learning

Classical and operant conditioning involve learning through _____, whereas observational learning involves learning through _____.

association; imitation

American adolescents spend just over _____ hour(s) each day watching television.

4

Biological constraints affect _____ conditioning.

both classical and operant

In a typical experiment by Robert Rescorla and Alan Wagner, one group of rats experienced a tone just before each of 20 shocks. A second group of rats experienced the same number of tone-shock pairings plus an additional 20 shocks with no tone. Rescorla found that the rats in the first group showed a much stronger conditioned fear response than the rats in the second group. How did Rescorla explain this finding?

An animal can learn the predictability of an event. Submitanswer

Ray drank too much tequila last night. He spent much of this morning vomiting and nauseated. According to the principles of classical conditioning, how will Ray likely react today when he tastes or smells the tequila bottle that he drank out of last night?

He will find the scent and taste of tequila aversive.

Marcia is in therapy to get help in her efforts to stop smoking. Her therapist made a series of suggestions to help reduce her cravings. Which suggestion is based on Pavlov's research on classical conditioning?

In order to reduce her cravings, she should avoid places where she usually smoked.

According to B. F. Skinner's operant conditioning principles, which is NOT an effective way to change the behavior of others?

Model or demonstrate the desired behavior.

Ruben is reading the descriptions of some of the psychology courses in his college's course catalog. The description of one course reads in part, "An introduction to the processes whereby new and enduring behavior and information is acquired through experience." This course is MOST likely titled:

The Psychology of Learning.

Ever since she foolishly drank too much tequila at a rock concert and vomited all over her best friend, Erin becomes nauseous at the smell or taste of tequila. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is _____ and the conditioned response is _____.

The smell, taste of tequilla

Road construction prevents a student from getting to campus using the route that he usually travels. He thinks about the situation for a moment and then comes up with a different route to take. To figure out this alternative route, he is using _____ to devise a different route.

a cognitive map

When Miguel was a child, he was attacked by a swarm of hornets in his backyard. Now, every time he hears the sound of hornets, he immediately becomes frightened. This is an example of _____ conditioning.

classical

Five-year-old Destiny is frightened by the noise thunder makes. Destiny associates lightning with thunder because lightning always precedes thunder. Thus, when Destiny sees lightning, she often cries in anticipation that she will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. classical conditioning.

classical conditioning.

Which choice correctly pairs a type of learning or conditioning with a closely related concept?

cognitive learning—observational learning

In classical conditioning, the _____ is an irrelevant event that comes to trigger a conditioned response after association with an unconditioned stimulus.

conditioned stimulus

A scientist conditions a dog to salivate in response to the sound of a high-pitched tone. The researcher then presents a low-pitched tone. The dog fails to salivate. The dog is demonstrating:

discrimination

Three-year-old Antoine is waiting with his older brother in their pediatrician's examination room. As soon as the nurse, wearing a white uniform, enters the room, his older brother screams and cries loudly, which scares Antoine and causes him to begin screaming and crying as well. The next week when Antoine is going for his first dentist appointment, his mother is afraid that he will cry and scream when she takes him to his appointment. The dental assistant enters, wearing her white uniform, and Antoine shows no sign of fear. Antoine's lack of a fear response to the white uniform worn by the dental assistant is an example of:

discrimination.

Walter was bitten by a dog when he was 5 years old. To this day, he is fearful of dogs; however, he is not frightened of cats. This reaction BEST illustrates:

discrimination.

Mirror neurons are found in the brain's _____ lobe and are believed to be the neural basis for _____.

frontal lobe, observational learning

Ty's mother is frustrated that he will not spend the time on his schoolwork that he does practicing and playing baseball. Ty will spend hours practicing in the hot sun every summer day without a coach telling him to do so. Ty's dedication to baseball can be explained by:

intrinsic motivation

Learning that occurs internally and is expressed behaviorally only when there is sufficient incentive to do so is called _____ learning.

latent

If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, a _____ neuron is likely to be activated in an empathetic response to this observation.

mirror

An empathic husband who observes his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. This BEST illustrates the functioning of:

mirror neurons.

Daniel's daughter repeatedly hit her playmates during their game of tag. Daniel denied her dessert as a consequence. This is an example of _____ punishment.

negative

in classical conditioning, the _____ is an event that elicits no response before conditioning begins.

neutral stimulus

Animals and humans learn about the consequences of behavior through:

operant conditioning

Classical conditioning focuses on _____ behavior, whereas operant conditioning focuses on _____ behavior.

respondent; operant

_____ is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

spontaneous recovery

A(n) _____ is any event or situation that evokes a response.

stimulus

In conditioned taste aversion, spoiled or poisoned food is a powerful:

unconditioned stimulus.

In operant conditioning, which reinforcement schedule reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses?

variable-ratio

Whereas classical conditioning involves the conditioning of involuntary behavior; operant conditioning involves the conditioning of _____ behavior.

voluntary

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, the neutral stimulus that after conditioning became the conditioned stimulus was a:

white rat