Life 3, chapter 27

What is a monilophyte?

A clade of seedless vascular plants that includes ferns and horsetails

Which synapomorphies support stoneworts as the closest sister group of land plants?

Branching and apical growth

Which of the nonvascular plant clades has the highest number of extant species?

Bryophyta (mosses)

Scientists have recently begun exploring green algae as a source of biofuels. Which is not a reason these photosynthetic eukaryotes are attractive targets for petroleum production?

Efficient growing facilities have already been established.

Which is the correct order of appearance of features during plant evolution?

Endosymbiotic chloroplasts, retention of egg on parental tissue, protected embryo, stomata, tracheids, megaphylls, heterospory

Which statement about plant life cycles is true?

Homosporous plants evolved before heterosporous plants.

Which characteristic of nonvascular plants has restricted their expansion on land to moist areas?

Lack of true roots

True roots are a synapomorphy of which of the following groups of plants?

Lycophytes, monilophytes, seed plants

Which set of clades correctly describes the tracheophytes?

Lycopodiophyta, monilophyta, cycadophyta, ginkgophyta, gnetophyta, coniferophyta, and angiosperms

Which structure in land plants is haploid? .

Multicellular gametophyte

Which structure in land plants is diploid?

Sporangium

Which is the correct order of development in a moss gametophyte?

Spore, branched filamentous protonema, bud, spiral leafy gametophyte, gametangia

Lycopodiophyta

The Division Lycopodiophyta (sometimes called lycophyta or lycopods) is a tracheophyte subgroup of the Kingdom Plantae. It is one of the oldest lineages of extant (living) vascular plants. They differ from all other vascular plants in having microphylls, leaves that have only a single vascular trace (vein) rather than the much more complex megaphylls found in ferns and seed plants.

Which statement about alternation of generations in land plants is true?

The gametophyte produces haploid gametes by mitosis.

Why do ferns often grow in moist habitats?

They have flagellated sperm that require liquid water to swim to the egg.

Which statement best describes the hypothesis for why high atmospheric CO2 limited evolution of large megaphylls?

With high CO2, fewer stomata were needed, so the plants had less capacity for evaporative cooling of large leaves.

mycorrhizae.

a fungus that grows in association with the roots of a plant in a symbiotic or mildly pathogenic relationship.

With regard to the life cycles observed in plants and animals, the two groups share the similarity of

a generation of multicellular diploid individuals.

Coleochaetophytes have all of the following synapomorphies in common with stoneworts except

apical growth.

Despite being the largest clade of green algae, _______ are not believed to have given rise to land plants.

chlorophytes

Evolution of lignified cell walls contributed to the increased abilities of plants to

disperse spores, grow tall, and compete for sunlight.

Specialized reproductive organs on the gametophyte are _______ that produce _______ by _______.

gametangia; gametes; mitosis

In nonvascular plants, the _______ is photosynthetic and is _______ independent of the _______.

gametophyte; nutritionally; sporophyte

Spores in land plants are

haploid and are produced on the sporophyte.

Rhyniophytes were characterized by

horizontal rhizomes, rhizoids, dichotomously branching aerial stems, and sporangia.

Liverworts can be distinguished from the other nonvascular plants because they

lack stomata

Hydrocarbons play two roles in algae: an energy reserve and a way to increase bouancy. The latter is important because it maximizes exposure to _______, providing energy for the algae to fix CO2

light

All of the following were environmental challenges to plants moving onto land except

low light conditions.

Microphylls differ from megaphylls in that

microphylls are thought to have evolved from sterile sporangia, whereas megaphylls evolved from modified branches.

The primary endosymbiosis of a cyanobacterium by an early eukaryotic cell that led to evolution of plants occurred

more than a billion years ago.

Hornworts can be distinguished from the other nonvascular plants by their

single chloroplast per cell and persistently green sporophyte.

Heterospory in a plant life cycle is characterized by two different kinds of

spores that mature into two different kinds of gametophytes.

In recent years, atmospheric levels of CO2 have increased and resulted in a global temperature change. With regard to leaf structure, this increase in CO2 could mean less selective pressure for _______, which would ultimately drive selection for a reduction in leaf area.

stomata

Soil formation on the early land masses was not helped by

the products of photosynthesis.

Sporophytes and gametophytes differ from each other genetically because

the sporophytes have one set of chromosomes from each parent, while gametophytes have only one set of chromosomes.

The common ancestor of vascular plants had

tracheids.

The earliest clades of photosynthetic eukaryotes that led to land plants

were similar to the modern glaucophytes, red algae, and chlorophytes.