lesson 13 Review

Rank the communities of organisms that inhabit a whale-fall according to stage of decomposition, with the first on top. Anaerobic bacteria Small worms, mollusks, and bacteria Sulfophillic chemosynthetic bacteria Mobile scavengers such as hagfish, crabs, and sharks

1. mobile 2. small worms 3. anaerobic 4. Sulfophillic

of the squid allow it to avoid predators and detect food

eyes

True or false: The Marine Mammal Protection Act has dramatically reduced the death and injury of marine mammals.

true

Even though it is the largest fish on record, the shark eats plankton

whale

How many bird species are marine?

3%

Which of the following traits are common among sea snakes but not terrestrial snakes? (Mark all that apply.)

Ability to close the nostrils Flattened tail

Which of the following are true of marine mammals? (Mark all that apply.)

All marine mammals are warm-blooded. Some marine mammals return to land to give birth. All marine mammals have hair at some point during their development.

The order Sirenia includes two members known as sea cows, the

Blank 1: manatees Blank 2: dugongs

Polar bears are found in ______. (Mark all that apply.)

Canada Russia the United States Greenland

The three major orders of marine mammals are ______. (Mark all that apply.)

Cetacea Sirenia Carnivora

seacows

Dugongs Manatees

Which of the following are true about fish distribution in the ocean? (Mark all that apply.)

Fish can be found at all depths in the ocean. Fish can be found in all of the world's oceans. Fish populations are concentrated in shallow coastal areas.

dugong Manatee

Found in the seas of Southeast Asia, Africa, and Australia Found in brackish coastal bays of the warm southern Atlantic coasts and in the Caribbean

Why do seabirds breed in dense colonies (as large as a million or more birds) on islands, cliffs, or headlands?

It provides them with protection from land predators.

In 1972, the U.S. Congress established the ______, which includes a ban on the hunting and killing of all marine mammals and of the importation of any marine mammal or their products.

Marine Mammal Protection Act

Which of the following marine reptiles is a modern lizard, found in the Galápagos Islands, and has a flattened tail for swimming?

Marine iguana

Which of the following characteristics are true about bony fish? (Select all that apply.)

Most bony fish possess a swim bladder to maintain buoyancy. All bony fish possess gills. Bony fish can hover in the water and swim backward.

plankton nekton

Move at the mercy of the horizontal ocean currents Capable of swimming freely and controlling their direction of movement

Why do sea snakes not have decompression problems after diving?

Nitrogen gas is able to pass out through their skin.

Which of the following statements are true regarding pinniped mating habits? (Mark all that apply.)

Often the largest males establish territories with fierce fighting. Dominant males can have harems of as many as fifty females that they mate with. Many species frequently migrate long distances to arrive at breeding grounds.

Which of the following characteristics are true about sharks? (Mark all that apply.)

Sharkskin is extremely abrasive, like sandpaper. Sharks have an acute sense of smell. Receptors along the shark's sides are sensitive to touch, vibration, currents, sound, and pressure.

Swimming marine invertebrates include which of the following? (Mark all that apply.)

Squid Large shrimp

Which of the following statements are true regarding seals and sea lions? (Mark all that apply.)

They both have hair and blubber. They both have four characteristic flippers. They both need to rest and breed on land.

Which of the following statements are true regarding walruses? (Mark all that apply.)

They have no external ears. Both males and females have tusks.

How can a bird or a reptile be considered a "marine" animal?

They spend at least 50% of their lives in the marine environment.

What is the purpose of large eyes for the giant squid? (Mark all that apply.)

To aid in identifying and avoiding large predators such as sperm whales To capture light and allow the animal to see in the dark, deep-ocean waters where it lives To identify prey from a distance so it can ambush themt

How do whales enrich the ocean's surface waters, making nutrients available to phytoplankton that only survive in ocean zones that the sunlight can reach?

Whales consume iron-rich prey at depth but defecate at the surface.

How do whales serve in exporting carbon to the deep ocean?

When whales die, the carbon contained in their tissue is exported to the deep ocean.

Gray whales ______.

are thriving, and are the first marine mammals to be removed from the U.S. endangered species list

The purpose of whaling in the 1700s and 1800s was to hunt whales for their

baleen oil

Whaling was conducted in the 1700s and 1800s in order to get ______ from whales. (Mark all that apply.)

baleen oil

Nekton are oceanic organisms that are _____. (Mark all that apply.)

capable of directing their movement through the neritic and pelagic environments either invertebrates or vertebrates

______ seals can move their rear flippers forward, so they can move quickly on land and can rear up into a partially erect position.

eared

behavior is found in the schooling patterns of fish because they developed higher levels of organization without the

emergent

The International Whaling Commission was formed in order to ______.

ensure proper conservation of whale stocks

To adapt to a scarce food supply in the deep sea, some species of fish have ______. (Mark all that apply.)

expandable guts hinged jaws teeth that point inward to lessen the potential for prey to escape

Which of the following is a species of sea turtle not found in U.S. or Caribbean waters?

flatback

Myoglobin levels are ______ in marine mammals because it ______.

high; binds oxygen, which is needed during long dives

The ______ whale has a migratory pattern that includes summer feeding in the Gulf of Alaska, the northern islands of Japan, and the Bering Sea, and mating and calf-bearing in the west Pacific, the Hawaiian Islands, and along the coast of Baja California.

humpback

walrusus live

in the waters on both coasts of the Bering and Chukchi Seas

The ______ group includes shrimp, crabs, and mollusks, and the ______ group includes marine reptiles, birds, and mammals.

invertebrates; vertebrates

fish have a sucking mouth with teeth or dental plates and lack paired fins and stomachs.

jawless

species: if sea otters decline in number, sea urchin populations rise, and kelp forests suffer.

keystone

The California gray whale and the humpback whale ______.

make relatively long migratory journeys compared to other whale species

Gray whale populations are ______.

making a comeback

Songs that last up to thirty minutes and that change each breeding season are produced by which marine mammals?

male humpback

The bulbous, fatty, rounded structure on the forehead of a dolphin is called the ______.

melon

include approximately 5000 species of invertebrates and vertebrates capable of swimming freely through the neritic and pelagic environments.

nekton

Which of the following characteristics are found in sea turtles but not land turtles?

paddles

______ move at the mercy of the horizontal ocean currents, whereas ______ are capable of swimming freely and controlling their direction of movement.

plankton;nekton

Flattened tail Strong legs and large claws Ability to expel air

propuulsion climbing rocks buoyancy

Seabirds may drink seawater, so to remove excess salt from their bodies, _____.

salt becomes concentrated by a gland over their eyes and is removed by either dripping out or being blown through their nasal passages

Schooling has evolved independently in the majority of fish species because it ______. (Mark all that apply.)

saves energy reduces individual encounters with predators may enhance foraging success may confuse predators

behavior has evolved independently in the majority of fish species because it may confuse predators, enhance foraging, and save energy by swimming together.

schooling

What documented impacts has the use of navy sonar had on marine mammals?

stranding of whales

otters

the smallest marine mammals considered keystone predators in kelp forests

Myoglobin levels in marine mammals are ______ that found in terrestrial mammals.

three to ten times higher than