Nutrition ch 4

Monosaccharide

(Mono)=one (Saccharide)=sugar simple sugar that consists of a single sugar unit. There are three most common monosaccarides: glucose(abundant, energy source for the body), fructose(The sweetest known as fruit sugar) and galactose(natural food like dairy)

Disaccharides

Two sugar unit combined 1. sucrose- table sugar composed of glucose and fructose. 2. Lactose- milk sugar composed of glucose and galactose. 3. Maltose- malt sugar least common and composed of two glucose units joined together.

Type 2 diabetes

accounts for 90-95% of cases obesity is common trigger eventually pancreas may become unable to produce insulin

Sugar substitutes

added sweeteners but not kilocalories 1. Polyols- sugar alcohol that is chemically stucture of sugar with alcohol component added. Found in plants and used in gum. 2. Aspartame- one of the most used composed of two amino acids proteins, modified aspartic acid and phenylalaine

Soluble fiber

dissolves in water viscous and fermentable easily digested by intestial bacteria=pectin found in citrus fruits, berries, oats and beans

Energy

fuel daily activity and exercise *when diet does not provide enough carbohydrate, the process of gluconegensis converts proteins in blood and tissue into glucose* Each gram of carbohydrate= 4 Kcal

HFCS

is a fructose-glucose liquid sweetener alternative to sucrose (common table sugar)

pancreatic amylase

pancreatic amylase enzyme produced in the pancreas and secreted into the small intestine enzymatically digests starch to maltose

Enriched grain

refined grain food that have folic acid, thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, and iron added

Fiber reduces cholesterol

Dietary fibers acts as a bile acid sequeststator as it binds the bile in the intestinal tract and carries out in the feces.

Digest of carbohydrates

Digestion of carbs begin in the mouth where teeth grind the teeth and mix with saliva. which contain the enzyme salivary amylase

Insoluble fiber

Dose not dissolve in water not easily fomented by bacteria in the intestine=cellulose Balance between insoluble and soluble fiber is the key

Gluclose

Gluclose Most abundant carbohydrate produced by plants through photosynthesis preferred source of energy for the brain important source of energy for all cells

Carbohydrates provide energy

Glucose provides about half the energy stored in tissues that fuel our brains and muscle and the rest comes from fats.

Intake of fiber

25 g for women 38 g for men

Condensation

A chemical reaction in which two molecules combined to form a larger molecule and water is released

Oligosaccharides

A few and slightly longer and contain three to ten units

Type 1 diabetes

Autoimmune form of diabetes in which the pancreas dose not produce insulin Happens genetically from young age not curable and 5%

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates one of the three macronutrients an important energy source- especially for nerve cells composed of atoms carbon, hydrogen and oxygen good sources include fruits, vegetables, grains.

Fiber

Food components that are non digestible polysaccharises Most plant foods contain both soluble and insoluble fibers

Whole grain

Grain food that are made with the entire edible grain kernel; the bran the endosperm and the germ. including starch and dietary fiber

Refined grains

Grain foods that are made with only the endosperm of the kernel. the bran and germ has been removed during miling

Fiber role in the body

Helps maintain a healthy intestinal tract, reduces hunger, and is an essential component of a healthy diet.

Polysaccarides

Many sugar units combined that consists of long chains and branches of glucose linked together. ex; starch, glycogen, and fiber

Photosynthesis

Plants use the chlorophyll in their leaves to absorb the energy in sunlight. the absorbed energy splits water in the plant into its component parts of hydrogen and oxygen. the hydrogen joins with carbon dioxide that the plant has taken in the air to form glucose. In this process six molecules of oxygen are released into the air.

Fibers benefits

Prevents heart disease, obesity, cancer and diabetes.

Insulin

Regulates blood glucose levels in the blood and is releast from beta cells of the pancreas that stimulates the uptake of glucose from the body into the cells

Glucagon

Regulates liver glycogenolysis from alpha cells of the pancreas that stimulates to increase blood levels of glucose.

Ketonebodies

The by product of the incomplete breakdown of fat. They are acid and reduce pH of the blood, not enough ketonebodies when fasting can double and lead to ketosis

Glycogen

Storage form of glucose in animals, long branched chains of glucose. -Glycogen stored in our bodies in the liver and muscles not found in food- therefore not a dietary source of carbs.

Absorbed carboydrates

The monosaccharides are absorbed, glucose, fructose, and galactose in small intestine

Glycogenesis

The process of assembling excess glucose into glycogen in the liver and muscle cell

Gluconeogenesis Gluo=sugar neo=new

The process of creating glucose from non carbohydrates sources. It Occurs in the liver and takes place in the kidney and can provide needed glucose to the body.

Starch

The storage form of glucose in plants, straight chains called amylose.

Sugar sweeten beverages cause obesity

not alone sugar beverages because it contains a lot of calories and increase in appetite but their are other factors like less exercise.