Leadership ICORE Midterm

Which of the following are important to consider when selecting alternative solutions?

-necessary resources -who will be resisters -who will be supporters

Three Innate Needs

1)competence "I need to feel efficacious" 2) autonomy "I need to feel independent to influence my environment" 3) relatedness "I want to be connected with others"

The 3 step approach

1. Define the problem 2. Identify potential causes using OB concepts and theories 3. Make recommendations and if appropriate take action

3 components influence person perception

1. characteristics of the perceiver 2. characteristics of the target 3. characteristics of the situation

Criteria associated with testing or forecasting job performance

1. determine what you hope to accomplish 2. look for outside help to determine if a test exists or can be developed for to screen for wanted traits 3.insist ant test is validated scientifically for the specific purpose 4. make sure every staff member administrates

external locus of control

A belief that one's performance is the product of circumstances beyond their immediate control

Machiavellianism

A belief that the ends justify the means, maintenance of emotional distance, and use of manipulation

psychopathy

A lack of guilt, remorse or concern for others when their own actions do others harm

equity theory

A model of motivation that explains how people strive for fairness and justice in social exchanges or give-and-take relationships

Theory Y

A modern and positive set of assumptions about people at work: They are self-engaged, committed, responsible, and creative

Theory X

A pessimistic view of employees: They dislike work, must be monitored, and can be motivated only with rewards and punishment ("carrots and sticks")

situation factors

All the elements outside us that influence what we do, the way we do it, and the ultimate results of our actions

SMART goals

An acronym for specific, measurable, attainable, results oriented, and time bound

proactive personality

An attribute of someone relatively unconstrained by situational forces and who effects environmental change. Proactive people identify opportunities and act on them, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs

self-determination theory

Assumes that three innate needs influence our behavior and well-being—the needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness

content theories of motivation

Based on the idea that an employee's needs influence his or her motivation

law of effect

Behavior with favorable consequences tends to be repeated, and behavior with unfavorable consequences tends to disappear

Which statement about the relationship between job satisfaction and job performance is true?

Both variables indirectly influence each other.

valence

Describes the positive or negative value people place on outcomes

core self-evaluations (CSEs)

Four narrow and positive individual traits: (1) generalized self-efficacy, (2) self-esteem, (3) locus of control, and (4) emotional stability

expectancy theory

Holds that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of expected outcomes

motivating factors (motivators)

Include achievement, recognition, characteristics of the work, responsibility, and advancement. They cause a person to move from a state of no satisfaction to satisfaction

hygiene factors

Include company policy and administration, technical supervision, salary, interpersonal relationships with supervisors, and working conditions. They cause a person to move from a state of no dissatisfaction to dissatisfaction

broad category used to describe the vast number of attributes that describe a person

Individual differences

360-degree feedback

Individuals compare perceptions of their own performance with behaviorally specific (and usually anonymous) performance information from their manager, subordinates, and peers

Do personality characteristics change?

Personality characteristics are stable over time and across situations or cultures. Although a personality may change over time by including a different mix of characteristics, the characteristics themselves do not change

motivator-hygiene theory

Proposes that job satisfaction and dissatisfaction arise from two different sets of factors—satisfaction comes from motivating factors and dissatisfaction from hygiene factors

interactional perspective

States that behavior is a function of interdependent person and situation factors

need hierarchy theory

States that motivation is a function of five basic needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization

acquired needs theory

States that three needs—achievement, affiliation, and power—are the key drivers of employee behavior

emotional stability

Tendency to be relaxed, secure, unworried, and less likely to experience negative emotions under pressure

instrumentality

The perceived relationship between performance and outcomes

Which question is most important to ask during Step 2 of the 3-Step Approach to problem solving?

Why or how does this cause a problem?

What is associated with higher job satisfaction and well being?

emotional stability

openness to experience

intellectual, imaginative, curious, broad-minded

IDs are insightful for

understanding, motivating, and otherwise managing employees

leadership

when top management gives high self-efficacy managers a chance to prove themselves under pressure

4 steps of stereotyping

1. categorization 2. inference 3. expectation formation 4. maintenance

the organizing framework is a powerful tool to use with the

3-Step Problem-Solving Approach

internal locus of control

A belief that one can control the events and consequences that affect their lives

locus of control

A relatively stable personality characteristic that describes how much personal responsibility we take for our behavior and its consequences

performance management (PM)

A set of processes and managerial behaviors that include defining, monitoring, measuring, evaluating, and providing consequences for performance expectations

resolving

A solution that works but is less than ideal

feelings or emotions that one has about a given object or situation

Affective

respondent behavior

Automatic reactions to stimuli, or stimulus-response (S-R)

voice climate

Climate in which employees are encouraged to freely express their opinions and feelings

process theories of motivation

Describe how various person factors and situation factors in the Organizing Framework affect motivation

Big Five Personality Dimensions:

Extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience

self-esteem

General belief about your self-worth

narcissism

Having a grandiose sense of self-importance; requiring or even demanding excessive admiration; having a sense of entitlement; lacking empathy; and tending to be exploitative, manipulative, and arrogant

person factors

Infinite characteristics that give individuals their unique identities

dark triad

Machiavellianism, Narcissism, Psychopathy

practical intelligence

The ability to solve everyday problems by utilizing knowledge gained from experience in order to purposefully adapt to, shape, and select environments

interactional justice

The quality of the interpersonal treatment people receive when procedures are implemented

OB is an..

applied discipline focused on managing the behaviors of individuals, groups/teams, and organizations

According to Schwartz's theory, if an employee values benevolence and universalism, it makes sense to assign projects or tasks that:

have social value

How can low self-esteem be raised?

having the person think of desirable characteristics possessed rater than undesirable characteristics from which they are free

stereotypes are not always

negative and they are not always inaccurate

linguistic intelligence

potential to learn and use spoken and written languages

solving

the optimal or ideal response

basic elements for selecting an effective solution

1. selection criteria 2. consequences 3. choice process

choice process

decide who will participate in choosing the solution

4 stages of social perception

1. selective attention/comprehension 2. Encoding and simplification 3. Storage and retention 4. Retrieval and response

procedural justice

The perceived fairness of the process and procedures used to make allocation decisions

distributive justice

The perceived fairness of the way resources and rewards are distributed or allocated

the person-situation distinction

a fundamental way to organize, understand, and apply OB concepts

most experiences are...

a mixture of positive and negative emotions, rather than purely one or the other

self-efficacy

a person's belief about his or her ability to perform a behavior successfully

how one intends or expects to act toward someone or something

behavioral

In the systems model of the organizing framework, what are the initial drivers of all outcomes?

person and situation factors

What drives behavior according to Schwartz's theory?

the relative importance we place on two dimensions of opposing values

coaching

those with low self-efficacy and employees hampered by learned helplessness need positive feedback

central tendency

to avoid all extreme judgements and rate people and objects as average or neutral

leniency

to consistently evaluate other people or objects in an extremely positive fashion

contrast effect

to evaluate people or objects by comparing them with characteristics of recently observed people or objects

halo effect

to form an overall impression about a person person or object and then use that impression to bias ratings

self-management

training linked to goal setting, action planning, and self-motivation enhance self-efficacy expectations

agreeableness

trusting, good-natured, cooperative, softhearted

maintain stereotypes by

a) overestimating the frequency pf stereotypic behaviors exhibited by others b) incorrectly explaining expected and unexpected behaviors c) differentiating minority individuals from ourselves

we make external attributions when consensus and distinctiveness are high and consistency is low. We make internal attributions when consensus and distinctiveness are low and consistency is high

according to Kelley's model of casual attribution

What is beneficial when working in customer service?

agreeableness

intelligence represents

an individual's capacity for constructive thinking, reasoning, and problem solving

______ can enhance performance

awareness and management of your and others emotions

EI can be developed by

building personal and social competance

dissolving

changing or eliminating the situation in which the problem occurs

beliefs or ideas that one has about a given object or situation

cognitive

jod design

complex, challenging, and autonomous jobs tend to enhance perceived high self-efficacy. boring, tedious jobs generally do the opposite

emotions

complex, relatively brief responses aimed at a specific target

self transcendence

concern for the welfare and interests of others

What has the strongest and most positive effects on performance across jobs, industries, and levels?

conscientiousness

a problem

difference or gap between a current and a desired outcome or state

Eradicating or getting rid of the situation that is causing the problem is known as ______ problems.

dissolving

the individual differences that make people unique from and similar to each other

diversity represents

Individuals with high _______ place more importance on what they can give in a certain situation rather than outcomes

equity sensitivity

self efficacy beliefs can be improved via

experience, behavior models, persuasion from others. and emotional state

Am I more intelligent than my parents?

experts say yes. a combination of better schooling, improved socioeconomic status, healthier nutrition, and a more technological complex society

What is beneficial if the job involves interpersonal interaction?

extroversion

The Big Five personality dimensions

extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness to experience

stereotypes represent

generalized beliefs about the characteristics of a group

goal setting and quality improvement

goal difficulty needs to match the individuals perceived self-efficacy. As self-efficacy and performance improve,

EI is associatied with

higher sales and improved retention, as well as leadership effectiveness

openness to change

independence of thought, action, and feelings and readiness for change

The foundation of the Organizing Framework is a systems model wherein _____ influence outcomes through _____

inputs, processes

the systems approach

inputs, processes, outcomes- is the basis of organizing framework

Ways to apply knowledge of self-efficacy at work

job design, training and development, self-management, goal setting & quality improvement, creativity, coaching, leadership

Workplaces attitudes result from OB-related processes such as

leadership

multiple intelligences are

linguistic, logical, musical, kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist

training and development

managers can improve employees self-efficacy expectations for key tasks through guided experiences, mentoring, and role modeling

perception

mental and cognitive process that enables is to interpret and understand our surroundings

emotion display...

norms dictate which types of emotions are expected and appropriate in particular organizational situations

What is linked with higher levels of creativity but also more likely to quit?

openness

second bipolar dimension

openness to change, conservation

conservation

order, self-restriction, preservation of the past, and resistance to change

person perception affects a wide variety of

organizational activities including hiring decisions, performance appraisals, and leadership

extroversion

outgoing, talkative, sociable, assertive

identify opportunities and act on them, show initiative, take action, and preserve until meaningful change occurs

people with proactive personalities

naturalist intelligence

potential to live in harmony with your environment

spatial intelligence

potential to recognize and use patterns

intrapersonal intelligence

potential to understand and regulate yourself

interpersonal intelligence

potential to understand, connect with, and effectively work with others

bodily-kinesthetic intelligence

potential to use mind and body to coordinate physical movement

self enhancement

pursuit of one's own interests and relative success and dominance over others

emotional stability

relaxed, secure, unworried

In choosing among alternatives to qualify a solution, a person is focusing on ______ if he or she considers such things as ethical implications, personal values, profits, and/or company reputation.

selection criteria

Components of emotional intelligence

self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship management

first bipolar of dimension

self-transcendence, self-enhancement

ethical dilemmas are

situations in which none of the potential solutions are ethically acceptable

creativity

supportive managerial actions

casual attributions

suspected or inferred causes of behavior

emotional intelligence

the ability to monitor your own and others feelings and emotions and use this information to guide your thinking and actions

contingency approach

the best or most effective approach depends on the situation

personality is

the combination of stable physical, behavioral, and mental characteristics that give individuals their unique identities

selection criteria

the effect on bottom line profits, you and your coworkers, reputation, your values, ethical implications

personal factors more than situation factors while we are formulating attributions. In the self serving bias we personalize the causes of our success and externalize the causes of our failures

the fundamental attribution bias emphasizes

unethical conduct negatively affects

the individual targets, the perpetrators, coworkers, and entire organizations