Lifespan Development Chapter 6

Between what ages do sibling conflicts tend to decrease in frequency? Multiple choice question. 5 to 7 years of age 1 to 3 years of age 2 to 4 years of age 4 to 5 years of age

5 to 7 years of age

Between ages 2 and 4, children ______ their emotional vocabulary. Multiple choice question. slightly increase decrease considerably increase do not increase

considerably increase

Baumrind describes children raised by ______ parents as often unhappy, fearful, and anxious about comparing themselves to others. Multiple choice question. authoritative authoritarian neglectful indulgent

authoritarian

Due to the effects that imaginary play has on cognitive development, Vygotsky believed that parents should ______ it. Multiple choice question. encourage discourage demand limit

encourage

According to Daniel Berlyne, play helps to satisfy children's ______ drive. Multiple choice question. intrinsic competitive exploratory extrinsic

exploratory

In Bronstein's research it was found many parents continue to foster behaviors and perceptions that stay with traditional _____ role norms.

gender

What term is defined as "the sense of being male or female"? Multiple choice question. Gender development Gender role Gender behavior Gender identity

gender identity

African Americans and Latinos interact ______ often with extended family members compared to White children. Multiple choice question. slightly less more equally less

more

According to one study, after the birth of a second child, which of the following did mothers NOT become with their firstborn child? Multiple choice question. less playful more restraining more empathetic more negative

more empathetic

True or false: Research has found that some television shows have a positive impact on children's behavior.

true

True or false: When children interact aggressively with peers, they are at risk for delinquency and dropping out of school.

true

The four parenting styles involve the dimensions of ______ and responsiveness on the one hand, and ______ and control on the other. Multiple choice question. dictatorship; democracy allowance; demand acceptance; demand acceptance; possessiveness

acceptance; demand

One study showed that _____ who were maltreated as children were at increased risk for diabetes and lung disease.

adults

According to Freud and Erikson, play helps the child master ______. Multiple choice question. anxieties and conflicts centration and conservation exploration and creative thought language and communication

anxieties and conflicts

Around what age do most children develop self-conscious emotions? Multiple choice question. Around 12 months 3 1/2 years 2 1/2 years Around 18 months

around 18 months

According to Baumrind, children whose parents are ______ are often cheerful, self-controlled, self-reliant, socially responsible, and achievement oriented. Multiple choice question. authoritarian neglectful authoritative indulgent

authoritative

When recent immigrants keep parts of their own culture while selecting elements of US culture to help them survive and advance, they may be said to be developing a _____ orientation.

bicultural

40% of children born to married parents in the U.S. will experience their parents' _____

divorce

Girls are more likely to play in ______ than boys. Multiple choice question. groups of four or more large groups dyads and triads groups of five or more

dyads and triads

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of child maltreatment in childhood and adolescence? Multiple choice question. Attachment problems Poor emotion regulation Problems in peer relations Easier adaptation to school

easier adaptation to school

Many researchers consider the growth of _____ regulation in children as fundamental to becoming socially competent.

emotion

Young children learn in early childhood that certain situations are likely to evoke particular _____

emotions

Responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings is known as _____

empathy

______ involves responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings. Multiple choice question. Altruism Empathy Listening Role playing

empathy

Children at the ______ morality stage of Piaget's moral reasoning view justice and rules as unchangeable and not under the control of people. Multiple choice question. autonomous immanent justice heteronomous perspective taking

heteronomous

Piaget's first stage of moral development is called the _____ morality stage.

heteronomous

According to Erikson, the psychosocial stage of development that occurs during early childhood (between ages 3 and 5) is called

guilt

As adults, maltreated children are at _____ risk for violent behavior toward other adults. Multiple choice question. lower equal higher least

higher

The four main types of child maltreatment include physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and child _____

neglect

According to Baumrind, the _____ style of parenting is characterized by a lack of involvement in the child's life.

neglectful

Children raised by _____ parents tend to have poor self-control, low self-esteem, and have trouble with peer relationships and immaturity.

neglectful

After developing self-awareness, children around the age of 15 to 18 months begin experiencing what type of emotions? Multiple choice question. Raw Self-defeating Moral Self-conscious

self-conscious

What type of emotions include embarrassment, guilt, pride, and shame? self-aware secondary primary self-conscious

self-conscious

Ruth Chao suggests that the authoritarian child-rearing style is best conceptualized as a type of ______ in Asian American parenting. Multiple choice question. training kindness rejection abuse

training

True or false: One of the most important functions of peer relations during childhood is to provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family.

true

True or false: Piaget concluded that parent-child relations are less likely than peer relations to advance moral reasoning in young children.

true

The psychoanalytic theory purports that gender typing occurs ______. Multiple choice question. before birth in response to rewards and punishment of imitation behavior because of biology unconsciously

unconsciously

On average, siblings between the ages of 2 and 4 have a conflict once every Multiple choice question. 2 hours. 10 minutes. 30 minutes. hour.

10 minutes

According to Piaget, children go through _____ distinct stages of moral reasoning.

2 OR two

n average, how many hours of television do 2- to 4-year-olds watch per day? Multiple choice question. 4-6 6-8 0-2 2-4

2-4

What percentage of same-sex couples are raising children in the United States? Multiple choice question. 20% 5% 10% 50%

20%

In the United States, ______ of parents of 3- and 4-year-olds report using spanking frequently. Multiple choice question. 50% 26% 14% 82%

26%

How do researchers characterize "the only child," an individual who has no siblings? Multiple choice question. Lacking self-control Achievement-oriented Spoiled Self-centered

Achievement-oriented

What are the common parental reactions to siblings having a verbal or physical confrontation? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Admonishing or threatening Intervening and helping resolve Using physical punishment Doing nothing

Admonishing or threatening Intervening and helping resolve Doing nothing

According to Baumrind, what type of parents expect mature, independent, and age-appropriate behavior from their child, and show pleasure and support when their child exhibits constructive behavior? Multiple choice question. Neglectful Authoritarian Authoritative Indulgent

Authoritative

Select all that apply In which of the following ways does play encourage exploratory behavior? Multiple select question. By offering complexity and uncertainty By offering incongruity By offering structure and predictability By offering novelty and surprise

By offering complexity and uncertainty By offering incongruity By offering novelty and surprise

Which of the following is NOT a trend in play in recent decades? Multiple choice question. Children's playtime has increased at school. Many schools have eliminated recess. Free play time for young children has declined. Children's playtime is restricted at home and school so they can spend more time on academic subjects.

Children's playtime has increased at school.

Children raised by authoritative parents are likely to display which of the following characteristics? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Cooperativeness with adults Have unsatisfactory relationships with peers Cheerfulness and self-control May skip school when a teenager Friendliness with peers Egocentric behavior due to inflated self-worth Self-reliance and achievement orientation Good stress-coping skills

Cooperativeness with adults Cheerfulness and self-control Friendliness with peers Self-reliance and achievement orientation Good stress-coping skills

What are the important characteristics of sibling relationships? Multiple choice question. Emotional quality, similarity and intimacy, variation Emotional quality, similarity and intimacy, stability Emotional quality, familiarity and intimacy, variation Emotional quality, familiarity and intimacy, stability

Emotional quality, familiarity and intimacy, variation

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of children raised by indulgent parents? Multiple choice question. Egocentric and domineering behavior Lack of respect for others Difficulty with self-control Fear and low self-esteem Noncompliance

Fear and low self-esteem

Play therapy allows children to work off frustrations and analyze their conflicts and coping mechanisms in a non-threatening environment. This most closely resembles _______ views of play. Multiple choice question. Freud and Erikson's Berlyne and Vygotsky's Birnbaum and Piaget's Chomsky and Berlyne's

Freud and Erikson's

Play therapy allows children to work off frustrations and analyze their conflicts and coping mechanisms in a non-threatening environment. This most closely resembles _______ views of play. Multiple choice question. Freud and Erikson's Birnbaum and Piaget's Chomsky and Berlyne's Berlyne and Vygotsky's

Freud and Erikson's

Which of the following provides males and females with a framework of how they should think, act, and feel? Multiple choice question. Gender identity Gender development Gender roles Gender bias

Gender roles

Select all that apply According to research by Hetherington and Stanley-Hagen, which of the following are possible reasons that parents should stay in unhappy, conflicted marriages? Multiple select question. If conflict among family members would increase post-divorce If conflict between the couple would increase post-divorce If parenting would become more inept post-divorce If children would have to move out of their neighborhood post-divorce

If conflict among family members would increase post-divorce If conflict between the couple would increase post-divorce If parenting would become more inept post-divorce

Select all that apply What are the advantages of emotional development in young children? Multiple select question. It allows them to try to make sense of other people's emotional reactions. It allows them to begin to control their own emotions. It allows them to identify incongruence between emotional expression and thought processes. It allows them to understand the concept of conservation.

It allows them to try to make sense of other people's emotional reactions. It allows them to begin to control their own emotions.

Which statement best describes the impact that television has on children? Multiple choice question. It does not promote positive lessons. It promotes negative, antisocial behavior. It can have a negative and positive impact on children's behavior. Its programming only impacts behaviors immediately after viewing.

It can have a negative and positive impact on children's behavior.

How do firstborns and later-born children tend to differ? Multiple choice question. Firstborn children are the most rebellious and liberal. Firstborn children are underachievers and lack motivation. Later-born children are more helpful and self-controlled. Later-born children are the most rebellious and liberal.

Later-born children are the most rebellious and liberal.

Critics of Baumrind note that her parenting style categories reflect only a ______ view of child development. Multiple choice question. North American Asian U.S. European

North American

Select all that apply Piaget concluded that peer relationships are more likely than parent-child relationships to advance moral reasoning for which of the following reasons? Multiple select question. Peers share a greater power inequality. Peer relationships involve more give-and-take. Peers negotiate, coordinate, and reason about disagreements. Peers share a more mutual power status.

Peer relationships involve more give-and-take. Peers negotiate, coordinate, and reason about disagreements. Peers share a more mutual power status.

What is defined as the ability to understand or be empathetic to another person? Multiple choice question. Role reversal Perspective taking Self-understanding Mind reading

Perspective taking

Select all that apply Research by Bronstein found that mothers tend to do which of these? Multiple select question. Place more restrictions on the sons autonomy Socialize the sons to be more obedient and responsible Place more restrictions on their daughters autonomy Socialize their daughters to be more obedient and responsible

Place more restrictions on their daughters autonomy Socialize their daughters to be more obedient and responsible

Which of the following child-rearing practices does not characterize lower-SES parents? Multiple choice question. Having concern that children conform to society's expectations Relying less on physical punishment Acting more directive and less conversational Having clear authority over children

Relying less on physical punishment

Select all that apply According to social role theory, which of the following are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing? Multiple select question. Social hierarchy Biological differences between the sexes Division of labor Emotion-dismissing parents

Social hierarchy Division of labor

Which factors have been most closely associated with child maltreatment? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Social isolation Strong support systems Substance abuse Poverty

Social isolation Substance abuse Poverty

Which statement best describes the influence of peers on gender behavior? Multiple choice question. They reward children for having the courage to play with toys that are more characteristic of the other gender. They tend to punish girls for being "tomboys." They reward children for engaging in sex-appropriate play. They accept children regardless of their style of dress.

They reward children for engaging in sex-appropriate play.

Which of the following are important functions of peer relationships? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. To provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family To provide children with a source of comparison and feedback about their abilities To reinforce parental judgments and discipline styles To isolate and punish children who may be antisocial, violent, or withdrawn

To provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family To provide children with a source of comparison and feedback about their abilities

Which country has the most favorable view of corporal punishment in parenting? Multiple choice question. Spain United States France Sweden

United States

Select all that apply Spanking can cause ______. Multiple select question. a child to avoid the parent a child to admire the parent a child to imitate the parent a child to fear the parent

a child to avoid the parent a child to imitate the parent a child to fear the parent

All of the following factors help children adjust better to divorce, EXCEPT Multiple choice question. fewer behavioral problems. social maturity. a difficult temperament. a cordial relationship between divorced parents.

a difficult temperament

A child who considers a person's intentions, as well as the consequences of a given action, is in Piaget's _____ morality stage, which is the second stage in his theory.

autonomous

What type of punishment has been linked to emotional problems, negative behavioral adjustment, adolescent depression, externalized problems, and juvenile delinquency? Multiple choice question. Timeouts Verbal punishment School suspensions Corporal punishment

corporal punishment

What type of thought did Vygotsky believe symbolic and make-believe play helped to advance? Multiple choice question. Adult Creative Unconscious Intuitive

creative

According to research, the amount of time that young children have for free play has ______ in recent decades. Multiple choice question. declined considerably remained steady increased slightly increased considerably

declined considerably

Select all that apply Children who are aggressive with peers are at risk for what problems? Multiple select question. delinquency dropping out of school peer attractions becoming a sex offender

delinquency dropping out of school

According to Baumrind, what type of parents are highly involved in their child's life but place few demands or controls on the child? Multiple choice question. Neglectful Indulgent Authoritative Authoritarian

indulgent

According to Erikson, the psychosocial stage of development that occurs during early childhood (between ages 3 and 5) is called _____ versus _____

initiative guilt

Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages is most associated with early childhood? Multiple choice question. Identity versus identity confusion Generativity versus stagnation Initiative versus guilt Intimacy versus isolation

initiative versus guilt

A schema guides an individual's general perceptions. A gender schema organizes the world in terms of Multiple choice question. heterosexual and homosexual. male and female. gender and sexuality. femininity, masculinity, and androgyny.

male and female

What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people? Multiple choice question. Cognitive Physical Moral Emotional

moral

Children who exhibit the poorest adjustment to parental divorce are those that have been involved in how many parental divorces? Multiple choice question. Multiple None One

multiple

Those children who have experienced ______ are at greater risk. Multiple choice question. one divorce no divorces multiple divorces co-parenting

multiple divorces

Recent research indicates that the ______ of parents' work has more influence on the children's development rather than the fact that one parent works outside the home. Multiple choice question. nature title years time

nature

Yvonne and Gregory spend most of their leisure time with one another, leaving their child at home. They are more concerned with their own needs than those of their child. According to Baumrind, what parenting style do Yvonne and Gregory utilize? Multiple choice question. Neglectful Authoritative Indulgent Authoritarian

neglectful

Children raised by gay or lesbian parents or couples are ______ than children of heterosexual parents to be lesbian, gay, or bisexual when they grow up. Multiple choice question. a little more likely much more likely much less likely no more likely

no more likely

A gender difference that appears early in development and across cultures is that boys are more ______ compared to girls. Multiple choice question. physically aggressive verbally aggressive emotional intelligent

physically aggressive

According to Piaget, ______ provides the perfect setting to exercise cognitive structures. Multiple choice question. problem solving daydreaming play sleep

play

According to Piaget, what allows children to practice their competencies and acquired skills in a relaxed, pleasurable way? Multiple choice question. Mathematics Writing Play Reading

play

In Hetherington's research, children from divorced families show ______ adjustment than children from non-divorced parents. Multiple choice question. poorer better greater advanced

poorer

If the stresses and disruptions in the family are ______ by the move to a divorced, single-parent family, divorce can be advantageous. Multiple choice question. unchanged reduced increased

reduced

Emotion _____ plays a key role in children's ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others.

regulation

A gender _____ is a set of expectations that prescribes how females or males should think, act, and feel.

role

Approximately 20 percent of ______ couples are raising children under the age of 18 in the United States. Multiple choice question. same-sex divorced heterosexual

same-sex

According to Erikson, as a young child's conscience governs initiative, feelings of guilt negatively impact ______. Multiple choice question. social desirability self-esteem academic performance body image

self-esteem

Freud believed preschool children developed a ______ the opposite-sex parent. Multiple choice question. psychological dependency upon sexual attraction to emotional repulsion for cognitive likeness with

sexual attraction to

What type of impact does television have on children's development? Multiple choice question. moderate impact minimal impact no impact significant impact

significant impact

Which of the following is not a characteristic of sibling relationships? Multiple choice question. Familiarity and intimacy Emotional quality Variation Stability

stability

Teenagers who have been exposed to physical or sexual abuse have increased levels of thinking about, planning and attempting _____

suicide

_____ is the most influential traditional type of mass media on young children.

television OR tv

Match the type of child maltreatment with the correct definition or example. 1. child neglect 2. emotional abuse 3. physical abuse 4. sexual abuse a. incest, rape, or fondling genitals b. failure to provide for a child's basic needs c. psychological, verbal, or mental acts or omissions that could cause serious behavioral, cognitive, or emotional problems d. infliction of physical injury infliction of physical injury

1. b. 2. c. 3. d. 4. a.

Carla has recently experienced a considerable increase in her emotional vocabulary. She is most likely between the ages of Multiple choice question. 6 months and 1 year. 2 and 4 years. birth and 1 year. 1 and 2 years.

2 and 4 years.

By what age do most children acquire a sense of being male or female? Multiple choice question. 5 1/2 years 4 1/2 years 3 years 7 years

3 years

In 1971, Diana Baumrind presented ______ of parenting based on various levels of warmth and involvement. Multiple choice question. 7 styles 3 manuals 4 types 3 profiles

4 types

What percentage of children born to married parents in the U.S. will experience their parents' divorce? Multiple choice question. 30% 60% 50% 40%

40%

Which of the following child-rearing practices does not characterize higher-SES parents? Multiple choice question. Acting more directive and less conversational with children Having concerns about developing a child's initiative and delayed gratification Relying less on physical punishment Creating more of an equal, collaborative home atmosphere regarding rule setting

Acting more directive and less conversational with children

Select all that apply Compared to non-Latino White Americans, which of the following ethnic groups have higher rates of single-parent families? Multiple select question. African Americans European Americans Latino Americans Asian Americans

African Americans Latino Americans

Select all that apply Which of the following are likely characteristics for children of authoritarian parents? Multiple select question. Anxiety about comparing themselves with others Unhappiness and fear Weak communication skills Immaturity and lack of self-control Failure to initiate activity

Anxiety about comparing themselves with others Unhappiness and fear Weak communication skills Failure to initiate activity

Select all that apply Baumrind's four styles of parenting balance which of the following dimensions? Multiple select question. Creativity Demand Acceptance Control Responsiveness

Demand Acceptance Control Responsiveness

What is the most frequent parental reaction to sibling conflict between the ages of 2 and 5? Multiple choice question. Do nothing at all Spanking Verbal reprimand Time out

Do nothing at all

Which developmental theory states that gender typing happens when children understand what their culture considers appropriate and inappropriate behavior for each gender? Multiple choice question. Gender roles theory Gender schema theory Socioemotional theory of gender development Psychosexual stages of gender development theory

Gender schema theory

Which description of "the only child" (an individual who has no siblings) is usually the most accurate, according to research? Multiple choice question. Has a desirable personality Is more self-centered Lacks self-control Has a more independent personality

Has a desirable personality

According to Piaget, a 5-year-old engages in what type of morality? Multiple choice question. Accommodated Autonomous Assimilated Heteronomous

Heteronomous

Which of the following was NOT effective in reducing child maltreatment? Multiple choice question. Home visitation emphasizing increased support for the mother Mailing questionnaires that asked about household conditions Home visitation that emphasized improved parenting Parent-infant psychotherapy that focused on improving maternal-infant attachment

Mailing questionnaires that asked about household conditions

Select all that apply What are the behaviors that boys are likely to engage in when interacting in same-sex groups? Multiple select question. Rough-and-tumble play Quiet play Conflict Competition

Rough-and-tumble play Conflict Competition

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major social theories regarding gender differences? Multiple choice question. Social biological theory Social cognitive theory of gender Psychoanalytic theory of gender Social role theory

Social biological theory

What are the three proposed social theories of gender? Multiple select question. Social construct theory Social role theory Psychoanalytic theory Social cognitive theory

Social role theory Psychoanalytic theory Social cognitive theory

Which country has the least favorable view of corporal punishment in parenting? Multiple choice question. South Korea Spain Sweden United States

Sweden

What is a major milestone of early childhood? Multiple choice question. The ability to shift one's emotions away from societal norms The ability to verbalize only basic emotions The ability to express one's emotions The ability to control one's emotions

The ability to control one's emotions

Select all that apply Why is corporal punishment NOT recommended for children? Multiple select question. a. because corporal punishment may cause children to fear the parent b. because corporal punishment is illegal in the United States c. because corporal punishment does not offer children a constructive model for handling stressful situations d. because corporal punishment may lead to harsh spanking, which is physical abuse

a. because corporal punishment may cause children to fear the parent c. because corporal punishment does not offer children a constructive model for handling stressful situations d. because corporal punishment may lead to harsh spanking, which is physical abuse

Select all that apply Research has shown some but not the majority of children from divorced families are more likely to have __________. Multiple select question. high self worth academic problems secure attachments anxiety depression drug issues

academic problems anxiety depression drug issues

Parent-infant psychotherapy that focused on improving maternal-infant _____ helped to reduce child maltreatment.

attachment

According to Baumrind, which type of parents place firm limits and controls on their child, allows little verbal exchange, and might show rage toward their child? Multiple choice question. Authoritarian Authoritative Neglectful Indulgent

authoritarian

Counter to Baumrind's theories, the ______ parenting approach has shown positive outcomes for some ethnic groups. Multiple choice question. authoritative authoritarian neglectful indulgent

authoritarian

The _____ parenting style is a restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort.

authoritarian

The parenting style used by some Asian American parents, while appearing to be ______, actually reflects concern and involvement in their children's lives and is best seen as a type of training. Multiple choice question. neglectful authoritarian authoritative indulgent

authoritarian

The _____ parenting style encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions. Extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturing toward the child.

authoritative

______ is the name of the second stage of Piaget's moral development. In this stage, children older than 10 become aware that rules and laws are created by people. Multiple choice question. Immanent justice Autonomous morality Moral feeling Heteronomous morality

autonomous morality

Select all that apply Baumrind argued that parents should NOT ______. Multiple select question. show affection to their children be punitive or aloof leave children to make their own rules develop rules for their children

be punitive or aloof leave children to make their own rules

Many of the problems experienced by children of divorced parents begin ______ the divorce. Multiple choice question. unrelated to during after before

before

Research indicates that many recent immigrants to the U.S. adopt a(n) ______ orientation, selecting characteristics of American culture that help them survive and advance, while still retaining aspects of their culture of origin. Multiple choice question. monocultural assimilation bicultural melting pot

bicultural

What event is a major contributor to mothers becoming more negative, coercive, and restraining toward their firstborn child? Multiple choice question. Birth of a second child Breastfeeding Postpartum depression Menstrual cycle

birth of a second child

Which factor does NOT significantly contribute to child maltreatment? Multiple choice question. Birth order Culture Child developmental characteristics Family

birth order

Select all that apply According to research findings examining moral reasoning in various situations, what kinds of children were virtually nonexistent? Multiple select question. children who cheat in every situation children who cheat in some situations totally honest children children who tattle on others

children who cheat in every situation totally honest children

According to social role theory, gender differences result from the ______ roles of women and men. Multiple choice question. competitive contrasting inherited evolutionary

contrasting

According to social role theory, gender differences result from the ______ roles of women and men. Multiple choice question. evolutionary competitive inherited contrasting

contrasting

What is the major risk when withdrawn children are rejected and/or victimized? Multiple choice question. Schizophrenia Bipolar disorder Borderline personality Depression

depression

True or false: A recent recommendation stated that 2- to 4-year-olds should be limited to no more than 3 hours of screen time a day.

false

True or false: Children of working mothers engage in more gender stereotyping and hold less egalitarian views than children of mothers who stay at home.

false

True or false: In terms of honesty, what children do in one situation is strongly related to what they do in other situations.

false

Which of the following is not a self-conscious emotion? Multiple choice question. Fear Shame Guilt Pride Embarrassment

fear

"Intelligent, achieving, and conscientious" best describe a child in what position of birth order? Multiple choice question. Middle Firstborn Only Youngest

firstborn

_____ refers to characteristics related to femininity and masculinity based on social and cultural norms.

gender

Which of the following provides males and females with a framework of how they should think, act, and feel? Multiple choice question. Gender identity Gender roles Gender bias Gender development

gender roles

______ are sets of expectations that prescribe how people should think, act, and feel based on social and cultural norms about gender. Multiple choice question. Gender roles Gender benders Gender agreements Sex organs

gender roles

Several longitudinal studies have shown that physical punishment is associated with Multiple choice question. higher test scores and more willingness to engage with teachers at school. more self confidence and better relationships with peers. higher levels of aggression later in childhood and adolescence. better attendance at school.

higher levels of aggression later in childhood and adolescence.

______ is the concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately. Young children believe in this type of justice. Multiple choice question. Automatic justice Immanent justice Moral justice Autonomous morality

immanent justice

Young children believe that when a rule is broken, punishment will follow immediately. This is a belief in Multiple choice question. authoritative control. immanent justice. concrete imperatives. moral justice.

immanent justice.

Which of the following does not pose an increased risk for depression during childhood? Multiple choice question. Peer rejection Impulsiveness Withdrawal Peer victimization

impulsiveness

In early childhood, the frequency of peer interactions does what? Multiple choice question. Decreases considerably Decreases slightly Increases considerably Increases slightly

increases considerably

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of children raised by neglectful parents? Multiple choice question. Immaturity Independence Alienation Social incompetence Low self-esteem

independence

According to Baumrind, children raised by _____ parents never learn to control their own behavior and always expect to get their way.

indulgent

According to Baumrind, the _____ parenting style places few demands or controls on the child and is characterized by overly involved parents.

indulgent

Children raised by gay or lesbian parents are ______ popular and well-adjusted compared to children raised by heterosexual parents. Multiple choice question. indifferent to being just as likely to be less likely to be more likely to be

just as likely to be

According to gender schema theory, gender typing occurs when a child Multiple choice question. understands that sex is constant. imitates the behavior of men or women they know. identifies with a same-sex parent. learns what is considered appropriate for males and females.

learns what is considered appropriate for males and females.

While a little girl who is playing with a doll in a park might find new friends who want to play with her, a little boy who plays with a doll Multiple choice question. might be made fun of by other children. will also have a lot of new friends who want to play with him. would never be rejected by peers for playing with a doll.

might be made fun of by other children.

In the United States, a ______ of parents reported spanking their children frequently, and a ______ reported yelling at their children frequently. Multiple choice question. majority; majority minority; majority majority; minority minority; minority

minority; majority

_____ development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do when interacting with others.

moral

African Americans and Latinos interact ______ often with extended family members compared to White children. Multiple choice question. less more equally slightly less

more

From the age of 5 on, boys are ______ to engage in organized group games. Multiple choice question. not likely more likely than girls less likely than girls equally likely as girls

more likely than girls

Abuse perpetuated against children is usually perpetrated by a Multiple choice question. parent. neighbor. coach. teacher.

parent

During the initiative-versus-guilt stage, children identify most with their _____

parents

Most child maltreatment in the U.S. is done by whom? Multiple choice question. Parents Friends Strangers Extended family

parents

Who do young children identify with most during the initiative-versus-guilt stage? Multiple choice question. Friends Teachers Parents Siblings

parents

Good _____ relationships promote normal socioemotional development.

peer

The term _____ _____ is defined as the ability to discern another's emotional state.

perspective taking

What is defined as the ability to understand or be empathetic to another person? Multiple choice question. Mind reading Role reversal Self-understanding Perspective taking

perspective taking

A cognitive structure, a method of associations that guide a person's perceptions is identified as a Multiple choice question. theory. system. hypothesis. schema.

schema

Children's emotional development in early childhood allows them to begin to control Multiple choice question. their friends' emotions. their parents' emotions. their own emotions.

their own emotions