Lifespan Development
Baumrind found that children with authoritative parents were more academically successful, well-adjusted, and kind.
Evaluate Baumrind's ideas.
stunting
Excessively short stature in a child, caused by chronic lack of adequate nutrition.
adult development
the scientific study of adult life.
habitual way of physically navigating, you would need to make drastic changes
walking schema
TERTIARY CIRCULAR REACTIONS:
1-2 YEARS Description: Child flexibly explores the properties of objects, like a "little scientist." Examples: Exploring the various dimensions of a toy; throwing a bottle off the high chair in different directions; putting different kinds of food in the computer; flushing dollars down the toilet. Substages: From 12 to 18 months, the child experiments with concrete objects; from 18 to 24 months, his little-scientist behavior transcends what is observable and involves using symbols to stand for something else. (I'll be describing the many advances ushered in by this ability to reason symbolically in later chapters.)
PRIMARY CIRCULAR REACTIONS
1-4 MONTHS Description: Repetitive habits center around the child's own body. Examples: Sucking toes; sucking thumb.
.........
2-4 months Cooing: First sounds growing out of reflexes Example: "ooooh" 5-11 months Babbling: Alternate vowel-consonant sounds Examples: "ba-ba-ba," "da-da-da" 12 months Holophrases: First one-word sentences Example: "ja" ("I want juice.") 18 months-2 years Telegraphic speech: Two-word combinations, often accompanied by an explosion in vocabulary Example: "Me juice"
SECONDARY CIRCULAR REACTIONS
4 MONTHS-1 YEAR Description: Child "wakes up to wider world." Habits center on environmental objects. Examples: Grabbing for toys; batting mobiles; pushing one's body to activate the lights and sounds on a swing. Substages: From 4 to 8 months, children use single secondary circular reactions such as those above; from 8 to 12 months, they employ two circular reactions in concert to attain a goal (that is, they may grab a toy in each hand, bat a mobile back and forth, coordinate the motions of toys).
colic
A baby's frantic, continual crying during the first three months of life; caused by an immature nervous system.
Social referencing
A baby's monitoring a caregiver for cues as to how to behave. the scientific term for this regular checking-back, helps alert toddlers to which situations are dangerous and which are safe. ("Should I climb up this slide, Mommy?" "Does Daddy think this object is OK to explore?"). It explains why 8-month-old infants suddenly become sensitive to fearful faces
cognitive behaviorism (social learning theory)
A behavioral worldview that emphasizes that people learn by watching others and that our thoughts about the reinforcers determine our behavior. _____________ _____________ focus on charting and modifying people's thoughts.p
genetic testing
A blood test to determine whether a person carries the gene for a given genetic disorder.
childhood obesity
A body mass index at or above the 95th percentile compared to the U.S. norms established for children in the 1970s.
spermarche
A boy's first ejaculation of live sperm
undernutrition
A chronic lack of adequate food
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
A cluster of birth defects caused by the mother's alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
sexual double standard
A cultural code that gives men greater sexual freedom than women. Specifically, society expects males to want to have intercourse and expects females to remain virgins until they marry and to be more interested in relationships than in having sex
day-care centers
A day-care arrangement in which a large number of children are cared for at a licensed facility by paid providers.
family day care
A day-care arrangement in which a neighbor or relative cares for a small number of children in his or her home for a fee.
secular trend in puberty
A decline in the average age at which children reach puberty.
longitudinal studies
A developmental research strategy that involves testing an age group repeatedly over many years.
cross-sectional study
A developmental research strategy that involves testing different age groups at the same time
growth spurt
A dramatic increase in height and weight that occurs during puberty.
Head Start
A federal program offering high-quality day care at a center and other services to help preschoolers aged 3 to 5 from low-income families prepare for school.
Early Head Start
A federal program that provides counseling and other services to low-income parents and children under age 3.
shame
A feeling of being personally humiliated.
secondary intersubjectivity.
A form of interaction between infant and caregiver emerging at about 9‐12 months that is characterized by communication and emotional sharing focused not just on the interaction but on the world beyond. For example, the child may relate to another person by watching that person and then checking to see if they are looking at the same thing.
menarche
A girl's first menstruation
representative sample
A group that reflects the characteristics of the overall population.
reactive aggression
A hostile or destructive act carried out in response to being frustrated or hurt.
relational aggression
A hostile or destructive act designed to cause harm to a person's relationships.
Proactive aggression
A hostile or destructive act initiated to achieve a goal.
dyslexia
A learning disorder that is characterized by reading difficulties, lack of fluency, and poor word recognition that is often genetic in origin.
selective awareness
A learning strategy in which people manage their awareness so as to attend only to what is relevant and to filter out unneeded information.
rehearsal
A learning strategy in which people repeat information to embed it in memory.
self-report strategy
A measurement having people report on their feelings and activities through questionnaires.
naturalistic observation
A measurement strategy that involves directly watching and coding behaviors. is appealing because you are seeing the behavior as it occurs in "nature," or real life
neonates
A newborn child up to the age of four weeks old.
Binge eating disorder
A newly labeled eating disorder defined by recurrent, out-of-control binging.
eating disorders
A pathological obsession with getting and staying thin. The best-known eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
temperament
A person's characteristic, inborn style of dealing with the world.
average life expectancy
A person's fifty-fifty chance at birth of living to a given age.
externalizing tendencies
A personality style that involves acting on one's immediate impulses and behaving disruptively and aggressively.
internalizing tendencies
A personality style that involves intense fear, social inhibition, and often depression.
Information-processing
A perspective on understanding cognition that divides thinking into specific steps and component processes, much like a computer.
birth defects
A physical or neurological problem that occurs prenatally or at birth.
Anorexia nervosa
A potentially life-threatening eating disorder characterized by pathological dieting (resulting in severe weight loss and, in females, loss of menstruation) and by a distorted body image.
From the neural tube, a mass of cells differentiates during the late embryonic stage. During the next few months, the cells ascend to the top of the neural tube, completing their migration by week 25. In the final months of pregnancy, the neurons elongate and begin to assume their mature structure
A pregnant friend asks you... "How does my baby's brain develop?" Describe the process of neural migration - when it occurs and when it is complete
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
A relatively risky first-trimester pregnancy test for fetal genetic disorders. A physician inserts a catheter into the woman's abdomen or vagina and withdraws a piece of the developing placenta for analysis.
correlational study,
A research strategy that involves relating two or more variables.
preferential-looking paradigm
A research technique to explore early infant sensory capacities and cognition, drawing on the principle that we are attracted to novelty and prefer to look at new things.
reflexes
A response or action that is automatic and programmed by non-cortical brain centers.
bullying
A situation in which one or more children (or adults) harass or target a specific child for systematic abuse.
neonatal intensive care unit
A special hospital unit that treats at-risk newborns, such as low-birth-weight and very-low-birth-weight babies.
sympathy
A state necessary for acting prosocially, involving feeling upset for a person who needs help.
learned helplessness
A state that develops when a person feels incapable of affecting the outcome of events, and so gives up without trying.
visual cliff
A table that appears to "end" in a drop-off at its midpoint; used to test infant depth perception.
pre-school
A teaching-oriented group setting for children aged 3 to 5.
an infectious disease; a medication; a recreational drug; an environmental hazard, such as radiation or pollution; or, as you will see later, the hormones produced by a pregnant woman who is under extreme stress
A teratogen may be what?
very low birth weight (VLBW)
A weight at birth of less than 3¼ pounds
low birth weight (LBW)
A weight at birth of less than 5½ pounds.
A.) Skinner's operant conditioning perspective B.) Chomsky hypothesized this C.) the social interactive perspective
A.) We learn to speak by getting reinforced for saying what we want B.) We are biologically programmed to learn language C.) Babies are passionate to communicate Identify the theoretical perspective reflected in the statements
Executive functions
Abilities that allow us to plan and direct our thinking and control our immediate impulses.
food secure
According to U.S. Department of Agriculture surveys, the number of households that report needing to serve unbalanced meals, worrying about not having enough food at the end of the month, or having to go hungry due to lack of money (latter is severe food insecurity).
Self-efficacy
According to cognitive behaviorism, an internal belief in our competence that predicts whether we initiate activities or persist in the face of failures, and predicts the goals we set.
proximity-seeking behavior
Acting to maintain physical contact or to be close to an attachment figure.
progesterone
After implantation, the production of _______________ (literally pro, or "for," gestation)—the hormone responsible for maintaining the pregnancy—surges.
Many women feel faint (Yes, fainting can be a sign of pregnancy!) They may get headaches or have to urinate frequently, dizziness, feeling tired, morning sickness
After the blastocyst implants in the uterus—a few days before the woman first misses her period—pregnancy often signals its presence through unpleasant symptoms... name them
Cons: ART is expensive, requires effort, and causes physical symptoms, and the chance per cycle of getting pregnant is small - especially for older women. Pros: ART gives women (and men) who could never have a biological child a chance to have a baby who is genetically theirs. The best predictor of Jen's coping well is having a supportive spouse.
After years of unsuccessful fertility treatments, Jennifer and Brad are considering ART. First, describe some pros and cons of this procedure. According to the text, what force is most critical in determining how well Jen has been coping with her troubles getting pregnant?
neurons
Although it is possible to "grow" new brain cells throughout life, almost all of those remarkable branching structures, called _________, which cause us to think, respond, and process information, originated in neural tube cells formed during our first months in the womb.
6 all major organs
Although the embryonic stage lasts roughly only _______ weeks, it is the most fast-paced period of development. During this time, ________________ are constructed. By the end of this stage, what began as a clump of cells looks like a recognizable human being!
acculturation
Among immigrants, the tendency to become similar to the mainstream culture after time spent living in a new society.
ecological, developmental systems approach
An all-encompassing outlook on development that stresses the need to embrace a variety of approaches, and emphasizes the reality that many influences affect development.
social-interactionist perspective
An approach to language development that emphasizes its social function, specifically that babies and adults have a mutual passion to communicate.
reflexive cr
An automatic emotional reaction of the infant in response to distress, such as pain or hunger.
Bulimia nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by at least biweekly cycles of binging and purging in an obsessive attempt to lose weight.
Skin-to-skin contact
An effective calming strategy that involves holding a young infant next to a caregiver's body.
overextensions
An error in early language development in which young children apply verbal labels too broadly.
underextensions
An error in early language development in which young children apply verbal labels too narrowly.
overregularization
An error in early language development, in which young children apply the rules for plurals and past tenses even to exceptions, so irregular forms sound like regular forms.
goodness of fit
An ideal parenting strategy that involves arranging children's environments to suit their temperaments, minimizing their vulnerabilities and accentuating their strengths.
sex-linked single-gene disorders
An illness, carried on the mother's X chromosome, that typically leaves the female offspring unaffected but has a fifty-fifty chance of striking each male child.
power assertion
An ineffective socialization strategy that involves yelling, screaming, or hitting a child.
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
An infertility treatment in which conception occurs outside the womb.
couvade
And men sometimes develop morning sickness along with their wives! This phenomenon has its own special name: _____________-
myelination
Another critical transformation is called ______________: The axons form a fatty layer around their core
Child maltreatment
Any act that seriously endangers a child's physical or emotional well-being.
aggression
Any hostile or destructive act.
assisted reproductive technology (ART).
Any infertility treatment in which the egg is fertilized outside the womb.
Theories
Any perspective explaining why people act the way they do; theories allow us to predict behavior and also suggest how to intervene to improve behavior.
old-old
Are people in their eighties, who seem in a different class. They are more likely to have physical and mental disabilities, and so are more prone to fit the stereotype of the frail, dependent older adult.
genes
Arrayed along each chromosome are segments of DNA called ___________, which serve as templates for creating the proteins responsible for carrying out the physical processes of life
Parents' Personality Problems Are Important Life Stress Accompanied by Social Isolation Can Be Crucial Children's Vulnerabilities Play a Role
As ecological, developmental systems theory predicts, several categories of influence can spark child abuse
Operant Conditioning
B.F. Skinner: According to traditional behaviorists, the law of learning that determines any voluntary response. Responses that we reward, or reinforce, are learned. Responses that are not reinforced go away, or are extinguished.
anxious-ambivalent
Babies with an _________________ attachment are at the opposite end of the spectrum—clingy, nervous, too frightened to explore the toys. Frantic when their attachment figure leaves, they are inconsolable when a parent comes back.
Ginny: cooing Jamal: babbling Sam: speaking in holophrases David: telegraphic speech
Baby Ginny is 4 months old; baby Jamal is about 7 months old; baby Sam is 1 year old; Baby David is 2 years old. Identify each child's probable language stage by choosing from the following items: babbling, cooing, telegraphic speech, holophrases
months before age 1
Baby Sara watches her big brother hit the dog. Based on the research in this section, Sara might first understand her brother is being "mean" (choose one) months before/at/months after age 1
stranger anxiety
Beginning at about 7 months, when a baby grows wary of people other than a caregiver.
Twin studies
Behavioral genetic research strategy, designed to determine the genetic contribution of a given trait, that involves comparing identical twins with fraternal twins (or with other people).
Adoption studies
Behavioral genetic research strategy, designed to determine the genetic contribution to a given trait, that involves comparing adopted children with their biological and adoptive parents.
Reinforcement
Behavioral term for reward. ______________ (and its opposite process, extinction) is a powerful force for both good and bad. It explains why a child who starts out succeeding early in elementary school (being reinforced by receiving A's) is apt to study more.
neural tube
Between 20 and 24 days after fertilization, an indentation forms along the back of the embryo and closes up to form the __________ __________.
Nature
Biological or genetic causes of development
fallopian tubes
Branching from the upper ends of the uterus are the ___________ __________. These slim, pipelike structures serve as conduits to the uterus.
Forming Categories
By 7 to 9 months of age, babies are able to distinguish between animals and vehicles. They will feed an animal or put it to bed, but even if they watch an adult put a car to bed, they will not model her action. So the first classification babies make is between something that moves by itself or cannot move on its own. (Is it alive, like an animal, or inanimate?) Then, categorization abilities get more refined depending on familiarity. For example, 11-month-old infants can often distinguish between dogs and cats but not among dogs, rabbits, and fish.
Understanding Numbers
By about 5 months of age, infants can make differentiations between different numbers—for instance, after seeing three dots on a screen, they will look preferentially at a subsequent screen showing four dots. Infants also have an implicit understanding of addition and subtraction. If they see someone add one doll to another, or take away a doll from a set, they look surprised when they see an image on a screen showing the incorrect number of dolls.
quickening
By week 14, the uterus dramatically grows, often creating a need to shop for maternity clothes. The wider world may notice the woman's expanding body: "Are you pregnant?" "How wonderful!" "Take my seat." Around week 18, an event called _________________—a sensation like bubbles that signals the baby kicking in the womb—occurs. The woman feels viscerally connected to a growing human being.
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CHAPTER 1
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CHAPTER 2
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CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 8
g
Charles Spearman's term for a general intelligence factor that he claimed underlies all cognitive activities.
Concrete operations
Children have a realistic understanding of the world. Their thinking is on the same wavelength as that of adults. While they can reason conceptually about concrete objects, however, they cannot think abstractly in a scientific way.
disorganized
Children showing a _____________ attachment behave in a bizarre manner. They freeze, run around erratically, or even look frightened when the caregiver returns.
Resilient children
Children who rebound from serious early life traumas to construct successful adult lives.
self-soothing
Children's ability, usually beginning at about 6 months of age, to put themselves back to sleep when they wake up during the night.
Preoperations
Children's perceptions are captured by their immediate appearances. "What they see is what is real." They believe, among other things, that inanimate objects are really alive and that if a liquid looks visually different (for example, if it is poured from a short, wide glass into a tall, thin one), the amount actually becomes different.
language acquisition device (LAD)
Chomsky's term for a hypothetical brain structure that enables our species to learn and produce language.
micronutrient deficiencies
Chronically inadequate level of a specific nutrient important to development and disease prevention, such as vitamin A, zinc, and/or iron.
collective efficacy
Communities defined by strong cohesion, a commitment to neighbor-to-neighbor helping, and shared prosocial values among residents.
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)
Conditions characterized by persistent, severe, widespread social and conversational deficits; lack of interest in people and their feelings; and repetitive, restricted behavior patterns, such as rocking, ritualized behavior, hypersensitivity to sensory input, and a fixation on inanimate objects. A core characteristic of these disorders is impairments in theory of mind.
Harris believes that the environment has a dramatic impact on our development; but, rather than parents, our peer group socializes us to become adults. From the studies mentioned in Chapter 3 showing that loving touch helps premature infants grow to my suggestions for raising fearful or exuberant kids (discussed in Chapters 4 and 6), the message is the same: With vulnerable children, outstanding parenting matters most.
Contrast different ideas about the importance of parents.
They are both correct We are unique in our massive cerebral cortex, in growing most of our brain outside of the womb, and in fact that the human cortex does not reach its adult form for more than two decades
Cortex and Ashley are arguing about what makes our brain unique. Cortex says it's the size of our cortex. Ashley says it's the fact that we "grow" most of our brain after birth and that the cortex continues to mature for at least two decades. Who is right? or are they both right?
Section 6.3 in the book
Describe ADHD's features, causes, and treatments.
Average scores on standard motor-skill tests are lower today than in previous cohorts, particularly as children advance to older grades. The logical reason for this loss, as I suggested in the last chapter, is that children no longer regularly play outside
Describe recent changes in elementary motor skills.
Insecurely attached
Deviation from the normally joyful response of being reunited with a primary caregiver, signaling problems in the caregiver-child relationship.
fetal 7
During the embryonic stage, body structures literally sprout. In the _________ stage, development occurs at a more leisurely pace. From the eyebrows, fingernails, and hair follicles that develop from weeks 9 to 12, to the cushion of fat that accumulates during the final weeks, it takes __________ months to transform the embryo into a resilient baby ready to embrace life.
True
During the fetal period the fetus may increase in size as much as twentyfold. True or false
amniocentesis
During the second trimester, a safer test, called _________________, can determine the fetus's fate. The doctor inserts a syringe into the woman's uterus and extracts a sample of amniotic fluid. The cells can reveal a host of genetic and chromosomal conditions, as well as the fetus's sex.
Elaine tells you that breast-feeding is more difficult if women need to work full-time. It also can be physically painful. This explains why many women don't follow the professional advice.
Elaine tells you that breast-feeding is more difficult than medical authorities suggest. Make her argument, drawing on the points in this section
initiative
Erik Erikson's term for the early childhood psychosocial task that involves exuberantly testing skills.
industry
Erik Erikson's term for the middle childhood psychosocial task involving bending to adult reality and needing to work for what we want.
autonomy
Erikson's second psychosocial task, when toddlers confront the challenge of understanding that they are separate individuals.
Self-esteem
Evaluating oneself as either "good" or "bad" as a result of comparing the self to other people.
46 23 Gametes 46
Every cell in our body contains _______ chromosomes—except the sperm and ova, each of which has half this number, or ______. When the nuclei of these two cells, called ___________, combine at fertilization, their chromosomes align in pairs to again comprise _______
bully victims
Exceptionally aggressive children (with externalizing disorders) who repeatedly bully and get victimized.
Don't be a hover parent. Encourage exercise but don't micromanage it and force it... this is for most things
Explain what adults can do to promote children's physical development.
Piaget believed that young children are tethered to their immediate perceptions. At age 7 or 8, we transcend appearances and think abstractly for the first time. Piaget offered a scientific explanation for why the Jesuits labeled year 7 as the age of "reason." During concrete operations we first think logically about life. Then Erikson fleshed out the implications of this mental advance. During middle childhood, we realize that succeeding in life requires industry. We need to control our impulses and work for what we want Piaget: Children have a realistic understanding of the world. Their thinking is really on the same wavelength as that of adults. While they can reason conceptually about concrete objects, however, they cannot think abstractly in a scientific way. Erikson: Industry vs. Inferiority
Explain what makes middle childhood unique by referring to Piaget's and Erikson's theories.
gender schema theory
Explanation for gender-stereotyped behavior that emphasizes the role of cognitions; specifically, once children know their gender label (girl or boy), they model their own sex.
Collaborative pretend play
Fantasy play in which children work together to develop and act out scenes.
empathy
Feeling the exact emotion that another person is experiencing.
Guilt
Feeling upset about having caused harm to a person or about having violated one's internal standard of behavior.
Getting very large and waiting for baby leg cramps; numbness and tingling as the uterus presses against the nerves of the lower limbs; heartburn, insomnia, and anxious anticipation as focus shifts to the birth ("When will this baby arrive?!"); irregular uterine contractions as the baby sinks into the birth canal and delivery draws very near.
Feelings during third trimester?
Self-conscious emotions require
Feelings of pride, shame, or guilt, which first emerge around age 2 and show the capacity to reflect on the self.
Hearing
Fetuses can discriminate different tones in the womb Newborns prefer women's voices, as they are selectively sensitive to higher-pitched tones. At less than 1 week of age, babies recognize their mother's voice. By 1 month of age, they tune in to infant-directed speech communications tailored to them.
Behavioral genetics
Field devoted to scientifically determining the role that hereditary forces play in determining individual differences in behavior.
mass-to-specific sequence
Finally, just as in constructing a sculpture, nature starts with the basic building blocks and then fills in the details. A head forms before eyes and ears; legs are constructed before feet and toes. So the _______________________________, or gross (large, simple) structures before smaller (complex) refinements, is the third principle of body growth.
holophrase
First clear evidence of language, when babies use a single word to communicate a sentence or complete thought.
telegraphic speech
First stage of combining words in which a toddler pares down a sentence to its essential words.
id ego superego
Freud posited three hypothetical structures. The ________, present at birth, is the mass of instincts, needs, and feelings we have when we arrive in the world. During early childhood, the conscious, rational part of our personality—called the _______—emerges. _______ functions involve thinking, reasoning, planning, and fulfilling our id desires in realistic ways. Finally, a structure called the ______________—the moral arm of our personality—exists in opposition to the id's desires
primary circular reactions
From the newborn reflexes, during months 1 to 4, _____________ ___________ ____________ develop. These are repetitive actions centered on the child's body. A thumb randomly makes contact with his mouth, and a 2-month-old removes that interesting object, observes it, and moves it in and out. Waving her legs captivates a 3-month-old for hours.
contexts of development (broad general influences)
Fundamental markers, including cohort, socioeconomic status, culture, and gender, that shape how we develop throughout the lifespan
adrenal androgens
Hormones produced by the adrenal glands that program puberty.
socialization
How children are taught to behave in socially appropriate ways.
feeling much better and connecting emotionally
How do women feel the second trimester?
The danger posed by smoking is giving birth to a smaller-than-normal, less healthy baby. Nicotine constricts the mother's blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the fetus and preventing ample nutrients from reaching the child. Infants born to pregnant smokers are less able to regulate their behavior. Tobacco-exposed fetuses are more prone to develop antisocial behaviors during childhood and the teens
How does smoking impact the baby?
Securely attached
Ideal attachment response when a child responds with joy at being reunited with a primary caregiver.
ften have a special talent, such as Churchill's gift for writing, or Lincoln's towering intellect. They are adept at regulating their emotions. They have a high sense of self-efficacy and an optimistic worldview. They possess a strong faith or sense of meaning in life Being resilient depends on inner resources—having good executive functions and intellectual and social skills.
Identify resilient children's qualities.
Low income single parents with children
Identify which type of U.S. family is most likely to be poor.
be frightened of the cliff
If Alicia's 8-month-old daughter is participating in a visual cliff study; when she approaches the drop-off, she should (choose one): crawl over it/be frightened
Moro Reflex
If a baby is allowed to drop unexpectedly while being held or is exposed to a loud noise, he will throw his arms outward while arching his back and then bring his arms together as if grasping something. Disappears in 6 to 7 months although a startle response to loud noises is permanent Its meaning is somewhat disputed. Its presence at birth and later disappearance are a basic sign of normal neurological development.
Moro reflex
If a newborn is allowed to drop unexpectedly while being held, he will throw his arms outward while arching his back and then bring his arms together as if grasping something. The meaning of this reflex is somewhat disputed, and it disappears after 6 or 7 months of life.
They might be at higher risk of being born small They might be at higher risk of developing premature heart disease
Imagine that in 2021, a tornado hit Nashville, TN. Based on the fetal programming research, which 2 predictions might you make about babies who were in utero during that time?
working model
In Bowlby's theory, the mental representation of a caregiver that enables children over age 3 to be physically apart from the caregiver.
parenting styles
In Diana Baumrind's framework, how parents align on love and discipline.
psychosocial tasks
In Erik Erikson's theory, each challenge that we face as we travel through the eight stages of the lifespan.
multiple intelligences theory
In Howard Gardner's perspective on intelligence, the principle that there are eight separate kinds of intelligence—verbal, mathematical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, naturalist—plus a possible ninth type, called spiritual intelligence.
Assimilation
In Jean Piaget's theory, the first step promoting mental growth, involving fitting environmental input to our existing mental capacities.
decenter
In Piaget's conservation tasks, the concrete operational child's ability to look at several dimensions of an object or substance.
reversibility
In Piaget's conservation tasks, the concrete operational child's knowledge that a specific change in the way a given substance looks can be reversed.
centering
In Piaget's conservation tasks, the preoperational child's tendency to fix on the most visually striking feature of a substance and not take into account other dimensions.
tertiary circular reactions
In Piaget's framework, "little-scientist" activities of the sensorimotor stage, beginning around age 1, involving flexibly exploring the properties of objects. Now, the child is not constrained by stereotyped schemas. He can operate like a real scientist, flexibly changing his behavior to make sense of the world. A toddler becomes captivated by the toilet, throwing toys and different types of paper into the bowl. At dinner, he gleefully spits his food out at varying velocities and hurls his bottle off the high chair in different directions to see where it lands.
A-not-B error
In Piaget's framework, a classic mistake made by infants in the sensorimotor stage, whereby babies approaching age 1 go back to the original hiding place to look for an object even though they have seen it get hidden in a second place.
secondary circular reactions
In Piaget's framework, habits of the sensorimotor stage lasting from about 4 months of age to the baby's first birthday, centered on exploring the external world.
means-end behavior
In Piaget's framework, performing a different action to get to a goal—an ability that emerges in the sensorimotor stage as babies approach age 1. Pushing the toilet lever to make the water swirl down, manipulating a switch to turn on the light, screwing open a bottle to extract the juice—all are examples of "doing something different" to reach a particular end.
circular reactions
In Piaget's framework, repetitive action-oriented schemas (or habits) characteristic of babies during the sensorimotor stage. Habit, or action-oriented schemas, the child repeats again and again.
Concrete operational thinking
In Piaget's framework, the type of cognition characteristic of children aged 8 to 11, marked by the ability to reason about the world in logical, adult ways.
Accomodation
In Piaget's theory, enlarging our mental capacities to fit input from the wider world
artificialism
In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's belief that human beings make everything in nature.
Animism
In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's belief that inanimate objects are alive.
identity constancy
In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's inability to grasp that a person's core "self" stays the same despite changes in external appearance.
egocentrism
In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's inability to understand that other people have different points of view from one's own.
Preoperational thinking
In Piaget's theory, the type of cognition characteristic of children aged 2 to 7, marked by an inability to step back from one's immediate perceptions and think conceptually.
practical intelligence
In Robert Sternberg's framework on successful intelligence, the facet of intelligence involved in knowing how to act competently in real-world situations.
analytic intelligence
In Robert Sternberg's framework on successful intelligence, the facet of intelligence involved in performing well on academic problems.
creative intelligence
In Robert Sternberg's framework on successful intelligence, the facet of intelligence involved in producing novel ideas or innovative work.
successfully intelligent
In Robert Sternberg's framework, the optimal form of cognition, which involves striking the right balance of analytic, creative, and practical intelligence.
zone of proximal development (ZPD)
In Vygotsky's theory, the gap between a child's ability to solve a problem totally on his own and his potential knowledge if taught by a more accomplished person.
inner speech
In Vygotsky's theory, the way in which human beings learn to regulate their behavior and master cognitive challenges, through silently repeating information or talking to themselves.
cortisol
In fact, in one alarming study, elevated levels of the stress hormone _____________, measured in women prior to getting pregnant, predicted giving birth to a tinier child _____________, transferred via the placenta to the fetus, even has a direct physiological effect, making newborns irritable during the first months of life
valid
In measurement terminology, a basic criterion for a test's accuracy involving whether that measure reflects the real-world quality it is supposed to measure.
reliability
In measurement terminology, a basic criterion for a test's accuracy that scores must be fairly similar when a person takes the same test more than once.
germinal, embryonic, fetal Organs form during embryonic stage
In order, name the 3 stages of prenatal development. Then identify the stage in which organs are formed
puberty rite
In other cultures, people could celebrate children's blossoming bodies in a coming-of-age ceremony called the....
ultrasound
In pregnancy, an image of the fetus in the womb that helps to date the pregnancy, assess the fetus's growth, and identify abnormalities.
prematurity
In the developed world, _______________ is the primary cause of infant mortality—
chronic diseases
In the last 50 years, our progress has been slower because the diseases we now die from, called ___________ ____________—such as heart disease, cancer, and stroke—are tied to the aging process itself.
Avoidant anxious-ambivalent attachment disorganized attachment
Insecurely attached children react in one of three ways:
social networking sites
Internet sites whose goal is to forge personal connections among users.
cognitive developmental theory
Jean Piaget's principle that from infancy to adolescence, children progress through four qualitatively different stages of intellectual growth
right on schedule The baby has simply learned to self-soothe so he is wrong on the second statement
Jorge tells you that he's thrilled because last night his 6-month-old finally slept through the night. Is Jorge's child ahead of schedule, behind schedule, or right on time for this milestone? Is Jorge right in saying "My child is sleeping through the night"?
1.) Cognition develops gradually, not in stages 2.) Infants understand human motivations
Jose, while an avid Piaget fan, has to admit that in important ways, this master theorist was wrong. Jose can legitimately make which two criticisms? 1.) Cognition develops gradually, not in stages 2.) Infants understand human motivations 3.) Babies understand the basic properties of objects at birth
natural birth
Labor and birth without medical interventions.
1st Stage: Dilation and Effacement 2nd Stage: Birth 3rd Stage: Expulsion of the Placenta
Labor proceeds through three stages. What are they?
Jennifer. Down Syndrome is typically caused by an unlikely, random event. With cystic fibrosis, that single-gene recessive disorder, the mom (in the case, Jen), has a 1-in-4 chance of giving birth to another child with that disease
Latasha gives birth to a child with Down Syndrome, while Jennifer gives birth to a child with cystic fibrosis. Which woman should be more worried about having another child with that condition and why?
Latisha is only partly right. Synaptic loss and neural pruning are essential to fostering babies emerging abilities
Latisha tells you that the myelin sheath speeds neural impulses are more synaptic connections, the higher the level of development. Is she totally correct? If not, describe how she is wrong.
modeling
Learning by watching and imitating others
Day care
Less academically oriented group programs serving young children, most often infants and toddlers.
multidisciplinary
Lifespan development is ______________. It draws on fields as different as neuroscience, nursing, psychology, and social policy to understand human development.
I called mom when that terrible thing happened at work.... this should show that under stress your impulse is to immediately contact your attachment figure
List an example of "proximity-seeking in distress" in your own life within the past few months
Difficult to cure childhood obesity by diet and exercise
List some facts about childhood obesity
STEP 1: THE TODDLER'S EXUBERANT (OR DIFFICULT) TEMPERAMENT EVOKES HARSH DISCIPLINE STEP 2: THE CHILD IS REJECTED BY TEACHERS AND PEERS IN SCHOOL
List the two-step pathway to producing a highly aggressive child.
Older Children Rehearse Information Older Children Understand How to Selectively Attend Older Children Are Superior at Inhibition
List three examples of executive functions.
tabula rasa
Locke believed that human beings are born a _________ _________, a blank slate on which anything could be written, and that the way we treat children shapes their adult lives.
Plastic
Malleable, or capable of being changed (refers to neural or cognitive development).
1.) b 2.) c 3.) d 4.) a
Match the term to the correct defintion: 1.) Social referencing 2.) Working model 3.) Synchrony 4.) Strange Situation a.) A researcher measures a child's attachment at age 1 after several separations and reunions with the mother b.) A toddler keeps looking back at the parent while exploring at a playground c.) An elementary school child keeps an image of her parent in mind to calm herself at school d.) A mother and baby relate to each other as if they are totally in tune
20th century life expectancy revolution
May qualify as the most important milestone in human history; The dramatic increase in average life expectancy that occurred during the first half of the twentieth century in the developed world.
intelligence quotient (or IQ)
Measure designed to evaluate a child's overall cognitive ability, or general aptitude for mastering academic work.
achievement tests
Measures that evaluate a child's knowledge in specific school-related areas.
thin ideal
Media-driven cultural idea that females need to be abnormally thin.
US - no alcohol France - a glass of wine is fine
Monique is planning to become pregnant and asks her physician if it will be okay for her to have a glass of wine with dinner each night. What would her doctor answer if Monique lived in the US? What might the doctor say if she lived in France?
Muriel: preattachment Janine: attachment in the making Ted: clear-cut attachment Tania: working model
Muriel is 1 month old Janine is 5 months old Ted is 1 year old Tania is age 4 List each child's phase of attachment
fetal programming research
New research discipline exploring the impact of traumatic pregnancy events and stress on producing low birth weight, obesity, and long-term physical problems.
Taste
Newborns are sensitive to basic tastes. When they taste a bitter, sour, or salty substance, they stop sucking and wrinkle their faces. They suck more avidly on a sweet solution, although they will stop if the substance grows too sweet. Having babies suck a sweet solution before a painful experience, such as an injection, reduces agitation and so is a helpful pain-management technique.
Smell
Newborns prefer the odor of breast milk to that of amniotic fluid. Plus, smelling breast milk has a soothing effect; newborns cry more vigorously when facing a scentless breast (one covered with a transparent film)
rooting reflex
Newborns' automatic response to a touch on the cheek, involving turning toward that location and beginning to suck.
proximodistal sequence
Notice that from a cylindrical shape, the arms and legs grow outward and then (not unexpectedly) the fingers and toes protrude. So growth follows the ____________ _____________, from the most interior (proximal) part of the body to the outer (distal) sides.
cephalocaudal sequence
Notice that from a huge swelling that makes the embryo look like a mammoth head, the arms emerge and the legs sprout. So development takes place according to the _____________ _____________-, meaning from top (cephalo = head) to bottom (caudal = tail).
blastocyst implantation
Now called a ___________, this ball of roughly 100 cells faces the challenge called ______________—embedding into the uterine wall.
efface dilate contractions
Now it must ___________, or thin out, and _________, or widen from a tiny gap about the size of a dime to the width of a coffee mug or a medium-sized bowl of soup. This transformation is accomplished by _____________—muscular, wavelike batterings against the uterine floor. The uterus is far stronger than a boxer's biceps. Even at the beginning of labor, the contractions put about 30 pounds of pressure on the cervix to expand to its cuplike shape.
during the second 6 months of life
One implication of the face perception studies is that the roots of adult prejudice begin (choose one) at birth/during the second 6 months of life/after age 2
More self aware but their self esteem goes down such as "I am not good enough or Im not pretty"
Outline changes in self-awareness and self-esteem as children get older.
facing acculturation, the challenge of adapting to a different culture. But here, a family's fit to the new society looms large.
Outline collective efficacy issues for immigrant children.
The frontal lobes are only beginning their synaptic blossoming when we start toddling around. Pruning in this part of the brain begins at about age 9.
Outline how the frontal lobes develop.
Permissive parents
are at the opposite end of the spectrum from authoritarian parents. Their parenting mantra is, "Provide total freedom and unconditional love." In these households, there are no set bedtimes and no homework demands. Here, the child-rearing principle is that children's wishes rule.
Authoritarian parents
are more inflexible. Their child-rearing motto is, "Do just what I say." In these families, rules are not negotiable. While authoritarian parents may love their children deeply, their child-rearing style can seem uncaring and cold.
Rejecting-neglecting parents
are the worst of both worlds—low on structure and on love. In these families, children are neglected, ignored, and emotionally abandoned. They are left to raise themselves
avoidant attachment
infants rarely show much emotion—positive or negative—when their attachment figure leaves and returns. They seem wooden, disengaged, without much feeling at all.
Working memory
is where the "cognitive action" takes place. Here, we keep information in awareness and act to either process it or discard it. It is made up of limited-capacity holding bins and an "executive processor," which allows us to mentally process material for permanent storage
Physical abuse
refers to bodily injury that leaves bruises. It encompasses everything from overzealous spanking to battering that may lead to a child's death.
Neglect
refers to caregivers' failure to provide adequate supervision and care. It might mean abandoning the child, not providing sufficient food, or failing to enroll a son or daughter in school.
Object permanence
refers to knowing that objects exist when we no longer see them—a perception that is, obviously, fundamental to our sense of living in a stable world.
emotional abuse
refers to shaming, terrorizing, or exploiting a child
blended families
spouses divorced and remarried families
myelin sheath
the ___________ _________ is the lubricant that permits the neural impulses to speedily flow. This insulating layer may also determine which cells thrive
amniotic sac
the ____________ ___________, the fluid-filled chamber within which the baby floats. This encasing membrane provides insulation from infection and harm.
umbilical cord
the ____________ ____________, protruding from what will be the baby's bellybutton, the conduit through which nutrients flow
testes
the __________—male structures comparable to the ovaries—are continually manufacturing sperm.
motor milestones
the exciting progression of physical abilities during the first year of life.
infertility
the inability to conceive a child after a year of unprotected intercourse—is far from rare, affecting an estimated 1 in 5 couples.
proximodistal
the neural tube develops and then the arms
Gerontology
the scientific study of aging—the other core discipline in lifespan development—had a slower start.
Lifespan Development
the scientific study of human growth throughout life
Child development
the study of childhood and the teenage years
Kangaroo care
using a baby sling, can even help premature infants grow
puberty rites
were emotional events, carefully choreographed to teach adult gender roles. Often, children were removed from their families and forced to perform stressful tasks. There was anxiety ("Can I really do this thing?") and feelings of awe and self-efficacy, as the young person returned to joyfully enter the community as an adult
frustration-aggression hypothesis
when human beings are thwarted, we are biologically primed to strike back.
.............
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 6
cyber-bullying
Systematic harassment conducted through electronic media.
syntax
The system of grammatical rules in a particular language.
Infant-directed speech (IDS)
(what you and I call baby talk) uses simple words, exaggerated tones, elongated vowels, and has a higher pitch than we use in speaking to adults The simplified, exaggerated, high-pitched tones that adults and children use to speak to infants that function to help teach language.
infants
A baby in the first year of life
culture of connectivity
Cell phones and texting instituted what one expert has labeled our twenty-first century "__________ ______ ______________," by tethering us to our significant others every moment of the day.
Uterus endometrium
Center stage is the ___________, the pear-shaped muscular organ that carries the baby to term. The uterus is lined with a velvety tissue, the ______________, which thickens in preparation for pregnancy and, if that event does not occur, sheds during menstruation
clear-cut (or focused) attachment
Critical attachment phase, from 7 months through toddlerhood, defined by the need to have a primary caregiver nearby.
infant mortality
Death during the first year of life.
Nurture
Environmental causes of development
psychoanalytic
Freud's theory is called ___________________ because it analyzes the psyche, or our inner life.
Qualitative research
Occasional developmental science data-collection strategy that involves personal interviews.
They are both right In support of Tania's "dramatic improvement" position, babies develop a remarkable sensitivity to facial nuances (such as their preference for good-looking people and the fear bias) early in life. Thomas is also correct that in some ways vision gets worse during infancy. He should mention the fact that by 9 months of age we have "unlearned" the ability to become sensitive to facial distinctions in people of other ethnic groups
Tania says "Visual capacities improve dramatically during the first year of life." Thomas replies, "No, in some ways our vision gets worse." Who is correct?
little-scientist phase
The time around age 1 when babies use tertiary circular reactions to actively explore the properties of objects, experimenting with them like scientists. and parents call the "getting into everything" phase)
(1) development unfolds "in its own neurological time" (you can't teach a baby a skill before the relevant part of the brain comes on-line) (2) stimulation sculpts neurons (our wider-world experiences physically change our brain) (3) the brain is still "under construction" (and shaped by those same experiences) for as long as we live
What are the basic brain principles?
Infants grasp the basics of physical reality well before age 1. Infants' understanding of physical reality develops gradually.
What do scientists understand about infants?
fallopian tubes
Where does fertilization occur?
preferential habituation
Your 3-month-old perks up when you start the vacuum cleaner and then after a moment, loses interest. You are using a kind of __________ paradigm; and the scientific term for when your baby loses interest is___________
genetic counselors
a professional skilled in both genetics and counseling, to help you think through your choices. In addition to laying out the odds of having an affected child, they describe advances in treatment.
Socioeconomic status
a term referring to our education and income—actually makes a major impact on development at every life stage
sexual abuse
covers the spectrum from rape and incest to fondling and exhibitionistic acts.
Individualistic cultures
emphasize independence, competition, and personal success.
traditional nuclear family
heterosexual married couples with biological children
teratogen
is the name for any substance that crosses the placenta to harm the fetus.
Active forces
refer to the fact that we actively select our environments based on our genetic tendencies. A child who is talented at reading gravitates toward devouring books and so becomes a better reader over time.
Social Cognition
refers to any skill related to managing and decoding people's emotions, and getting along with other human beings
face perception
Research using preferential looking and habituation to explore what very young babies know about faces.
Developmentalists (developmental scientists)
Researchers and practitioners whose professional interest lies in the study of the human lifespan.
Memory
Researchers find that babies as young as 9 months of age can "remember" events from the previous day. Infants will push a button if they saw an adult performing that act 24 hours earlier. In another study, most 10-month-olds imitated an action they saw one month earlier. There even have been cases where babies this age saw an action and then remembered it a year later.*
upward mobility
Rising in social class and/or economic status from one's childhood. That is, a child's chance of rising in socioeconomic status compared to her parents, was virtually guaranteed
Exercise play
Running and chasing play that exercises children's physical skills.
attachment in the making
Second phase of Bowlby's attachment sequence, when, from 4 to 7 months of age, babies slightly prefer the primary caregiver.
Teratogens exert damage during the sensitive period for the development of the particular organ
Seto and Brandon's mothers each contracted rubella (German measles) during different weeks in their first trimester of pregnancy. Seto has heart problems; Brandon has hearing problems. Which teratogenic principle is illustrated here?
Prosocial behavior
Sharing, helping, and caring actions.
dominant, recessive, or sex-linked.
Single-gene disorders are passed down according to three modes of inheritance: They may be ____________, ___________, ______________
Collectivist cultures
Societies that prize social harmony, obedience, and close family connectedness over individual achievement.
telegraphic speech
Speech that contains only the major words (nouns, verbs) and not the smaller grammatical elements (grammatical morphemes); typically seen in infancy beginning around 18 months.
Quantitative research
Standard developmental science data-collection strategy that involves testing groups of people and using numerical scales and statistics.
Corporal Punishment: The issue is that, with more than a hundred studies linking corporal punishment to mental health problems, we need to firmly dispel the misconception that spanking produces well-disciplined, obedient children. Because corporal punishment is rampant in neighborhoods low in collective efficacy, where daily life is frustrating and dangerous, its best to intervene by making communities more caring Still, with surveys showing that only 1 in 10 parents admit they "often spank," corporal punishment is not the preferred U.S. discipline mode. Today, the most frequent punishments parents report are removal of privileges and, to a lesser extent, getting sent to one's room Child Abuse: 3 of 1,000 children worldwide were physically maltreated, using informants' (that is, other people's) reports. In polling adults themselves, the rates were 10 times higher. In one study in Canada, a shocking 1 in 4 people reported being maltreated as a child (MacMillan and others, 2013). Divorce: Studies worldwide comparing children of divorce with their counterparts in intact, married families show these boys and girls are at a disadvantage—academically, socially, and in terms of mental health One reason may be economic. Divorce can propel a mother-headed household into poverty, even though that family had previously been middle class.
Summarize the research on corporal punishment, child abuse, and divorce.
C-section
Surgeon makes incisions in the woman's abdominal wall and enters the uterus to remove the baby manually, is the final solution for labor and delivery problems.
Embryonic first fetal second or third
Teratogen A caused limb malformations. Teratogen B caused developmental disorders. Teratogen A wreaked its damage during the _____________ stage of prenatal development and was taken during the ____________ trimester of pregnancy, while teratogen B probably did its damage during the ___________ stage and was taken during the ___________ trimester
embryonic
Teratogens are most likely to cause major structural damage during the ____________ stage
developing brain
Teratogens can affect the ______________ ___________ throughout pregnancy.
..........
Teratogens have a threshold level above which damage occurs. Teratogens exert their damage unpredictably, depending on fetal and maternal vulnerabilities.
sensitive period
Teratogens typically exert their damage during the ___________ __________—the timeframe when a particular organ or system is coming "on line."
dose-response effect
Term referring to the fact that the amount (dose) of a substance, in this case the depth and length of deprivation, determines its probable effect or impact on the person. (In the orphanage studies, the "response" is subsequent emotional and/or cognitive problems.)
Decade of protest
The 1960s "___________ ____ __________" included the civil rights and women's movements, the sexual revolution, and the "counterculture" movement that emphasized liberation in every area of life
gestation period trimesters
The 266- to 277-day _____________ ___________ (or pregnancy) is divided into three segments called ____________, each lasting roughly three months. (Because it is difficult to know exactly when fertilization occurs, health-care professionals date the pregnancy from the woman's last menstrual period
cerebral cortex
The ____________ ___________, the outer, furrowed mantle of the brain, is the site of every conscious perception, action, and thought. With a surface area 10 times larger than the monkey's and 1,000 times larger than the rat's, the cortex is what makes human beings different from any other species on earth.
phoneme discrimination
The ability to notice the smallest unit of sound of a language that can signal a change in word meaning (such as bat versus cat). This skill is one of the building blocks of learning language.
depth perception
The ability to see (and fear) heights.
Cohort
The age group with whom we travel through life
frontal lobes
The area at the front uppermost part of the brain, responsible for reasoning and planning our actions.
sucking reflex
The automatic, spontaneous sucking movements newborns produce, especially when anything touches their lips.
mean length of utterance (MLU)
The average number of morphemes per sentence
Sensorimotor
The baby manipulates objects to pin down the basics of physical reality. This stage ends with the development of language.
maximum lifespan
The biological limit of human life (about 105 years).
placenta
The blastocyst seeks a landing site on the upper uterus. Its outer layer develops projections and burrows in. From this landing zone, blood vessels proliferate to form the ____________, the lifeline that passes nutrients from the mother to the developing baby
Emotion regulation
The capacity to manage one's emotional state
self-awareness
The capacity to observe our abilities and actions from an outside frame of reference and to reflect on our inner state.
primary attachment figure
The closest person in a child's or adult's life.
a smaller-than-normal birth weight and brain; facial abnormalities (such as a flattened face); and developmental disorders ranging from serious intellectual disability to seizures and hyperactivity
The defining qualities of fetal alcohol syndrome include....
Intrinsic motivation
The drive to act based on the pleasure of taking that action in itself, not for an external reinforcer or reward.
Extrinsic motivation
The drive to take an action because that activity offers external reinforcers such as praise, money, or a good grade.
implantation; eighth
The embryonic period begins with ____ and lasts until the _____ week.
implantation; blastocyst
The end of the germinal period is marked by the _____ of the _____ in the wall of the uterus.
person-environment fit
The extent to which the environment is tailored to our biological tendencies and talents.
ovaries, ova
The feathery ends of the fallopian tubes surround the ____________, the almond-shaped organs where the _______, the mother's egg cells, reside.
Mass to specific
The fingers form before the fingernails
germinal stage
The first approximately two weeks after fertilization—when the cell mass has not fully attached to the uterine wall—is called the ____________ ____________
preattachment phase
The first phase of John Bowlby's developmental attachment sequence, during the first three months of life, when infants show no visible signs of attachment.
early childhood
The first phase of childhood, lasting from age 3 through kindergarten, or about age 6.
social smile
The first real smile, occurring at about 2 months of age.
Apgar scale.
The first step after the newborn enters the world is to evaluate its health in the delivery room with a checklist called the _________ _________
Income inequalities
The gap between the rich and poor within a nation; specifically, when income inequality is wide, a nation has few very affluent residents and a mass of disadvantaged citizens.
caphalocaudal
The head forms first and the feet last
testosterone
The hormone responsible for maturation of the male reproductive organs and other signs of puberty in men, and for hair and skin changes and sexual desire in both sexes.
Oxytocin
The hormone whose production is centrally involved in bonding, nurturing, and caregiving behaviors in our species and other mammals.
baby boom cohort
The huge age group born between 1946 and 1964.
fear bias
The human tendency to be hypersensitive to fearful facial cues that, by alerting us to danger, may prevent us from getting injured or killed.
induction
The ideal discipline style for socializing prosocial behavior, which involves getting a child who has behaved hurtfully to empathize with the pain he has caused the other person
toddlerhood
The important transitional stage after babyhood, from roughly age 1 year to 2½.
specific learning disorder
The label for any impairment in language or any deficit related to listening, thinking, speaking, reading, writing, spelling, or understanding mathematics.
intellectually disabled
The label for significantly impaired cognitive functioning, measured by deficits in behavior accompanied by having an IQ of 70 or below.
gifted
The label for superior intellectual functioning characterized by an IQ score of 130 or above, showing that a child ranks in the top 2 percent of his age group.
cervix
The lower section of the uterus is the __________. During pregnancy, this thick uterine neck must perform an amazing feat: Be strong enough to resist the pressure of the expanding uterus; be flexible enough to open fully at birth.
HPG axis
The main hormonal system that programs puberty; it involves a triggering hypothalamic hormone that causes the pituitary to secrete its hormones, which in turn cause the ovaries and testes to develop and secrete the hormones that produce the major body changes.
semantics
The meaning system of a language—that is, what the words stand for.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
The most common childhood learning disorder in the United States, disproportionately affecting boys; characterized by inattention and hyperactivity at home and at school.
twin/adoption studies
The most powerful evidence for genetics comes from the rare ______________ __________ in which identical twins are separated in childhood and reunited in adult life. If Joe and James, who have exactly the same DNA, have similar abilities, traits, and personalities, even though they grow up in different families, this would be strong evidence that genetics plays a crucial role in who we are.
Evocative forces
The nature-interacts-with-nurture principle that our genetic temperamental tendencies produce certain responses from other people. Refer to the fact that our inborn talents and temperamental tendencies evoke, or produce, certain responses from the world. A joyous child elicits smiles from everyone. A child who is temperamentally irritable, hard to handle, or has trouble sitting still is unfortunately set up to get the kind of harsh parenting she least needs to succeed.
true experiment
The only research strategy that can determine that something causes something else; involves randomly assigning people to different treatments and then looking at the outcome.
traditional behaviorists; John Watson and B.F. Skinner
The original behavioral worldview that focused on charting and modifying only "objective" visible behaviors.
fertilization ovulation
The pathway that results in ______________—the union of sperm and egg—begins at ___________.
cooing babbling Babbles
The pathway to producing language occurs in stages. Out of the reflexive crying of the newborn period comes __________ ("oooh" sounds) at about month 4. At around month 6, delightful vocal circular reactions called __________ emerge. ___________ are alternating consonant and vowel sounds, such as "da da da," that infants playfully repeat with variations of intonation and pitch.
emerging adulthood
The phase of life that begins after high school, lasts through the late twenties, and is devoted to constructing an adult life.
REM
The phase of sleep involving rapid eye movements, when the EEG looks almost like it does during waking. __________ sleep decreases as infants mature
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
The placenta produces its own unique hormone, _____________ ___________ ____________, thought to prevent the woman's body from rejecting the "foreign" embryo.
attachment
The powerful bond of love between a caregiver and child (or between any two people).
parental alienation
The practice among divorced parents of bad-mouthing a former spouse, with the goal of turning a child against that person.
habituation
The predictable loss of interest that develops once a stimulus becomes familiar; used to explore infant sensory capacities and thinking.
Bidirectional
The principle that people affect one another, or that interpersonal influences flow in both directions.
habituation
The process of becoming so familiar with a particular stimulus that it no longer elicits the physiological response that it did when it was originally experienced.
Synaptogenesis
The process of making myriad connections, programs every skill—from Elissa's vigorous push-ups to composing symphonies or solving problems in math
dishabituation
The process of reversing habituation. The restoration of the physiological response to a stimulus that had previously dissipated because of habituation.
scaffolding
The process of teaching new skills by entering a child's zone of proximal development and tailoring one's efforts to that person's competence level.
Body mass index
The ratio of a person's weight to height; the main indicator of overweight or underweight.
synchrony
The reciprocal aspect of the attachment relationship, with a caregiver and infant responding emotionally to each other in a sensitive, exquisitely attuned way.
gibberish babbling
The repetition of syllables with variations, such as "da‐dee" or "neh‐nee."
Breathing Reflex
The rhythmic intake and expulsion of air Permanent Sustains life by providing oxygen, which is necessary for metabolism, and by removing carbon dioxide, which is a metabolic waste product, from the blood
Middle childhood
The second phase of childhood, comprising the ages from roughly 7 to 12 years.
middle childhood
The second phase of childhood, comprising the ages from roughly 7 to 12 years.
gonads
The sex organs—the ovaries in girls and the testes in boys.
phonemes
The smallest sound unit in a human language that has the ability to distinguish meaning
morphemes
The smallest unit of meaning in a particular language—for example, boys contains two morphemes: boy and the plural suffix - s.
phonemes
The sound units that convey meaning in a given language—for example, in English, the c sound of cat and the b sound of bat.
co-sleeping
The standard custom, in collectivist cultures, of having a child and parent share a bed.
WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children)
The standard intelligence test used in childhood, consisting of different subtests.
hostile attributional bias
The tendency of highly aggressive children to see motives and actions as threatening when they are actually benign.
class inclusion
The understanding that a general category can encompass several subordinate elements.
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
The unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant, often while sleeping, during the first year of life.
corporal punishment
The use of physical force to discipline a child.
embryonic
Then, the next stage of prenatal development begins: the all-important _____________ phase.
attatchment theory
Theory formulated by John Bowlby centering on the crucial importance to our species' survival of being closely connected with a caregiver during early childhood and being attached to a significant other during all of life.
Evolutionary Psychologists
Theory or worldview highlighting the role that inborn, species-specific behaviors play in human development and life. They look to nature, or inborn biological forces that have evolved to promote survival, to explain how we behave.
severe food insecurity
They sometimes went hungry due to lack of money.
...........
This brings up that upsetting event: miscarriage. Roughly 1 in 10 pregnancies end in a first trimester fetal loss. For women in their late thirties, the chance of miscarrying during these weeks escalates to 1 in 5.
Authoritative parents
This parenting style ranks high on nurturing and setting limits. They set clear standards but also provide some freedom and lots of love. In this house, there are specific bed and homework times. However, if a daughter wants to watch a favorite TV program, these parents might relax the rule that homework must be finished before dinner. They could let a son extend his regular 9:00 P.M. bedtime for a special event. Although authoritative parents firmly believe in structure, they understand that rules don't take precedence over human needs.
The plus of CVS is finding out a child's genetic fate in the 1st trimester. However, this procedure is more dangerous carrying a slight risk of limb malformations and, possibly, miscarriage. Amniocentesis is much safer and can show a fuller complement of genetic disorders but must be performed in the 2nd trimester. And in some US states, should a woman decide to terminate the pregnancy at this point, it may be illegal
To a friend who is thinking of choosing between chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis, mention the advantages and disadvantages of each procedure
The main cause lies in income inequalities, stress, poor health practices, and limited access to high-quality prenatal care.
Why does the United States rank a humiliating fifty-sixth in this basic marker of a society's health?
zygote
Within 36 hours, the fertilized ovum, now a single cell called the ____________, makes its first cell division.
Darian: circular reaction Jai: means-end behavior Sam: object permanence
You are working at a child-care center, and you notice Darien repeatedly opening and closing a cabinet door. Then Jai comes over and pulls open the door. You decide to latch it. Jai - undeterred- pulls on the door and, when it doesn't open, begins jiggling the latch. And then he looks up, very pleased, as he manages to figure out how to open the latch. Finally, you give up and decide to play a game with Sam. You hide a stuffed bear in a toy box while Sam watches. Then Sam throws open the lid of the box and scoops out the bear. Link the appropriate Piagetian term to each child's behavior
The rooting reflex is programmed by the lower brain centers to appear at birth and then go away as the cortex matures. Its appearance is definitely not a sign of early intelligence.
You're a nurse in the obstetrics ward, and new parents often ask you why their babies turn their heads toward anything that touches their cheek and then suck. You say (pick two): This is called the rooting reflex; This behavior is programmed by the lower brain centers to automatically occur at birth and disappear as the brain matures; This is a sign of early intelligence
Tell your relatives to carry your child around in a baby sling (kangaroo care). Also, perhaps make heavy use of a pacifier and employ baby massage
Your sister and her husband are under enormous stress because of their 1-month-old's crying. Based on this section, give your relatives advice for soothing their child
Developed-world
_________-_________ (the most affluent nations in the world) nations are defined by their wealth, or high median per-person incomes.
Down syndrome
____________ __________ typically occurs because a cell-division error, called nondisjunction, in the egg or sperm causes an extra chromosome or piece of that copy to adhere to chromosome pair 21.
Hormones
____________, or chemicals that target certain tissues and cause them to change, trigger these symptoms.
Developing-world
____________-__________ countries stand in sharp contrast to these most affluent world regions. In the least-developed countries, people may not have indoor plumbing, clean running water, or access to education.
Recessive disorders
______________ ____________ are in the second category. Unless a person gets two copies of the gene, one from the father and one from the mother, that child is disease free. In this case, the odds of a baby born to two carriers—that is, parents who each have one copy of that gene—having the illness are 1 in 4.
Dominant disorders
______________ _____________ are in the first category. In this case, if one parent harbors the problem gene (and so has the illness), each child the couple gives birth to has a fifty-fifty chance of also getting ill.
chromosomes DNA
_______________, ropy structures composed of ladder-like strands of the genetic material _________.
Family-work conflict
_____________________, or being pulled between the demands of caregiving and career, is a major issue for working parents
age of viability
Today, the ___________________, or earliest date at which a baby can be born and possibly live, has dropped to 22 to 23 weeks—almost halving the 38 weeks the fetus normally spends in the womb. By week 25, in affluent nations, the odds of survival are more than fifty-fifty
Install electrical outlet covers, putting sharp, poisonous and breakable objects out of the baby's reach; carpeting hard floor surfaces; padding furniture corners; installing latches on cabinet doors; and so on
What steps would you take to baby-proof the room you are sitting in right now?
Separation anxiety
When a baby gets upset as a primary caregiver departs at around 7 or 8 months old
Stepping Reflex
When a baby is held upright over a flat surface, she makes rhythmic leg movements. Disappears in first 2 ‐ 3 months but can be reinstated in special contexts Its meaning is somewhat disputed. It may be only a kicking motion, or it may be a component of later voluntary walking.
less plasticity
When babies have a stroke, they may end up (choose one) more/less impaired than they would be as adults, due to brain (choose one) myelination/plasticity
axons dendrites synapses
When cells reach this staging area, they explode into their mature form. The cells form long __________—fibers that conduct impulses away from the cell body. They sprout __________—treelike, branching ends. As the dendrites proliferate at junctions, or _____________ the axons and dendrites interconnect
Grasping Reflex
When someone presses a finger or some other object against the baby's palm, her fingers close around it. Disappears in 3 to 4 months and is replaced by voluntary grasping Its presence at birth and later disappearance is a basic sign of normal neurological development
Babinski Reflex
When someone strokes the bottom of the baby's foot, the toes fan out and then curl. Disappears in 8 to 12 months Its presence at birth and its normal course of decline are a basic index of normal neurological condition.
Sucking Reflex
When something is put into his mouth, the baby sucks. Disappears and is replaced by voluntary sucking Fundamental component of nursing
developmental disorders
Typically, during the second and third trimesters, exposure to teratogens increases the risk of _________________ _____________. This term refers to any condition that compromises normal development—from delays in reaching basic milestones, such as walking or talking, to learning problems and hyperactivity.
non-normative
Unpredictable or atypical life changes that occur during development... such as divorce or death of a child
zone of proximal development (ZPD):
Vygotsky's term for describing a phase of learning when a child is close to mastering a skill/skills but has not yet acquired the ability to perform the skill/skills without assistance.
The basic support systems of the body form and the organs of the body take shape. Also, rapid brain development occurs in this period.
What do the developmentalists mean when they say that the embryonic period is the most critical period of prenatal development?
Dramatic growth in body size as the fetus is approximately one inch long at week nine and approximately 20 inches at birth Shift in proportions as the lower portion of the body begins to catch up with the early and rapid development of the head that occurred during the embryonic period Functional development of the various organ systems as each system gradually begins working and then becomes more efficient in preparation for birth
What do you think are the most important themes of development during the fetal period? Be sure to support your thoughts with specific details in the space below.
Rooting Reflex
When touched on the cheek, the baby turns her head in the direction of the stimulation and opens her mouth. Disappears between 3 and 6 months A component of nursing
synaptogensis
Which neural process is occurring in babies, mothers, and grandmas alike? Myelination or synaptogensis?
Flynn effect
Remarkable rise in overall performance on IQ tests that has been occurring around the world over the past century.
As of 2015, 1 in 30 people worldwide (a whopping 245 million adults!) lived outside of their nation of birth—a number that ballooned by more than 100 million people since the turn of this century. Luxemburg (42 percent), Israel (33 percent), and Switzerland (28 percent) rank as the top three nations in the percentage of foreign-born residents. But in absolute numbers, the United States still remains "a nation of immigrants." In 2015, 47 million people—almost 1 in 5 U.S. adults—were born in another country. With 60 million refugees at that time, 2015-2016 marked an historic march of humanity fleeing persecution. About 1.1 million people from the Middle East sought protection in Germany. In the United States, however, contrary to popular opinion, most refugees were not flooding in from the war-torn Middle East. They arrived from gang-ridden Central American nations, such as El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala. The of immigrants are not seeking refuge from oppression. They move in search of an economically secure future for themselves and their children, the classic reason why human beings migrated in the past!
Outline some immigration statistics.
Divide thinking into steps. Let's illustrate this approach by examining memory, the basis of all thought. Information-processing theorists believe that to become "a memory," information passes through different stages. First, we hold stimuli arriving from the outside world briefly in a sensory store. Then, features that we notice enter the most important store, called working memory.
Outline the information-processing perspective on memory.
center day care:
Paid child care at a place outside the home where qualified, licensed, trained individuals provide instruction and care for newborns through pre-kindergarten.
grammatical morphemes
Parts of words or tags or markers added to a word that can add to or change its meaning. For example, add the grammatical morpheme "s" to the noun "cat" and you have changed it to the plural noun "cats."
young-old
People in their sixties and seventies: who usually look and feel middle-aged and often reject the idea that they are old
Gross motor skills
Physical abilities that involve large muscle movements, such as running and jumping.
Fine motor skills
Physical abilities that involve small, coordinated movements, such as drawing and writing one's name.
Secondary sexual characteristics
Physical changes of puberty not directly involved in reproduction, such as female breast development and male facial hair.
Primary sexual characteristics
Physical changes of puberty that directly involve the reproductive organs, such as growth of the penis and onset of menstruation.
language
Piaget believed that _____________- signals the end of the sensorimotor period because this ability requires understanding that a symbol stands for something else.
sensorimotor stage
Piaget's first stage of cognitive development, lasting from birth to age 2, when babies' agenda is to pin down the basics of physical reality.
conservation tasks
Piagetian tasks that involve changing the shape of substances to see whether children can go beyond the way that substance visually appears to understand that the amount remains the same.
Rough-and-tumble play
Play that involves shoving, wrestling, and hitting, but in which no actual harm is intended; especially characteristic of boys.
Children draw on five areas to determine their self-esteem: scholastic competence (academic talents); behavioral conduct (obedience or being "good"); athletic skills (performance at sports); peer likeability (popularity); and physical appearance (looks). As you might expect, children who view themselves as failing in several competence realms often report low self-esteem. However, to really understand a given child's self-esteem, we need to know the priority that boy or girl puts on doing well in a particular area of life.
Point out the perils of having excessively high or low self-esteem.
Normative; transitions
Predictable life changes that occur during development....such as retirement, becoming parents, or beginning middle school
Fantasy play
Pretend play in which a child makes up a scene, often with a toy or other prop.
Strange Situation
Procedure to measure attachment at age 1, involving separations and reunions with a caregiver. The __________ ___________ procedure begins when a mother and a 1-year-old enter a room full of toys. After the child has time to explore, an unfamiliar adult enters the room. Then the mother leaves the baby alone with the stranger and, a few minutes later, returns to comfort the child. Next, everyone leaves the baby alone in the room, and finally the mother returns
Eyeblink Reflex
Rapid closing of the eye Permanent Protects the eye from invasive stimuli, such as bright lights and foreign objects
moral disengagement
Rationalizing moral or ethical lapses by invoking justifications, such as "He deserved that."
Formal operations
Reasoning is at its pinnacle: hypothetical, scientific, flexible, fully adult. Children's full cognitive potential is reached.
primary intersubjectivity
Reciprocal interaction between an infant and caregiver in which each partner focuses on the emotional expressions of the other.
Autobiographical memories
Recollections of events and experiences that make up one's life history.
