LAB MIDTERM

Coccyx

"tail bone" fused vertebrae

RETICULAR DERMIS

- Deepest skin layer - Composed of dense irregular connective and contains many arteries and veins, sweat and sebaceous glands and pressure receptors (LAMELLAR CORPUSCLES) - DERMAL BLOOD SUPPLY— temperature regulation When temp is high capillary networks dilates and becomes engorged w heated blood - Lymphatic vessels - NERVE FIBERS- transmit messages to CNS based on environmental stimuli

hair follicle

- Formed of both epidermal and dermal cells - Epithelial root sheath enclosed by thickened basement membrane (glassy membrane) and by a peripheral connective tissue (fibrous) sheath which is essentially dermal tissue - A small nipple of dermal tissue protrudes into the hair bulb from the peripheral sheath and provides nutrition to the growing hair

Four protective functions of the skin are:

- Insulate and cushion - Protect from abrasion, exposure, chemicals, temp, bacteria - prevent water loss from body surface - temp regulation

PAPILLARY DERMIS

- More superficial dermal region composed of areolar connective tissue - DERMAL PAPILLAE- fingerlike projections which attach to the epidermis --In hands and feet dermal ridges produce fingerprints - Abundant capillary networks in the papillary layer furnish nutrients for the epidermal layers and allow heat to radiate to the skin surface - PAIN RECEPTORS- free nerve endings - TOUCH RECEPTORS— tactile corpuscles

CT CHARACTERISTICS- EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

- Much of the space bt connective tissue is composed of the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) --Non-living material produced by cells. Largely responsible for the strength of connective tissue but degrees of ECM can vary considerably depending on type. (elastin, collagen)

BONE tissue

- OSSEOUS TISSUE - hard, calcified matrix, many collagen fibers; osteocytes in lacunae SUPPORTS, PROTECTS, PROVIDES STRUCTURE and levers for muscles; - stores calcium - bone marrow site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)

CHARACTERISTICS THAT DISTINGUISHES EPITHELIAL TISSUE-

- Polarity (apical surface and basal surface) - Specialized contacts (fit together to form sheets of cells bound together by special junctions) - Supported by connective tissue (basement membrane) - Avascular but innervated - Regeneration

CONNECTIVE TISSUE CHARACTERISTICS

- Rich blood supply (except cartilage,tendons and ligaments) - Composed of many types of cells - Lots of non-cellular, non-living matrix between cells (extracellular matrix— network of proteins and other molecules that surround, support and give structure to cells and tissues in the body)

EPIDERMIS

- Structurally the avascular epidermis is keratinized squamous epithelium - does not have blood/veins

muscle tissue- SKELETAL MUSCLE

- attached to bone - voluntary

muscle tissue- CARDIAC MUSCLE

- found in heart - involuntary

MUSCLE TISSUE

- highly specialized to contract and produce MOVEMENT

integument

- is considered an organ system bc it consists of multiple organs such as the skins and its;s accessory organs --Nails, hair, cutaneous glands (oil and sweat)

Cartilage - hyaline

- supports and reinforces as a cushion - ribcage

muscle tissue- SMOOTH

- walls of hollow organs - urinary tract etc. - involuntary

TACTILE EPITHELIAL CELLS

Main function— in combination w sensory nerve ending form sensitive touch receptors located at epidermal-dermal junction

MELANOCYTES

Main function— produce melanin Melanin provides a protective pigment umbrella over the nuclei of cells, shielding their genetic material from UV radiation

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Most abundant and widely distributed type of tissue

ethmoid

Superior and middle nasal conchae formed from its projections

Differentiate between a true rib and a false rib.

TR- vertebrostermal are 7/12 pairs of ribs connected to sternum FR- connects other 5 ribs, not attached properly to sternum

carpals

The _____________________ are the wrist bones.

Metacarpals

The _____________________ form the palm of the hand, and the heads of these bones form the knuckles.

NERVOUS TISSUE

Tissue that senses stimuli and transmits signals. - NEURONS TRANSMIT SIGNAL (COMMUNICATION)

blackheads and acne

blackheads- accumulation of dried sebum, bacteria and melanin from epithelial cells in the oil duct acne- active infection of sebaceous gland

Under what conditions do the secondary curvatures develop?

after birth w normal development (child learns to sit, walk, stand etc)

What is the importance of skull bones being joined by sutures?

allow bones to move during birth

tarsals

ankle bones

coronoid fossa

anterior depression, superior to the trochlea, that receives part of the ulna when bending at the elbow

maxilla

anterior part of hard palate

stratum spinosum--

area where weblike pre-keratin filaments first appear

DENDRITIC CELLS

arise from bone marrow and migrate to epidermis Main function— ingest foregin substances Play a key role in activating the immune response

epithelia classifications- covering and lining are based on

arrangement relative number of layers

Describe how the ribs articulate with the vertebral column.

articular facets are transverse and ribs are process or have joint

DENSE REGULAR CT

attaches muscle to bone, muscle to muscle, or bone to bone

HAIR- ROOT

beneath skin surface and embedded within the follicle (Hair shaft and root have 3 layers of keratinized cells: MEDULLA in the center surrounded by the CORTEX and the protective CUTICLE)

metatarsals

bones forming the instep of the foot

nasal

bridge of nose

axial skeleton

can be divided into three parts: the skull, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage. This division of the skeleton forms the longitudinal axis of the body and protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs.

vertebral foramen

cavity enclosing the spinal cord

Acetabulum

deep socket in the hip bone that receives the head of the thigh bone

axis

dens here provides a pivot for rotation of the first cervical vertebra (C1)

glenoid cavity

depression in the scapula that articulates with the humerus

papillary dermis--

dermal layer responsible for fingerprints

stratum basale --

epidermal layer exhibiting the most rapid cell division location of melanocytes and tactile epidermal cells

Describe how a spinal nerve exits from the vertebral column.

exits through ventral root then ventral horn. sensory nerves enter spinal cord (dorsal horn)

nail bed

extension of stratum basale beneath the nail bed - contains germinal cells necessary for nail growth - as the matrix produces the nails cells they become heavily keratinized and die - thus nails like hair are mostly nonliving

What is the bony orbit?

eye socket for eyeballs and surroundings

floating ribs

false ribs

What kind of tissue makes up the intervertebral discs?

fibrocartilage

pectoral girdle

flexibility most important lightweight insecure axial and limb attachments

frontal

forms the anterior cranium

inferior nasal conchae

forms the most inferior turbinate

coracoid process

hooklike process; biceps brachii attachment site

nails

horn -like derivatives of epidermis

Name two factors/structures that permit flexibility of the vertebral column.

intervertebral discs curvatures/ s-shaped

Why can the sphenoid bone be called the keystone bone of the cranium?

it articulates w all other cranial bones

Sacroiliac articulation

joint between axial skeleton and pelvic girdle

patella

kneecap

skin

largest organ of the body - Most functions concern protection - Insulates and cushions underlying body tissues - Protects entire body from abrasion, shcmil exposure, temperature extremes, bacterial invasion - Prevents water loss from body - Capillary network allows temp regulation - Acts as secretory system as well --Urea, salts, water lost through pores as sweat - METABOLIC DUTIES: vitamin D synthesis - Sense organs for touch, pressure, pain, temperature -Skin is most important and has lots of diverse functions

calcaneus

largest tarsal bone

l. lateral malleolus

lateral ankle projection

acromion

lateral end of the spine of the scapula; clavicle articulation site

capitulum

lateral rounded knob on the distal humerus

stratum granulosum--

layer names for the numerous granules present layer that secretes a glycolipid that prevents water loss from skin

hair matrix

layer of actively dividing epithelial cells

sweat gland-- appcrine

less numerous type of sweat-producing gland; found mainly in the pubic and axillary regions

femur

longest, strongest bone in body

Cartilage- elastic

maintains the shape while allowing for flexibility - ears

Which bones of the facial skeleton are unpaired?

mandible, vomer

what are the three key parts of the sternum called?

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

pelvic girdle

massive secure axial and limb attachments weight-bearing most important

lumbar vertebrae

massive vertebra; weight-sustaining

medial malleolus

medial ankle projection

medial epicondyle

medial condyle of the humerus that articulates with the ulna

Histology

microscopic study of tissues - use satin to ID structure and function of cells and tissues

KERATINOCYTES

most abundant epidermal cells Main function— produce keratin fibrils Keratin is a fibrous protein that gives the epidermis its durability and protective capabilities

parietal

much of the lateral and superior cranium

Are the same skull bones seen in the adult also found in the fetal skull?

no, bones arent fused at birth

greater sciatic notch

notch located inferior to the ischial spine

epithelia classifications- SIMPLE EPITHELIUM

one layer of cells attached by a basement membrane

intervertebral foramina

openings providing for exit of spinal nerves

temporal 2

organ of hearing found here

organs

organized groups of tissues that preform a function

What are the outward conical projections on some of the fetal cranial bones? _

ossification centers

bt which bone does the posterior fontanelle exist

parietal and occipital

nail root

part that is embedded in the skin and adheres to an epithelial nail bed

pubic symphysis

point where the hip bones join anteriorly

tibial tuberosity

point where the patellar ligament attaches

free edge

portion of nail that grows away from skin

palatine

posterior bones of the hard palate

olecranon fossa

posterior depression on the distal humerus

hair & nail

primarily dead/keratinized cells (two responses from key)

sebum

product of sebaceous glands Mix of oily substances and fragmented cells that acts a a lubricant to keep the skin soft and moist Keeps hair from becoming brittle

eponychium (CUTICLE)

projection of thick proximal nail fold

epithelial tissue functions

protection absorption filtration excretion secretion sensory reception

body and transverse process

provide an articulation point for the ribs

transverse process

provide levers against which muscles pull

spinous process

provides levers for the muscles to pull against

ADIPOSE: LOOSE CT

provides reserved fuel and serves a insulation

DENSE IRREGULAR CT

provides structural strength and shields against tension

lunule

proximal region of thickened nail matrix which appears as a crescent moon - everywhere else nails are translucent but appear pink bc of the blood supply in the underlying dermis

hyponychium

region beneath free edge of nail

HAIR SHAFT

region projecting from the surface of the skin (Hair shaft and root have 3 layers of keratinized cells: MEDULLA in the center surrounded by the CORTEX and the protective CUTICLE)

ischial tuberosity

rough projection that supports body weight when sitting

List the proximal row of wrist bones from lateral to medial:

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

List the three major types of glands in the epidermis. _

sebaceous(oil), eccrine sweat and apocrine sweat

Which skin lubricant is secreted by sebaceous glands?

sebum

sebaceous gland

secretes a lubricant for hair and skin

hair follicle--

sheath formed of both epithelial and connective tissues

epithelial tissue

sheet of cells that cover a bodies surface and lines a bodies cavity

tibia

shinbone

sphenoid

single, irregular, bat-shaped bone, forming part of the cranial floor

temporal

site of mastoid process

gluteal tuberosity, lesser sciatic notch

sites of muscle attachment on the proximal femur

nails folds

skin fold that overlaps the borders of the nail

Hyoid

small U-shaped bone in neck, where many tongue muscles attach

trochlea

small bump on the humerus, often called the "funny bone"

cutaneous receptors

specialized nerve endings that respond to temperature, touch, etc.

sweat gland—eccrine

sweat gland with a role in temperature control

papillary dermis---

tactile corpuscles are located in the ________

talus

tarsal bone that "sits" on the calcaneus

talus

tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia

vomer and ethmoid

two bones that form the nasal septum

cranium

two major areas: cranial vault or calvaria- forming the superior, lateral, and posterior walls of the skull; cranial base- forming the skull bottom

Name the two components of an intervertebral disc: What properties are afforded by each?

ANNULUS FIBROUS- outer region, surrounds jelly-like region NP NUCLEUS PULPOSUS- inner region

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

2 DISTINCT REGIONS- - EPIDERMIS-composed of epithelium - DERMIS- underlying ct under the skin is the hypodermis or superficial fascia

structure of skin

2 distinct regions epidermis- superficial, composed of epithelium dermis- underlying ct --hypodermis/ subcutaneous layer- mainly adipose tissue, NOT considered part of the skin

stratum corneum--

2 layers containing dead cells layer including scalelike dead cells, full of keratin, that constantly slough off

stratum lucidum--

2 layers containing dead cells layer of translucent cells in thick skin containing dead keratinocytes

epithelia classifications- STRATIFIED

2 or more layers of cells

Phalanx, 3, phalanges

A single finger bone is called a _______________. Each hand has _______________ finger bones, called _______________.

Describe two integumentary system mechanisms that help regulate body temperature.

CAPILLARY NETWORK ( body rises and arteries dilate and capillary network is filled w heated blood. allows body heat to radiate from skin surface) and ECCRINE SWEAT GLAND ( secrete sweat when external temp is high, sweat evaporates and body temp is carried w it)

CONNECTIVE TISSUE- 4 MAIN TYPES

CT PROPER- - LOOSE CT- (areolar, adipose, and reticular) - DENSE CT- (dense regular, dense elastic and elastic) CARTILAGE BONE BLOOD

ECCRINE (MEROCRINE)

Distributed all over body Produce a clear secretion consisting of water, salt and urea Eccrine sweat glands under control of the nervous system are an important part of the body's heat regulating apparatus Secrete sweat when temp is high, evaporates carrying aways heat

SWEAT (SUDORIFEROUS) GLANDS

Exocrine glands widely distributed all over the skin Outlets for glands are epithelial openings called PORES Sweat glands are characterized by their sections

How does the size of the fetal face compare to its cranium? how does this compare to the adult skull

Face is foreshortened, overshadowed by the large cranium. Maxillae and mandible are very tiny. its relative to the rest of the skeleton In the adult the cranium is proportionately smaller and the facial bones are proportionately larger and more prominent. it is ossified while aging

SEBACEOUS (OIL) GLANDS

Found nearly all over the skin except palms and soles Their ducts usually empty into a hair follicle Become more active during puberty

APPROCINE

Found predominantly in axillary and genital areas Secrete basic components of eccrine sweat plaus proteins and fat-rich substances Excellent media for microorganisms Sweat is odorless, bacterial breakdown of sweat components produces odor

simple columnar

Function— absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances Locations— - Non-ciliated → lines parts of digestive tract - ciliated → lines small bronchi

simple squamous

Function— allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites of protection is not important Locations— kidney, alveolar, blood cells

STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL-

Function— protection Location example— salivary glands

STRATIFIED COLUMNAR-

Function— protection, secretion Location example— small amounts in male urethra (rare in body)

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS -

Function— protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion Location example— epidermis of skin

simple cuboidal

Function— secretions and absorption Location— kidney tubules, ovary surface

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM-

Function— secretions, cilic aid in propulsion → Location— ciliated→ trachea and upper respiratory

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM-

Function— stretches readily and prevents distension Location— lines ureters, bladder

sebaceous

Glands that respond to rising androgen levels are the _______________________ glands.

STRATUM GRANULOSUM

LAMELLAR GRANULES— contain waterproofing glycolipid KERATOHYALIN GRANULES— help to form keratin

STRATUM CORNEUM

Outermost layer consisting of 20-30 layers of deal, scalelike keratinocytes Constantly being exfoliated and replaced by division of the deeper cells

STRATUM LUCIDUM

Present only in THICK SKIN Thin band of flattened, dead keratinocytes

epithelia classifications- 3 categories based on shape---

SQUAMOUS-scalelike CUBOIDAL-cubelike COLUMNAR- colum-shaped

STRATUM SPINOSUM

Several layers of cells that contain thick, weblike bundles of intermediate filaments made of pure-keratin protein Cells in this layer and basal layer are the only ones to receive adequate nourishment from diffusion of nutrients from dermis

STRATUM BASALE

Single row of cells boce dermis Constantly undergoing mitosis to form new cells

arrector pili muscle

Small band of smooth muscle connects each follicle to the papillary dermis GOOSE BUMPS— when these muscles contract the slanted hair follicle is pulled upright

clavicle and scapula

The bones that form the pectoral girdle are the _____________________________ and _______

dermis

The deeper region tissue is the __________________________, composed of connective tissue.

keratinocyte

The most numerous cell of the epidermis is the ______________________

Compare the boundaries of the pelvic inlet and outlet.

The pelvic inlet is oval being widest transversely, the pelvic mid-cavity is circular, while the outlet is oval being widest anteroposteriorly

epidermis, stratified squamous epithelium

The superficial region of the skin is the_____________________, composed of _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ (3 words) tissue.

papillary, reticular

The two primary layers of the dermis are the ________________________________ dermis, composed of areolar connective tissue, and the _______________________________ dermis, composed of dense irregular connective tissue.

humerus, radius, ulna

The upper limb is formed by the arm bone, the _____________________________, and the two bones of the forearm, the _____________________________ and _____________________________

reticular dermis--

deep layer of dermis

dendritic cells--

_ are epidermal cells that play a role in the immune response.

lamellar

____ corpuscles are located deep in the dermis.

g. greater sciatic notch

_____________________ 9. permits passage of the sciatic nerve

suture

a fibrous joint between flat bones of the skull

deltoid tuberosity

a roughened area on the lateral humerus: deltoid attachment site

zygomatic

cheek bone

HAIR- BULB

collection of well-nourished epithelial cells at the base of hair follicle

skull

composed of two sets of bones. Those of the cranium (8 bones) enclose and protect the fragile brain tissue. The facial bones (14 bones) support the eyes and position them anteriorly.

scarum

composite bone; articulates with the hip bone laterally

AREOLAR: LOOSE CT

cushions organs and be important in inflammatory processes; jell-like matrix

bt which bone does the anterior fontanelle exist

frontal and parietal

Which bones of the cranium are unpaired?

frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid

List the bones that have sinuses, and give two possible functions of the sinuses.

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, ethmoid, paired maxilla 1. lighten the skull 2. act as response chambers for speech

What bones contribute to the formation of the orbit? _

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla, lacrimal, palatine

Name the eight bones of the cranium.

frontal; occipital; right parietal; left partietal; sphenoid; ethmoid; right temporal; left temporal.

ilium, ischium, pubis

fuse to form the hip bone

tissue

group of cells similar in structure and function

Occipital

has condyles that articulate w the atlas

Name the two bone markings that form the distal radioulnar joint.

head of ulna ulnar notch of the radius

body and vertebral arch

structures that form an enclosure for the spinal cord

pedicle and lamina

structures that form the vertebral arch

ilium

superior most margin of the hip bone

atlas

supports the head; allows a rocking motion in conjunction with the occipital condyles

ulnar notch

surface on the radius that receives the head of the ulna

radial notch

surface on the ulna that receives the head of the radius

How are the surgical and anatomical necks of the humerus different?

surgical neck is bt the neck and greater tubercle and the anatomical neck is bt the shaft and greater tubercle

fibula

thin, lateral leg bone

which two spinal curvatures are obvious at birth? _

thoracic and sacral

how can u tell what side of the body, a born is from? articulated tibia and fibula.

tibia-thicker bone is in the inside fibula-thin bone- outside

lacrimal

tiny bones bearing tear ducts

arrector pilli--

tiny muscles, attached to hair follicles, that pull the hair upright during fright or cold

thoracic vertebra

transverse processes faceted for articulation with ribs; spinous process pointing sharply downward

cervical vertebrae- typical

vertebra type containing foramina in the transverse processes, through which the vertebral arteries ascend to reach the brain

nail plate

visible portion of the nail

tibia

weight-bearing bone of the leg

body

weight-bearing portion of the vertebra