Lifespan Development Chapter 5

Select all that apply The preoperational thought limitation called animism is best described by which statements? Multiple select question. "The tree has deep roots and long branches." "Thunder is mad and yelling at us." "The sunshine is happy." "Spring showers make the flowers grow."

"Thunder is mad and yelling at us." "The sunshine is happy."

Rank the following causes of death among young children from the highest incidence to lowest, with the cause having the highest incidence at the top. a. accidents b. cancer c. cardiovascular disease

1. a. 2. b. 3. c.

Match each activity with the appropriate age at which it can be achieved. 1. 3 years old 2. 4 years old 3. 5 years old a. climbing a low jungle gym b. running races with friends c. hopping and jumping

1. c. 2. a. 3. b.

By the time children enter first grade, it is estimated they know about ______ words. Multiple choice question. 5,000 20,000 10,000 14,000

14,000

A national study found that ______ of children's meals exceed recommendations for saturated and trans fats. Multiple choice question. 45% 75% 30% 25%

45%

In 2018 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines children and adolescents as obese when their body mass index (BMI) is at or above the ______ percentile. Multiple choice question. 85th 97th 87th 92nd

97th

Select all that apply. Which of the following characteristics and variables tend to be related to greater height in U.S. children? Firstborn Middle-socioeconomic status Low socioeconomic-status Urban

Firstborn Middle-socioeconomic status Urban

Which of the following are major cognitive theories of development that address the early childhood years? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Information processing theory Piaget's theory Reggio Emilia's theory Vygotsky's theory

Information processing theory Piaget's theory Vygotsky's theory

Select all that apply Around the age of five, children will do which of the following? Multiple select question. Understand how they know what they know Use the "why" question to understand their environment Inquire why things are the way they are Develop an interest in the ability to use reason

Use the "why" question to understand their environment Inquire why things are the way they are Develop an interest in the ability to use reason

Marta feels sorry for the white crayon because no one ever uses it and she thinks it must be sad. This is an example of Piaget's theory of _____

animism

The awareness that an object does NOT change its basic properties or characteristics even when its appearance is altered is known as ______. Multiple choice question. conservation preoccupation preoperational thought centration

conservation

______ attention supports the rapid increases in effortful control involving action planning and allocating attention to goals during the toddler and preschool years. An increased appreciation of their surroundings, helps children prolong their ______ attention. Multiple choice question. Joint; executive Executive; sustained Joint; sustained Sustained; executive

executive; sustained

The preoperational thought substage that is called _____ thought is considered the period when children seek answers to all sorts of questions.

intuitive

When preschoolers seem confident in their knowledge and understanding of the world, yet are not aware of how they know this information, Piaget states that they are in the _____ substage of preoperational thought.

intuitive

According to Vygotsky, children who use a lot of private speech are more _____ than those who don't. Multiple choice question. egocentric socially competent cognitively advanced emotionally stable

socially competent

Some experts believe that early childhood education programs should focus on both cognitive development and ______ development in order to meet all of a child's needs. Multiple choice question. socioemotional cultural nutritional physical

socioemotional

The retention of information over time is defined as _____

storage OR memory

According to Piaget, the first substage of preoperational thought is the _____ _____ substage, in which the child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present.

symbolic function

Preschool children learn and apply the more advanced grammar rules of _____, which involves how words should be ordered in a sentence.

syntax

Young children learn early to place a wh- word at the beginning of a sentence when properly asking a question. This shows advances in Multiple choice question. semantics. syntax. pragmatics. literacy.

syntax

Which theory views children as thinkers who can predict, explain, and understand themselves and others? Multiple choice question. Bandura's social cognitive theory Erikson's psychosocial theory Psychoanalytic theory Theory of mind

theory of mind

Vygotsky's theory maintained that language and _____ develop independently before merging.

thought

Select all that apply Regarding growth in early childhood, which of the following statements are true? Multiple select question. Girls are significantly smaller than boys in early childhood. There is a slow, steady decline in percentage of body fat. There is slow, steady increase in the percentage of body fat. Head size is more in proportion to the rest of the body than it was during infancy.

There is a slow, steady decline in percentage of body fat. Head size is more in proportion to the rest of the body than it was during infancy.

Which of the following are examples of gross motor skills acquired in childhood? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Climbing Jumping Running Assembling a simple jig-saw puzzle

Climbing Jumping Running

Which characteristics are associated with lower height? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Urban Later-born Rural Middle-socioeconomic status

Later-born Rural

Select all that apply Which of the following guidelines assist parents in teaching proper eating habits to their children? Multiple select question. Allowing the child to bring a favorite toy to the table Maintaining a breakfast, lunch, and dinner routine Having the television on during dinner Modeling healthy eating habits Preparing a balanced meal with proper representation of the major food groups

Maintaining a breakfast, lunch, and dinner routine Modeling healthy eating habits Preparing a balanced meal with proper representation of the major food groups

The _____ approach emphasizes children's free choice and spontaneity when engaging in educational activities.

Montessori

Which of the following is NOT a strategy for using books effectively with pre-school children? Multiple choice question. Encourage children to ask questions about stories. Reward children with sweets or prizes for reading books. Use what and why questions. Use books to initiate conversation with young children

Reward children with sweets or prizes for reading books.

Select all that apply Nutrition and eating habits affect which of the following aspects in early childhood? Multiple select question. Skeletal growth Parental attachment Body shape Susceptibility to disease

Skeletal growth Body shape Susceptibility to disease

Select all that apply Which of the following elements did Vygotsky emphasize and Piaget minimize as playing a role in shaping thought? Multiple select question. Sociocultural context Language Education Cognition

Sociocultural context Language Education

Between 18 months and 6 years of age, there is consistent development in vocabulary at a rate of about Multiple choice question. 2 to 3 new words every day. 2 to 3 words every waking hour. a new word every waking hour. a new word every day.

a new word every waking hour

Select all that apply Students who attended the Perry Preschool program, an alternative to the Head Start programs, were found to have which of the following long-term outcomes, when compared to a control group from the same background who did not attend Perry? Multiple select question. a. A greater likelihood of being in the workplace after age 40 b. Higher high school graduation rates c. Fewer teen pregnancies d. Higher juvenile arrest rates

a. A greater likelihood of being in the workplace after age 40 b. Higher high school graduation rates c. Fewer teen pregnancies

Vygotsky's theory of child development includes which of the following premises? Multiple select question. a. Children actively construct their knowledge and understanding. b. Children develop cognitive skills through societal tools. c. Children primarily develop cognitive skills through their interactions with the physical world. d. Children's cultural environment influences their thinking process.

a. Children actively construct their knowledge and understanding. b. Children develop cognitive skills through societal tools. d. Children's cultural environment influences their thinking process.

Which of the following statements best describe the key elements of Piaget's second stage of cognitive development? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. a. Children continue to be egocentric and have magical beliefs. b. Children are able to understand the concept of reversibility. c. Children are able to use words to describe their world. d. Children form stable concepts and begin to reason.

a. Children continue to be egocentric and have magical beliefs. c. Children are able to use words to describe their world. d. Children form stable concepts and begin to reason.

Select all that apply Which of the following statements are true about the Montessori approach to early childhood education? Multiple select question. a. Montessori children are encouraged to become self-regulating problem solvers. b. Montessori programs encourage children to move freely between activities. c. A Montessori teacher has a dual role as director and facilitator. d. The philosophy of the Montessori approach has gained popularity in the United States.

a. Montessori children are encouraged to become self-regulating problem solvers. b. Montessori programs encourage children to move freely between activities. d. The philosophy of the Montessori approach has gained popularity in the United States.

Select all that apply Which of the following statements are true regarding early childhood education? Multiple select question. a. Research indicates that universal early childhood education results in less need for remedial services, which is cost-effective in the long term. b. Research indicates that universal early childhood education decreases the dropout rate. c. Research indicates that universal early childhood education can prepare a child for school. d. Research indicates that universal early childhood education has benefits but overall is cost-prohibitive.

a. Research indicates that universal early childhood education results in less need for remedial services, which is cost-effective in the long term. b. Research indicates that universal early childhood education decreases the dropout rate. c. Research indicates that universal early childhood education can prepare a child for school.

Which of the following dramatic changes does a young child's brain undergo within as little as a year? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. a. The amount of the brain material in some areas can nearly double. followed by a drastic loss of unnecessary brain cells. b. There is a drastic loss of unnecessary brain cells. c. The brain increases in size while reorganizing itself. d. The size of the brain decreases by at least half.

a. The amount of the brain material in some areas can nearly double. followed by a drastic loss of unnecessary brain cells. b. There is a drastic loss of unnecessary brain cells. c. The brain increases in size while reorganizing itself.

Which of the following statements best describe the concept of private speech? (select all that apply) Multiple select question. a. Vygotsky found private speech was a positive addition to children's development. b. Piaget agreed with Vygotsky that private speech was a sign of maturity. c. According to Vygotsky, children who use private speech exhibit improved attention and performance. d. According to Vygotsky, children use private speech to help with difficult problem-solving tasks.

a. Vygotsky found private speech was a positive addition to children's development. c. According to Vygotsky, children who use private speech exhibit improved attention and performance. d. According to Vygotsky, children use private speech to help with difficult problem-solving tasks.

What statements best describe the advances in pragmatics in early childhood? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. a. Young children can adapt their speech based on their setting. b. Young children can learn rules regarding politeness in conversations. c. Young children are able to present competent narratives. d. Young children struggle with cultural issues related to speech.

a. Young children can adapt their speech based on their setting. b. Young children can learn rules regarding politeness in conversations. c. Young children are able to present competent narratives.

Select all that apply Literacy development among children is helped when children Multiple select question. a. already have a positive view of books when being taught how to read and write. b. can learn to read and write in supportive environments. c. have many chances to practice writing, reading, talking, and listening. d. practice reading only at school with trained literacy professionals and never at home.

a. already have a positive view of books when being taught how to read and write. b. can learn to read and write in supportive environments. c. have many chances to practice writing, reading, talking, and listening.

What is the main cause of death in young children? Multiple choice question. deformations chromosomal abnormalities congenital malformations accidents

accidents

The focusing of mental resources on select information is called ______. Multiple choice question. attention information processing centration executive function

attention

Select all that apply Which of the following statements best describe child-centered kindergartens? Multiple select question. a. Child-centered kindergartens downplay firsthand experiences. b. Child-centered kindergartens see children as individuals with their own developmental patterns of growth. c. Child-centered kindergartens focus on the process of learning, not on what is learned. d. Child-centered kindergartens emphasize play.

b. Child-centered kindergartens see children as individuals with their own developmental patterns of growth. c. Child-centered kindergartens focus on the process of learning, not on what is learned. d. Child-centered kindergartens emphasize play.

Select all that apply Identify each of the key factors in vocabulary developments in young children. Multiple select question. a. Passive learners acquire vocabulary more effectively. b. Children learn better when grammar and vocabulary are connected. c. Children learn words they hear frequently. d. Children learn words of items that interest them.

b. Children learn better when grammar and vocabulary are connected. c. Children learn words they hear frequently. d. Children learn words of items that interest them.

Which of the following statements best describe the curriculum controversy in early childhood education? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. a. Some experts believe the programs do not put enough pressure on children to achieve. b. Some experts advocate for a child-centered, constructivist approach. c. One side advocates for a focus on academics through the direct instruction approach. d. Some experts advocate for a focus on a both cognitive and socioemotional development, not just cognitive development.

b. Some experts advocate for a child-centered, constructivist approach. c. One side advocates for a focus on academics through the direct instruction approach. d. Some experts advocate for a focus on a both cognitive and socioemotional development, not just cognitive development.

Select all that apply According to Vygotsky, which of these statements concerning the development of internal and external speech are true? Multiple select question. a. Children communicate internally before developing external speech. b. The transition from external to internal speech occurs between 3 and 7 years of age. c. When self-talk becomes second nature, children can act without verbalizing. d. Children communicate externally before developing internal speech.

b. The transition from external to internal speech occurs between 3 and 7 years of age. c. When self-talk becomes second nature, children can act without verbalizing. d. Children communicate externally before developing internal speech.

Books are a positive tool for communication skill development with children. Identify all of the effective strategies of using books with preschool children. (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. a. Limit their questions until the end of the story. b. Use books to start conversations. c. Ask the child what they think the outcome of the story will be. d. Use books that use rhymes. e. Ask them to imagine themselves as the book's character.

b. Use books to start conversations. c. Ask the child what they think the outcome of the story will be. d. Use books that use rhymes. e. Ask them to imagine themselves as the book's character.

Which of the following is NOT a key principle in young children's vocabulary development? Multiple choice question. a. Children learn best when they access clear information about word meanings. b. Children learn the words they hear most often. c. Children learn words when they are disconnected from grammar. d. Children learn words for things and events that interest them.

c. Children learn words when they are disconnected from grammar.

The amount of brain material in some areas ______ within a year in children. Multiple choice question. triples can nearly double remains unchanged

can nearly double

Child-_____ kindergartens focus on educating the whole child by focusing on his or her physical, cognitive, and socioemotional needs.

centered

The limitation of preoperational thought of focusing attention on one characteristic while excluding all other characteristics is called _____

centration

Early education programs for disadvantaged children positively affect the children's social and _____ (physical/cognitive) development.

cognitive

The theories of Piaget, Vygotsky, and information processing are major theories of ______ development in early childhood. Multiple choice question. psychoanalytic physiological evolutionary cognitive

cognitive

What was the most significant factor in Jean Berko's morphology experiment? Multiple choice question. a. The children stopped talking entirely. b. The children failed to understand irregular verbs. c. The children showed that they could remember familiar plurals. d. The children demonstrated their knowledge of rules on made-up words.

d. The children demonstrated their knowledge of rules on made-up words.

As a preschool child grows older, the increase in the child's weight and height each year in terms of percentage ______. Multiple choice question. remains steady shows no clear pattern decreases increases

decreases

______ habits are important aspects of development during early childhood that affect skeletal growth, body shape, and susceptibility to disease. Multiple choice question. Reading Eating Study

eating

A child playing hide-and-seek thinks he can't be seen just because he can't see the person looking for him. This is an example of the thought limitation of ______. Multiple choice question. conservation egocentrism animism centration

egocentrism

The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective is called _____

egocentrism

Consciously managing one's thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and self control is accomplished by _____ function.

executive

Managing one's thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and self control is a description of ________ functioning. Multiple choice question. excellent accomplished advanced executive

executive

What are the two aspects of attention that develop in early childhood? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Executive attention Novel attention Extended attention Sustained attention

executive attention sustained attention

True or false: By 3 years of age, children have improved their fine motor skills enough to complete a jigsaw puzzle without forcing the pieces.

false

True or false: When children are beginning to understand the rules of morphology, they do NOT tend to overgeneralize.

false

A five-year-old child's ability to move his or her hand, arm, and body with accurate eye coordination demonstrates improved Multiple choice question. practice. fine motor skills. large motor skills. gross motor skills.

fine motor skills

In children from 3 to 6 years of age, the most rapid brain growth takes place in the _____ lobe areas involved in planning and organizing new actions and in maintaining attention to tasks.

frontal

What part of the brain grows at the highest rate in early childhood (between the ages of 3 and 6)? Multiple choice question. Temporal lobe Occipital lobe Frontal lobe Parietal lobe

frontal lobe

Project _____ _____ is a U.S. government-funded program that provides education for low-income children to acquire the necessary skills for success in school.

head start

Which of the following is a government program that provides lower socioeconomic status children in the United States with skills for school success? Multiple choice question. Head Start Montessori No Child Left Behind Reggio Emilia

head start

Select all that apply The Women, Infants, and Children federal program provides grants to states for which of the following to low-income families with infants and children up to five years of age? Multiple select question. health-care referrals nutritional information healthy supplemental foods family planning services

health-care referrals nutritional information healthy supplemental foods

During their preschool years, young children demonstrate ______. Multiple choice question. no change in attention spans decreasing attention spans increasing attention spans

increasing attention spans

The _____ _____ approach is a cognitive model that focuses on children's attention, memory, and problem-solving abilities.

information processing

The contemporary theory of cognitive development that focuses on a child's attention, memory, and problem-solving skills is called Multiple choice question. social-cultural processing. problem-solving. behavioral processing. information processing.

information processing

Vygotsky asserted that language and thought ______. Multiple choice question. remain merged throughout development remain independent of one another throughout development are initially merged and then differentiate themselves from one another initially develop independently of each other and then merge

initially develop independently of each other and then merge

Awareness and understanding of the mental processes of others is called theory of _____

mind

The process by which nerve cells are coated with insulation that enhances the speed and efficiency of the information traveling through the nervous system is known as _____

myelination

______ increases the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system, and helps children develop abilities such as hand-eye coordination. Multiple choice question. Insulation Motorization Myelination Dexterity

myelination

Television watching during mealtimes has a ______ effect on a child's eating habits. Multiple choice question. neutral positive unknown negative

negative

Ethnic origin and _____ are the two most important contributors to height.

nutrition

Select all that apply What are the two of the most important developmental factors that contribute to the differences in children's height worldwide? Multiple select question. nutrition prenatal stress motor skills ethnic origin

nutrition ethnic origin

Children and adolescents above the BMI's 97th percentile are classified as _____, whereas children and adolescents in the 95th or 96th percentile are considered overweight.

obese

According to Piaget's preoperational stage, a child does not yet perform _____, which are defined as reversible mental actions. Multiple choice question. substages operations stages reflexes

operations

A study of U.S. 2- and 3-year-olds found that ______ were the vegetable they were most likely to consume. Multiple choice question. broccoli carrots potatoes corn

potatoes

Rebecca, a six-year-old girl, is very good at carrying on conversations with people. Her two-year-old brother Jack is not very good at carrying on conversations. This is primarily due to an increased understanding of Multiple choice question. pragmatics. structure. systems. practicality.

pragmatics

Engagement in pretend play and the ability to represent objects that are not present are associated with the symbolic function substage, which is the first substage of the _______ stage of cognitive development. Multiple choice question. formal operational sensorimotor concrete operational preoperational

preoperational

The second stage of Piaget's cognitive theory of development lasts from ages 2 to 7 and is called the Multiple choice question. concrete operational stage. preoperational stage. formal operational stage. sensorimotor stage.

preoperational stage.

The stage of Piagetian development that can be divided into the symbolic function substage and intuitive thought substage is called Multiple choice question. conservation. centration. postoperative thought. preoperational thought.

preoperational thought

According to the research of Zigler and colleagues (2006), quality universal _____ programs could prepare all U.S. children for both school readiness and academic success.

preschool

What is one of the hallmarks of the intuitive thought substage in Piaget's preoperational stage? Multiple choice question. Abstract reasoning Primitive reasoning Rational thought Symbolic thinking

primitive reasoning

According to Lev Vygotsky, the range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to master alone but can be mastered with guidance is known as the zone of _____ development.

proximal

Select all that apply Which of the following activities factor into children's literacy abilities? Multiple select question. Reading Listening Writing Talking Sleeping

reading listening writing talking

As Trevor learns about long division, his mother first needs to help him a lot. She gradually decreases the level of support as Trevor's ability in this area grows. This is an example of ________. Multiple choice question. scaffolding appropriate limiting proximal assistance frameworking

scaffolding

The zone of proximal development is clearly linked to _____, another concept from Vygotsky, which is defined as a changing level of support from a more skilled person like a parent or teacher.

scaffolding

Vygotsky believed that ______ is central to the transition from external to internal speech. Multiple choice question. conservation scaffolding joint attention self-talk

self-talk

Most of an infant's memories are ______. Multiple choice question. short-lived traumatic useless permanent

short-lived

In Piaget's theory, children will construct knowledge by doing which of the following? Multiple choice question. Organizing and collaborating Transforming and organizing Organizing and socializing Transforming and socializing

transforming and organizing

True or false: Compared to Piaget's theory of children's cognitive development, Vygotsky's theory posits children as social creatures who develop their thinking through social interaction.

true

Obesity and a low level of physical activity in children has been linked to which of the following serious health problems? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Type 2 diabetes Colon cancer Hypertension Marasmus

type 2 diabetes hypertension

Select all that apply Children with poor nutrition in low-income families commonly do not obtain essential amounts of which of the following? Multiple select question. vitamins salt protein iron

vitamins protein iron

An increase in height and an increase in _____ are the two most obvious physical changes that occur during early childhood years.

weight

The two most obvious physical changes seen in early childhood include a growth in height and an increase in _____

weight

What does Vygotsky call the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children? Multiple choice question. Reciprocal dialog Social learning of modeling Zone of proximal development Scaffolding

zone of proximal development