ling Ch 6 Morphology

how to dissect morphemes

1. free or bound 2. if free it is functional or lexical 3. if bound, derivational or inflectional

inflectional morphemes in English

ALL are suffixes

bound stems

In words such as receive, reduce and repeat, we can identify the bound morpheme re- at the beginning, but the elements -ceive, -duce and -peat are not separate word forms and hence cannot be free mor- phemes. These types of forms are sometimes described as "bound stems" to keep them distinct from "free stems" such as dress and care.

inflectional prefixes

NONE in english

Identify morphemes: tourists reopened

One minimal unit of meaning is open, another minimal unit of meaning is re- (meaning "again") and a minimal unit of grammatical function is -ed (indicating past tense). There is one minimal unit of meaning tour, another minimal unit of meaning -ist (marking "person who does something"), and a minimal unit of grammatical function -s (indicating plural).

allomorphs

a group of morphs that are all versions of one morpheme eg. pluralization in english is one allomorph even tho they look different /s/, /əz/, Ø (no change), (æ--> ɛ) cats, buses, sheep, men

inflectional + derivational

always appear in this order (deri + inflectional) teach...teachER....teacherS

bound morphemes

attached to another form re- -ist -s -ed all affixes (prefixes and suffixes) in English are bound morphemes

derivational morphemes in English

can have as prefixes eg. INconvenient

free morpheme

can stand by themselves as single words, for example, open and tour dog, sleep when combined with bound, these are called stems

bound morphemes; 2 types

derivational and inflectional morphemes

Uganda

different because inflectional comes at the beginning inflectional prefix which doesn't happen in English

lexical morphemes

free morphemes that are content words, like a noun, verb, or adjective banana, run, yellow, girl, man, house, tiger, sad, long can add new lexical morphemes to the language rather easily, so they are treated as an "open" class of words.

inflectional morphemes

indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word. usually don't change the class of the word. we change a word to change an aspect of it, like past tense, future, plural. NEVER changes the grammatical category. like adding 's to Jim...Jim's (possession) adding s to dog...dogs (plurality) adding er to fast....faster (comparison) -en (past participle). There are two inflections attached to adjectives: -er (comparative) and -est (superlative)

Suppletion

is the replacement of one stem with another, resulting in an allomorph of a morpheme which has no phonological similarity to the other allomorphs go—went good, better, best ox, oxen

why do we have innate bias for words?

it could be helpful for memory, allows for novel utterances, good to construct flexible system of small units

2 categories of free morphemes

lexical and functional

word vs. morpheme

morpheme is smallest meaningful unit. word may be more than one morpheme happy is one morpheme unhappy is two

Breaking down a sentence into the types of morphemes

morphemes- free OR bound if free- lexical OR functional if bound- derivational OR inflectional

difference between inflectional morphemes and derivational morphemes

n inflectional morpheme never changes the grammatical category of a word. For example, both old and older are adjectives. The -er inflection here simply creates a different version of the adjective. However, a derivational mor- pheme can change the grammatical category of a word. The verb teach becomes the noun teacher if we add the derivational morpheme -er

functional morphemes

not an intrinsic meaning used as a function word to make sense of things conjunction, preposition, article, pronouns eg. on, and, the, and, but, when, because, on, near, above, in, the, that, it, them we almost never add new functional morphemes to the language, they are described as a "closed" class of words

morphemes

parts of words; a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function

morpheme vs. phoneme

phoneme is smallest unit of SOUND. morpheme is smallest unit of MEANING

morphs and allomorphs

relationship is analogous to the relationship between phones and allophones

morphology

study of structure of words (or meaningful utterances)

be able to identify all morphemes in a sentence

the child's stubbornness THE is free, functional, CHILD is lexical 'S is inflectional, and bound STUBBORN is free, NESS is derivational SHOCK is lexical ED is inflectional THE is functional TEACH is lexical ER is derivational S inflectional

nitakupenda

the whole chunk is one word that means I will love you. it is four morphemes

derivational morphemes

used to make new words in a different grammatical category from the stem. These change the word class but not always. eg. add -ment to the verb state...changes from verb to noun eg. quick is adjective, if we add -ly it is quickly, an adverb eg. bless, add -ing, it becomes noun one of the affixes that we add like -tion, -ly prefixes such as re-, pre-, ex-, mis-, co-, un- and many more.

reduplication

using repetition as a way of adding inflectional. taking a part of word and duplicating it. used for pluralizing and emphasizer (mandarin) eg. Phillippines and Japanese and pluralizing Japanese: wwwww is hahah. This is reduplication as an emphasizer really really cold in english

suppletion

when using something different than the normal rule sheep vs. sheep man vs. men (changed stem) historical influences cause this, and borrowed words

innate bias for words

words are not marked in the physical stream of speech, but why did our brains in infancy go through trouble of chopping into chunks.