Logic Final

A counterexample to an argument is evidence that the conclusion is false.

False (A counterexample to an arguments shows the possibility that premises assumed to be true do not make the conclusion necessarily true)

A strong inductive argument is an argument such that if the premises are assumed to be true, then the conclusion is necessarily true.

False (A strong inductive argument is an argument such that if the premises are assumed to be true, then the conclusion is probably true)

A weak inductive argument is an argument such that if the premises are assumed to be true, then the conclusion is probably true.

False (A strong inductive argument)

An invalid deductive argument is one where, assuming the premisses are true, it is impossible for the conclusion to be false.

False (A valid deductive argument)

An inductive argument is uncogent only when the premisses are false.

False (An inductive argument is uncogent if either or both of the following conditions hold: the argument is weak, or the argument has at least one false premise)

A valid deductive argument is one where, assuming the premises are true, it is sometimes possible for the conclusion to be false.

False (An invalid deductive argument)

Begging the question occurs when an argument uses pity to beg someone to accept the conclusion.

False (Begging the question is circular reasoning. Using pity is Appeal to Pity)

A counterexample to a statement is evidence that shows the statement is true.

False (Evidence that shows the statement is false)

Tu quoque is an appeal to force.

False (Tu quoque is an attempt of one person to avoid the issue at hand by claiming the other person is a hypocrite)

The ad hominem abusive fallacy is distinguished by an attack on alleged character flaws of a person instead of the person's argument.

True

The extension of a term is the class or collection of objects to which the term applies.

True

The fallacy of poisoning the well occurs when a person is attacked before they have had the chance to present their case.

True

The intension of a term is specified by listing the properties or attributes that the term connotes.

True

A hasty generalization occurs when a conclusion follows from the premises only by coincidence.

False (A hasty generalization occurs when an argument relies on a small sample that is unlikely to represent the population. Post Hoc occurs when the conclusion follows the premises by accident)

A single counterexample to an inductive argument is enough to show that an argument is invalid.

False (A single counterexample to an deductive argument is enough to show that an argument is invalid)

Create a counterexample or model to show that the following deductive argument is invalid: All squibbles are ribbles. All squibbles are pibbles. It follows that all ribbles are pibbles. All S are R. All S are P. All R are P.

All Squares are Rectangles. All Squares have Equal sides. All Rectangles have Equal sides.

What is the missing premise that will create a valid argument in the following enthymeme? All trees are oxygen-producing organisms; therefore, all trees are highly-evolved plants.

All oxygen-producing organisms are highly-evolved.

Since no one has completely proved that ghosts don't exists, it follows that they must exist.

Appeal to ignorance (An argument built on a position of ignorance claims)

Every apple in that barrel weighs very little. So, I predict that the barrel of apple weighs very little.

Composition (assumption of small to large)

Deductive or Inductive Argument: Anyone over 18 years of age can join the military. Lina is 19 years old. Thus, Linda can join the military.

Deductive Argument

"Misdemeanor" means petty theft, prostitution, public intoxication, among other things.

Definition by Subclass

An invalid argument can be a sound argument.

False

Deductive or Inductive Argument: I caught a firefly. Most fireflies live a short life. Therefore, the firefly I caught probably will have a short life.

Inductive Argument

The term "academic achievement" is defined as that measure by calculating each student's GPA.

Operational Definition

The last two times I ate eggs for breakfast, I got in a car accident. So, the next time I eat eggs, I expect to get in an accident.

Post Hoc (The conclusion falsely follows unrelated premises)

If you bet on one football game, then the chances are that you will lose. Once you lose, you will then want to get your money back, so you will double your bet. Again, chances are the you will lose,......

Slippery Slope

Determine whether the following inductive arguments are strong or weak: Mary was born on August 12. Mike was born in August, too. There is little chance that Mike was born on the same day as Mary.

Strong

"Hungry" means starving

Synonymous Definition

A deductive argument is one in which it is claimed that the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.

True

A valid argument can be an unsound argument.

True

An enumerative definition assigns meaning to a term by naming the individual members of the class denoted by the term.

True

An inductive argument is cogent when the argument is strong and the premises are true.

True

An inductive argument is one in which is is claimed that the premisses make the conclusion probable.

True

An operational definition defines a term by specifying a measurement procedure.

True

Ostensive definitions involve demonstrating the term, for example, by pointing to a member of the class the term denotes.

True

You tell me to wear a seat belt when I drive because it will protect me in case I get in an accident. I never saw you wear one when you drive, so why should I wear one?

Tu quoque

Determine whether the following inductive arguments are strong or weak: Jane was born in a leap year. She was probably born on February 29.

Weak