LabPractical 2
What pressure changes occur when the primary muscle contracts?
decreases intrathroacic pressure
Name the space formed between the visceral and parietal pleura
pleural cavity
During inspiration why does the thoracic cavity increase in volume?
to accomodate expansion of the lungs
Name the organ that maintains an open passageway to and from the lungs. What particular structure helps to keep this passageway open?
trachiobronchial tree Trachea
The coval folds are also known as what? and Why?
vocal chords because they produce sound when air passes through them
How many lobes are in the left lung?
2 upper, and lower
How many lobes are in the right lung?
3 upper, middle, lower
NAme the structure that conducts air to the alveoli
Alveolar duct
Name the structure that contains two or more alveoli
Alveolar sac
Name the structure that provides the respiratory surface for gas exchange
Alveoli
Name the only cartilage of the respiratory tree is a complete ring
Cricoid Cartilage
Name the structure that closes over the laryngeal inlet when swallowing
Epiglottis
Name the bone that does not articulate with any other bone
Hyoid bone
IC+FRC=
IRV+TV+ERV+RV
Vital Capicity+Residual Volume=
Inspiratory Capacity+FRC
Name the portion of the pharynx posterior to the larynx
Laryngopharnyx
Name the branches eminating from the main bronchi. How many are found in each lung?
Lobar bronchus, Left has 2, right has 3
Name the subdivision of the pharynx that is part of both the respiratory and digestive tracts
Oropharynx
Describe the direction of diffusion of oxygen and CO2 in the alveoli
Oxygen diffuses from the air in the alveoli into blood and CO2 diffuses from the blood into the alveoli
What causes diffusion of gases across this membrane? Explain for both oxygen and carbon dioxide?
PArtial pressure differences O2 diffuses from a high PO2 in the alveolus to a low PO2 in the pulmonary capillaries Co2 diffuses from a high PCO2 to a low PCO2
Name the thin structure that separates the capillary blood from the air in the alvelous
Respiratory membrane
What structures drive changes in the volume of the thoracic cavity during breathing?
Respiratory muscles
Name the structures formed by the bifurcation of the trachea. Which of the two is where foreign bodies that enter the trachea tend to pass?
Right and Left main bronchus Right main bronchus
Name the braches eminating from the bronchi
Segmental bronchus and segments
Name the cartilaginous structure that closes over the laryngeal inlet when swallowing
Thyroid cartilage
Name the largest laryngeal cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
What are two types of specialized cells in the wall of the alveoli?
Type I and Type II
Name the serious membrane that covers the lungs?
Visceral pleura
Total Lung Capacity=
Vital Capacity+Residual Volume
Name the structure with the major role in sound production
Vocal fold
What regulates the length of the thoracic cavity?
by changes in the shape of the thoracic diaphragm
How is the length of the thoracic cavity increased during inspiration?
by flattening and descent of the dome-shaped diaphgram when it contracts
What regulates the depth and width of the thoracic cavity? How?
by intercostal muscles that alternatively elevate and depress the ribs of the sternum
What is the respiratory membrane made of?
capillary endothelial cell, alveolar type I epithelial cell and their fused basement membrane
What effect does the nasal cavity have on inhaled air?
cleaned warmed humidifed
Describe the uvula
conical muscular core covered by mucous membrane
What changes occur with the diaphragm and the thoracic cavity during expiration?
diagphragm is elevated as it relaxes and the length of the thoracic cavity decreases
Name the structures of the upper respiratory tract
external nose nasal cavity pharynx
Why does the left lung have one fewer lobe than the right lung?
heart makes it smaller
In the lungs, gas exchange takes place...
in the terminal portion of the bronchial tree
How does the movement of the sternum and ribs facilitate inspiration?
increase in volume and decrease in pressure in the thoracic cavity
How does the elevation of the ribs affect the thoracic cavity width?
increases width similar to the handle of a bucket
Name the structure that contains the vestibular and vocal folds? What protective function do these folds have?
larynx prevent foreign particles from entering lower respiratory system
Name the structures of the lower respiratory tract
larynx trachea bronchi lungs
What are the two function of the respiratory system?
move air in and out of lungs provides a surface for gas exchange
How do oxygen and carbon dioxide move between the blood and alveoli?
oxygen diffuses across membrane into blood and CO2 moves from blood back into the air
Name the structure shared by both the respiratory and digestive systems
pharynx
What structure serves as the site for gas exchange/
pulmonary capillaries surrounded by alveoli
What do these cells secrete? What is the function of this secretion?
pulmonary surfacant it reduces surface tension and prevents collapse of the allvelous
Another term for breathing is...
pulmonary ventaliation
Each terminal bronchiole divide repeatedly to form:
respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts alveolar sacs
What are alveoli? Where are they located?
small saccular out pocketings of the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts. located in the lungs
Where is the uvula located?
soft palate posterior midline
What effect does the elvation of the ribs have on the sternum?
sternum moves anteriorly and superiorly, increasing thoracic cavity depth
What occurs as a result of diffusion at the venous ends of the pulmonary capillaries?
the PO2 in the blood is equal to the PO2 in the alveoli same for the PCO2