Leadership ICORE Midterm
Which of the following are important to consider when selecting alternative solutions?
-necessary resources -who will be resisters -who will be supporters
Three Innate Needs
1)competence "I need to feel efficacious" 2) autonomy "I need to feel independent to influence my environment" 3) relatedness "I want to be connected with others"
The 3 step approach
1. Define the problem 2. Identify potential causes using OB concepts and theories 3. Make recommendations and if appropriate take action
3 components influence person perception
1. characteristics of the perceiver 2. characteristics of the target 3. characteristics of the situation
Criteria associated with testing or forecasting job performance
1. determine what you hope to accomplish 2. look for outside help to determine if a test exists or can be developed for to screen for wanted traits 3.insist ant test is validated scientifically for the specific purpose 4. make sure every staff member administrates
external locus of control
A belief that one's performance is the product of circumstances beyond their immediate control
Machiavellianism
A belief that the ends justify the means, maintenance of emotional distance, and use of manipulation
psychopathy
A lack of guilt, remorse or concern for others when their own actions do others harm
equity theory
A model of motivation that explains how people strive for fairness and justice in social exchanges or give-and-take relationships
Theory Y
A modern and positive set of assumptions about people at work: They are self-engaged, committed, responsible, and creative
Theory X
A pessimistic view of employees: They dislike work, must be monitored, and can be motivated only with rewards and punishment ("carrots and sticks")
situation factors
All the elements outside us that influence what we do, the way we do it, and the ultimate results of our actions
SMART goals
An acronym for specific, measurable, attainable, results oriented, and time bound
proactive personality
An attribute of someone relatively unconstrained by situational forces and who effects environmental change. Proactive people identify opportunities and act on them, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs
self-determination theory
Assumes that three innate needs influence our behavior and well-being—the needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness
content theories of motivation
Based on the idea that an employee's needs influence his or her motivation
law of effect
Behavior with favorable consequences tends to be repeated, and behavior with unfavorable consequences tends to disappear
Which statement about the relationship between job satisfaction and job performance is true?
Both variables indirectly influence each other.
valence
Describes the positive or negative value people place on outcomes
core self-evaluations (CSEs)
Four narrow and positive individual traits: (1) generalized self-efficacy, (2) self-esteem, (3) locus of control, and (4) emotional stability
expectancy theory
Holds that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of expected outcomes
motivating factors (motivators)
Include achievement, recognition, characteristics of the work, responsibility, and advancement. They cause a person to move from a state of no satisfaction to satisfaction
hygiene factors
Include company policy and administration, technical supervision, salary, interpersonal relationships with supervisors, and working conditions. They cause a person to move from a state of no dissatisfaction to dissatisfaction
broad category used to describe the vast number of attributes that describe a person
Individual differences
360-degree feedback
Individuals compare perceptions of their own performance with behaviorally specific (and usually anonymous) performance information from their manager, subordinates, and peers
Do personality characteristics change?
Personality characteristics are stable over time and across situations or cultures. Although a personality may change over time by including a different mix of characteristics, the characteristics themselves do not change
motivator-hygiene theory
Proposes that job satisfaction and dissatisfaction arise from two different sets of factors—satisfaction comes from motivating factors and dissatisfaction from hygiene factors
interactional perspective
States that behavior is a function of interdependent person and situation factors
need hierarchy theory
States that motivation is a function of five basic needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization
acquired needs theory
States that three needs—achievement, affiliation, and power—are the key drivers of employee behavior
emotional stability
Tendency to be relaxed, secure, unworried, and less likely to experience negative emotions under pressure
instrumentality
The perceived relationship between performance and outcomes
Which question is most important to ask during Step 2 of the 3-Step Approach to problem solving?
Why or how does this cause a problem?
What is associated with higher job satisfaction and well being?
emotional stability
openness to experience
intellectual, imaginative, curious, broad-minded
IDs are insightful for
understanding, motivating, and otherwise managing employees
leadership
when top management gives high self-efficacy managers a chance to prove themselves under pressure
4 steps of stereotyping
1. categorization 2. inference 3. expectation formation 4. maintenance
the organizing framework is a powerful tool to use with the
3-Step Problem-Solving Approach
internal locus of control
A belief that one can control the events and consequences that affect their lives
locus of control
A relatively stable personality characteristic that describes how much personal responsibility we take for our behavior and its consequences
performance management (PM)
A set of processes and managerial behaviors that include defining, monitoring, measuring, evaluating, and providing consequences for performance expectations
resolving
A solution that works but is less than ideal
feelings or emotions that one has about a given object or situation
Affective
respondent behavior
Automatic reactions to stimuli, or stimulus-response (S-R)
voice climate
Climate in which employees are encouraged to freely express their opinions and feelings
process theories of motivation
Describe how various person factors and situation factors in the Organizing Framework affect motivation
Big Five Personality Dimensions:
Extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience
self-esteem
General belief about your self-worth
narcissism
Having a grandiose sense of self-importance; requiring or even demanding excessive admiration; having a sense of entitlement; lacking empathy; and tending to be exploitative, manipulative, and arrogant
person factors
Infinite characteristics that give individuals their unique identities
dark triad
Machiavellianism, Narcissism, Psychopathy
practical intelligence
The ability to solve everyday problems by utilizing knowledge gained from experience in order to purposefully adapt to, shape, and select environments
interactional justice
The quality of the interpersonal treatment people receive when procedures are implemented
OB is an..
applied discipline focused on managing the behaviors of individuals, groups/teams, and organizations
According to Schwartz's theory, if an employee values benevolence and universalism, it makes sense to assign projects or tasks that:
have social value
How can low self-esteem be raised?
having the person think of desirable characteristics possessed rater than undesirable characteristics from which they are free
stereotypes are not always
negative and they are not always inaccurate
linguistic intelligence
potential to learn and use spoken and written languages
solving
the optimal or ideal response
basic elements for selecting an effective solution
1. selection criteria 2. consequences 3. choice process
choice process
decide who will participate in choosing the solution
4 stages of social perception
1. selective attention/comprehension 2. Encoding and simplification 3. Storage and retention 4. Retrieval and response
procedural justice
The perceived fairness of the process and procedures used to make allocation decisions
distributive justice
The perceived fairness of the way resources and rewards are distributed or allocated
the person-situation distinction
a fundamental way to organize, understand, and apply OB concepts
most experiences are...
a mixture of positive and negative emotions, rather than purely one or the other
self-efficacy
a person's belief about his or her ability to perform a behavior successfully
how one intends or expects to act toward someone or something
behavioral
In the systems model of the organizing framework, what are the initial drivers of all outcomes?
person and situation factors
What drives behavior according to Schwartz's theory?
the relative importance we place on two dimensions of opposing values
coaching
those with low self-efficacy and employees hampered by learned helplessness need positive feedback
central tendency
to avoid all extreme judgements and rate people and objects as average or neutral
leniency
to consistently evaluate other people or objects in an extremely positive fashion
contrast effect
to evaluate people or objects by comparing them with characteristics of recently observed people or objects
halo effect
to form an overall impression about a person person or object and then use that impression to bias ratings
self-management
training linked to goal setting, action planning, and self-motivation enhance self-efficacy expectations
agreeableness
trusting, good-natured, cooperative, softhearted
maintain stereotypes by
a) overestimating the frequency pf stereotypic behaviors exhibited by others b) incorrectly explaining expected and unexpected behaviors c) differentiating minority individuals from ourselves
we make external attributions when consensus and distinctiveness are high and consistency is low. We make internal attributions when consensus and distinctiveness are low and consistency is high
according to Kelley's model of casual attribution
What is beneficial when working in customer service?
agreeableness
intelligence represents
an individual's capacity for constructive thinking, reasoning, and problem solving
______ can enhance performance
awareness and management of your and others emotions
EI can be developed by
building personal and social competance
dissolving
changing or eliminating the situation in which the problem occurs
beliefs or ideas that one has about a given object or situation
cognitive
jod design
complex, challenging, and autonomous jobs tend to enhance perceived high self-efficacy. boring, tedious jobs generally do the opposite
emotions
complex, relatively brief responses aimed at a specific target
self transcendence
concern for the welfare and interests of others
What has the strongest and most positive effects on performance across jobs, industries, and levels?
conscientiousness
a problem
difference or gap between a current and a desired outcome or state
Eradicating or getting rid of the situation that is causing the problem is known as ______ problems.
dissolving
the individual differences that make people unique from and similar to each other
diversity represents
Individuals with high _______ place more importance on what they can give in a certain situation rather than outcomes
equity sensitivity
self efficacy beliefs can be improved via
experience, behavior models, persuasion from others. and emotional state
Am I more intelligent than my parents?
experts say yes. a combination of better schooling, improved socioeconomic status, healthier nutrition, and a more technological complex society
What is beneficial if the job involves interpersonal interaction?
extroversion
The Big Five personality dimensions
extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness to experience
stereotypes represent
generalized beliefs about the characteristics of a group
goal setting and quality improvement
goal difficulty needs to match the individuals perceived self-efficacy. As self-efficacy and performance improve,
EI is associatied with
higher sales and improved retention, as well as leadership effectiveness
openness to change
independence of thought, action, and feelings and readiness for change
The foundation of the Organizing Framework is a systems model wherein _____ influence outcomes through _____
inputs, processes
the systems approach
inputs, processes, outcomes- is the basis of organizing framework
Ways to apply knowledge of self-efficacy at work
job design, training and development, self-management, goal setting & quality improvement, creativity, coaching, leadership
Workplaces attitudes result from OB-related processes such as
leadership
multiple intelligences are
linguistic, logical, musical, kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist
training and development
managers can improve employees self-efficacy expectations for key tasks through guided experiences, mentoring, and role modeling
perception
mental and cognitive process that enables is to interpret and understand our surroundings
emotion display...
norms dictate which types of emotions are expected and appropriate in particular organizational situations
What is linked with higher levels of creativity but also more likely to quit?
openness
second bipolar dimension
openness to change, conservation
conservation
order, self-restriction, preservation of the past, and resistance to change
person perception affects a wide variety of
organizational activities including hiring decisions, performance appraisals, and leadership
extroversion
outgoing, talkative, sociable, assertive
identify opportunities and act on them, show initiative, take action, and preserve until meaningful change occurs
people with proactive personalities
naturalist intelligence
potential to live in harmony with your environment
spatial intelligence
potential to recognize and use patterns
intrapersonal intelligence
potential to understand and regulate yourself
interpersonal intelligence
potential to understand, connect with, and effectively work with others
bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
potential to use mind and body to coordinate physical movement
self enhancement
pursuit of one's own interests and relative success and dominance over others
emotional stability
relaxed, secure, unworried
In choosing among alternatives to qualify a solution, a person is focusing on ______ if he or she considers such things as ethical implications, personal values, profits, and/or company reputation.
selection criteria
Components of emotional intelligence
self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship management
first bipolar of dimension
self-transcendence, self-enhancement
ethical dilemmas are
situations in which none of the potential solutions are ethically acceptable
creativity
supportive managerial actions
casual attributions
suspected or inferred causes of behavior
emotional intelligence
the ability to monitor your own and others feelings and emotions and use this information to guide your thinking and actions
contingency approach
the best or most effective approach depends on the situation
personality is
the combination of stable physical, behavioral, and mental characteristics that give individuals their unique identities
selection criteria
the effect on bottom line profits, you and your coworkers, reputation, your values, ethical implications
personal factors more than situation factors while we are formulating attributions. In the self serving bias we personalize the causes of our success and externalize the causes of our failures
the fundamental attribution bias emphasizes
unethical conduct negatively affects
the individual targets, the perpetrators, coworkers, and entire organizations