolipid that prevents water loss from skin
hair matrix
layer of actively dividing epithelial cells
sweat gland-- appcrine
less numerous type of sweat-producing gland; found mainly in the pubic and axillary regions
femur
longest, strongest bone in body
Cartilage- elastic
maintains the shape while allowing for flexibility - ears
Which bones of the facial skeleton are unpaired?
mandible, vomer
what are the three key parts of the sternum called?
manubrium, body, xiphoid process
pelvic girdle
massive secure axial and limb attachments weight-bearing most important
lumbar vertebrae
massive vertebra; weight-sustaining
medial malleolus
medial ankle projection
medial epicondyle
medial condyle of the humerus that articulates with the ulna
Histology
microscopic study of tissues - use satin to ID structure and function of cells and tissues
KERATINOCYTES
most abundant epidermal cells Main function— produce keratin fibrils Keratin is a fibrous protein that gives the epidermis its durability and protective capabilities
parietal
much of the lateral and superior cranium
Are the same skull bones seen in the adult also found in the fetal skull?
no, bones arent fused at birth
greater sciatic notch
notch located inferior to the ischial spine
epithelia classifications- SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
one layer of cells attached by a basement membrane
intervertebral foramina
openings providing for exit of spinal nerves
temporal 2
organ of hearing found here
organs
organized groups of tissues that preform a function
What are the outward conical projections on some of the fetal cranial bones? _
ossification centers
bt which bone does the posterior fontanelle exist
parietal and occipital
nail root
part that is embedded in the skin and adheres to an epithelial nail bed
pubic symphysis
point where the hip bones join anteriorly
tibial tuberosity
point where the patellar ligament attaches
free edge
portion of nail that grows away from skin
palatine
posterior bones of the hard palate
olecranon fossa
posterior depression on the distal humerus
hair & nail
primarily dead/keratinized cells (two responses from key)
sebum
product of sebaceous glands Mix of oily substances and fragmented cells that acts a a lubricant to keep the skin soft and moist Keeps hair from becoming brittle
eponychium (CUTICLE)
projection of thick proximal nail fold
epithelial tissue functions
protection absorption filtration excretion secretion sensory reception
body and transverse process
provide an articulation point for the ribs
transverse process
provide levers against which muscles pull
spinous process
provides levers for the muscles to pull against
ADIPOSE: LOOSE CT
provides reserved fuel and serves a insulation
DENSE IRREGULAR CT
provides structural strength and shields against tension
lunule
proximal region of thickened nail matrix which appears as a crescent moon - everywhere else nails are translucent but appear pink bc of the blood supply in the underlying dermis
hyponychium
region beneath free edge of nail
HAIR SHAFT
region projecting from the surface of the skin (Hair shaft and root have 3 layers of keratinized cells: MEDULLA in the center surrounded by the CORTEX and the protective CUTICLE)
ischial tuberosity
rough projection that supports body weight when sitting
List the proximal row of wrist bones from lateral to medial:
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
List the three major types of glands in the epidermis. _
sebaceous(oil), eccrine sweat and apocrine sweat
Which skin lubricant is secreted by sebaceous glands?
sebum
sebaceous gland
secretes a lubricant for hair and skin
hair follicle--
sheath formed of both epithelial and connective tissues
epithelial tissue
sheet of cells that cover a bodies surface and lines a bodies cavity
tibia
shinbone
sphenoid
single, irregular, bat-shaped bone, forming part of the cranial floor
temporal
site of mastoid process
gluteal tuberosity, lesser sciatic notch
sites of muscle attachment on the proximal femur
nails folds
skin fold that overlaps the borders of the nail
Hyoid
small U-shaped bone in neck, where many tongue muscles attach
trochlea
small bump on the humerus, often called the "funny bone"
cutaneous receptors
specialized nerve endings that respond to temperature, touch, etc.
sweat gland—eccrine
sweat gland with a role in temperature control
papillary dermis---
tactile corpuscles are located in the ________
talus
tarsal bone that "sits" on the calcaneus
talus
tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia
vomer and ethmoid
two bones that form the nasal septum
cranium
two major areas: cranial vault or calvaria- forming the superior, lateral, and posterior walls of the skull; cranial base- forming the skull bottom
Name the two components of an intervertebral disc: What properties are afforded by each?
ANNULUS FIBROUS- outer region, surrounds jelly-like region NP NUCLEUS PULPOSUS- inner region
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
2 DISTINCT REGIONS- - EPIDERMIS-composed of epithelium - DERMIS- underlying ct under the skin is the hypodermis or superficial fascia
structure of skin
2 distinct regions epidermis- superficial, composed of epithelium dermis- underlying ct --hypodermis/ subcutaneous layer- mainly adipose tissue, NOT considered part of the skin
stratum corneum--
2 layers containing dead cells layer including scalelike dead cells, full of keratin, that constantly slough off
stratum lucidum--
2 layers containing dead cells layer of translucent cells in thick skin containing dead keratinocytes
epithelia classifications- STRATIFIED
2 or more layers of cells
Phalanx, 3, phalanges
A single finger bone is called a _______________. Each hand has _______________ finger bones, called _______________.
Describe two integumentary system mechanisms that help regulate body temperature.
CAPILLARY NETWORK ( body rises and arteries dilate and capillary network is filled w heated blood. allows body heat to radiate from skin surface) and ECCRINE SWEAT GLAND ( secrete sweat when external temp is high, sweat evaporates and body temp is carried w it)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE- 4 MAIN TYPES
CT PROPER- - LOOSE CT- (areolar, adipose, and reticular) - DENSE CT- (dense regular, dense elastic and elastic) CARTILAGE BONE BLOOD
ECCRINE (MEROCRINE)
Distributed all over body Produce a clear secretion consisting of water, salt and urea Eccrine sweat glands under control of the nervous system are an important part of the body's heat regulating apparatus Secrete sweat when temp is high, evaporates carrying aways heat
SWEAT (SUDORIFEROUS) GLANDS
Exocrine glands widely distributed all over the skin Outlets for glands are epithelial openings called PORES Sweat glands are characterized by their sections
How does the size of the fetal face compare to its cranium? how does this compare to the adult skull
Face is foreshortened, overshadowed by the large cranium. Maxillae and mandible are very tiny. its relative to the rest of the skeleton In the adult the cranium is proportionately smaller and the facial bones are proportionately larger and more prominent. it is ossified while aging
SEBACEOUS (OIL) GLANDS
Found nearly all over the skin except palms and soles Their ducts usually empty into a hair follicle Become more active during puberty
APPROCINE
Found predominantly in axillary and genital areas Secrete basic components of eccrine sweat plaus proteins and fat-rich substances Excellent media for microorganisms Sweat is odorless, bacterial breakdown of sweat components produces odor
simple columnar
Function— absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances Locations— - Non-ciliated → lines parts of digestive tract - ciliated → lines small bronchi
simple squamous
Function— allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites of protection is not important Locations— kidney, alveolar, blood cells
STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL-
Function— protection Location example— salivary glands
STRATIFIED COLUMNAR-
Function— protection, secretion Location example— small amounts in male urethra (rare in body)
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS -
Function— protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion Location example— epidermis of skin
simple cuboidal
Function— secretions and absorption Location— kidney tubules, ovary surface
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM-
Function— secretions, cilic aid in propulsion → Location— ciliated→ trachea and upper respiratory
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM-
Function— stretches readily and prevents distension Location— lines ureters, bladder
sebaceous
Glands that respond to rising androgen levels are the _______________________ glands.
STRATUM GRANULOSUM
LAMELLAR GRANULES— contain waterproofing glycolipid KERATOHYALIN GRANULES— help to form keratin
STRATUM CORNEUM
Outermost layer consisting of 20-30 layers of deal, scalelike keratinocytes Constantly being exfoliated and replaced by division of the deeper cells
STRATUM LUCIDUM
Present only in THICK SKIN Thin band of flattened, dead keratinocytes
epithelia classifications- 3 categories based on shape---
SQUAMOUS-scalelike CUBOIDAL-cubelike COLUMNAR- colum-shaped
STRATUM SPINOSUM
Several layers of cells that contain thick, weblike bundles of intermediate filaments made of pure-keratin protein Cells in this layer and basal layer are the only ones to receive adequate nourishment from diffusion of nutrients from dermis
STRATUM BASALE
Single row of cells boce dermis Constantly undergoing mitosis to form new cells
arrector pili muscle
Small band of smooth muscle connects each follicle to the papillary dermis GOOSE BUMPS— when these muscles contract the slanted hair follicle is pulled upright
clavicle and scapula
The bones that form the pectoral girdle are the _____________________________ and _______
dermis
The deeper region tissue is the __________________________, composed of connective tissue.
keratinocyte
The most numerous cell of the epidermis is the ______________________
Compare the boundaries of the pelvic inlet and outlet.
The pelvic inlet is oval being widest transversely, the pelvic mid-cavity is circular, while the outlet is oval being widest anteroposteriorly
epidermis, stratified squamous epithelium
The superficial region of the skin is the_____________________, composed of _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ (3 words) tissue.
papillary, reticular
The two primary layers of the dermis are the ________________________________ dermis, composed of areolar connective tissue, and the _______________________________ dermis, composed of dense irregular connective tissue.
humerus, radius, ulna
The upper limb is formed by the arm bone, the _____________________________, and the two bones of the forearm, the _____________________________ and _____________________________
reticular dermis--
deep layer of dermis
dendritic cells--
_ are epidermal cells that play a role in the immune response.
lamellar
____ corpuscles are located deep in the dermis.
g. greater sciatic notch
_____________________ 9. permits passage of the sciatic nerve
suture
a fibrous joint between flat bones of the skull
deltoid tuberosity
a roughened area on the lateral humerus: deltoid attachment site
zygomatic
cheek bone
HAIR- BULB
collection of well-nourished epithelial cells at the base of hair follicle
skull
composed of two sets of bones. Those of the cranium (8 bones) enclose and protect the fragile brain tissue. The facial bones (14 bones) support the eyes and position them anteriorly.
scarum
composite bone; articulates with the hip bone laterally
AREOLAR: LOOSE CT
cushions organs and be important in inflammatory processes; jell-like matrix
bt which bone does the anterior fontanelle exist
frontal and parietal
Which bones of the cranium are unpaired?
frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid
List the bones that have sinuses, and give two possible functions of the sinuses.
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, ethmoid, paired maxilla 1. lighten the skull 2. act as response chambers for speech
What bones contribute to the formation of the orbit? _
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla, lacrimal, palatine
Name the eight bones of the cranium.
frontal; occipital; right parietal; left partietal; sphenoid; ethmoid; right temporal; left temporal.
ilium, ischium, pubis
fuse to form the hip bone
tissue
group of cells similar in structure and function
Occipital
has condyles that articulate w the atlas
Name the two bone markings that form the distal radioulnar joint.
head of ulna ulnar notch of the radius
body and vertebral arch
structures that form an enclosure for the spinal cord
pedicle and lamina
structures that form the vertebral arch
ilium
superior most margin of the hip bone
atlas
supports the head; allows a rocking motion in conjunction with the occipital condyles
ulnar notch
surface on the radius that receives the head of the ulna
radial notch
surface on the ulna that receives the head of the radius
How are the surgical and anatomical necks of the humerus different?
surgical neck is bt the neck and greater tubercle and the anatomical neck is bt the shaft and greater tubercle
fibula
thin, lateral leg bone
which two spinal curvatures are obvious at birth? _
thoracic and sacral
how can u tell what side of the body, a born is from? articulated tibia and fibula.
tibia-thicker bone is in the inside fibula-thin bone- outside
lacrimal
tiny bones bearing tear ducts
arrector pilli--
tiny muscles, attached to hair follicles, that pull the hair upright during fright or cold
thoracic vertebra
transverse processes faceted for articulation with ribs; spinous process pointing sharply downward
cervical vertebrae- typical
vertebra type containing foramina in the transverse processes, through which the vertebral arteries ascend to reach the brain
nail plate
visible portion of the nail
tibia
weight-bearing bone of the leg
body
weight-bearing portion of the vertebra
