Lab Practical 2

Paranasal Sinuses

ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, and maxilla

Ball and socket

ex. acromioclavicular joint(gliding and rotation) glenohumeral join(multiaxial, flexion, extension, adduction, abduction)

Pivot Joint

ex. atlantoaxial joint (uniaxial rotation of head)

Coccyx

4 fused bones

Condylar Joint

ex. atlantooccipital joint (atlas vertebra and occipital skull bone) (flexion, extension, circumduction) metacarpophalenger joints (biaxial movement, flexion, extension)

Pelvic Girdle

amphiarthrosis

Patellar Ligaments

anterior, inferior to patella

Quadriceps tendon

anterior, superior to patella

Anterior cruciate ligament

anteriorly lift up, ligament underneath

Basic structure of all synovial joints

articular capsule, articular cartilage, synovial cavity, synovial membrane, synovial fluid

Types of Synovial Joints (Diarthrosis)

ball and socket, hinge joint, pivot joint, gliding joint, saddle joint, condylar joint

Hard palate

composed of 2 palatine processes of the maxillae and the 2 palatine bones (total of 4 fused bones).

Shoulder

diarthrosis

Hinge Joint

ex. elbow joint: ulna and radius with humerus interphalangeal: finger joints (uniaxial, flexion, extension of forearm and fingers)

Saddle Joint

ex. sternoclavicular joint, carpometacarpal joints (multiraxial movement of clavicle)

Gliding Joint

ex. temporomandibular joint (uniaxial rotation)

Amphiarthrosis(cartilaginous joints)

lightly movable joint ex. intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis

Lateral and medial menisci

menisci- on top of tibia

Fibular(lateral) collateral ligament

side on side of fibula

Tibial(medial) collateral ligament

side on side of tibia

Epidermal layers(superficial to deep)

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

Hypodermis

subcutaneous layer, attaches skin to underlying tissues and organs

Fetal and newborn skull

1 anterior (frontal) fontanel; 1 posterior (occipital) fontanel; 2 anterolateral (sphenoidal) fontanels (1 on each side); 2 posterolateral (mastoid) fontanels (1 on each side)

Sacrum

5 fused bones

Intervertebral discs

between each unfused vertebra consists of an annulus fibrosus (fibrocartilage) surrounding a nucleus pulposus (soft, spongy elastic tissue)

Ribs 8-12

false ribs (8-10 have costal cartilages which attach to each other and then to the cartilages of the 7th pair of ribs. 11-12 are false ribs which are called floating ribs because their costal cartilages do not attach to the sternum at all.

Bones of the knee joint

femur, tibia, fibula, patella

Diarthrosis

freely movable joints ex. all synovial joints, elbow, knee, shoulder, hip

Seventh cervical vertebra

has a vertebra prominens in place of the bifid spinous process, transverse foramina in transverse processes as well as all other features of a typical vertebra.

Synarthrosis(fibrous joints)

immovable joint ex. sutures of the skull, teeth sockets(alveolar process)

Dermal layers

papillary region on top of reticular region

Posterior cruciate ligament

posterior of knee, splits into 2

Ribs 1-7

true ribs (have individual costal cartilages which attach to sternum)