Mastering Biology Chapter 21 - Digestion, Circulation and Respiration
Which process describes the forcing of water and other small molecules from the blood into a kidney tubule?
filtration
Which of the following is a physiological response that takes place in many animals when they get too hot?
increased blood flow to the skin
Body cells are bathed in ____________, and exchange between body cells and the blood takes place through this fluid.
interstitial fluid
Organ systems are often interconnected, and these interconnections allow us to function normally.
muscular and skeletal
A(n) __________ is a group of tissues working together.
organ
In the _______________, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged across the epithelial linings of sacs at the tips of tiny air tubes.
respiratory system
Which of the following is an example of thermoregulation in ectotherms?
sitting on a hot rock to absorb its warmth
Which of the following tissues produces voluntary body movements?
skeletal muscle
Which of the following correctly pairs a tissue and its function?
smooth muscle; contractions of the digestive tract to move food
Compact, complex animals have internal exchange surfaces that are extensively branched or folded, providing a large ______________.
surface area
Which of the following are examples of an organism attempting to maintain homeostasis?
1. After eating a squid, a seal's kidneys work to excrete the excess salt from its blood. 2. The levels of the hormones insulin and glucagon change to maintain blood glucose levels in a penguin. 3. After going outside in the cold without a jacket, you begin to shiver.
When body temperature is too low, which of the following occurs?
Blood vessels in the skin constrict.
______________ are a group of cells with a common structure and function.
Tissues
A group of cells working together is a(n) _____________.
tissue
_____________ is the study of an organism's structures.
Anatomy
Can you fill in the table about connective tissues?
Connective tissue A - blood - liquid matrix; functions in transport Connective tissue B - bone - combination of fivers and minerals; strong support Connective tissue C - cartilage - surrounds the ends of bones; strong but flexible support Connective tissue D - adipose tissue - fat storage; pads and inculates the body Connective tissue E - fibrous connective tissue - tightly packed fibers; from tendons and ligaments Connective tissue F - loose connective tissue - loose weave of fibers; holds organs in place
_____________ is the regulated balance of the internal environment of an organism.
Homeostasis
______________ is the regulation of internal conditions within a range that supports life's processes.
Homeostasis
___________________ are groups of several organs that work together to perform the functions of the body.
Organ systems
_____________ are usually composed of several types of tissues that together perform a specific task.
Organs
___________ is the study of how an organism's structures function.
Physiology
The heart has four valves that control the flow of blood. Two of the valves (the AV valves) normally prevent blood from flowing upwards. The other two valves (semilunar valves normally prevent blood from flowing downwards. The AV valves and semilunar valves have different shapes.
Structure is linked to function.
Which one of the following types of tissues stores fat in the body?
adipose tissue
Which of these is NOT one of the four major categories of tissue?
blood
The ____________ transports materials between the exchange surfaces of other organ systems and body cells.
circulatory system
Bone is a type of
connective tissue.
A main function of most types of epithelial tissue is _____________.
covering surfaces
In the _____________, nutrients are absorbed across the many fingerlike projections of the lining of the intestine.
digestive system
A(n) ____________, such as a salamander, is an organism that gains body heat primarily by absorbing it from the environment.
ectotherm
A(n) _____________, such as a pigeon, is an organism that gains body heat primarily from its own metabolism.
endotherm
Can you match these structures, functions, and examples with the appropriate type of animal tissue?
epithelial tissue: structure of tissue: sheet of tightly packed cells; one or several cell layers thick function of tissue: lines organs and body cavities; functions in protection, absorption, and exchange tissue type: epidermis of skin connective tissue: tissue type: bone structure of tissue: sparse population of cells in an extracellular matrix function of tissue: binds and supports other tissues muscle tissue: function of tissue: moves body parts tissue type: skeletal, smooth or cardiac structure of tissue: cells called fibers containing contractile proteins nervous tissue: function of tissue: senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout body tissue type: brain and spinal cord structure of tissue: neurons with branching extensions
One function of this organ system is ______________.
exchange of gases between the blood and air
Compact, complex animals have specialized internal _____________ that provide a large surface area.
exchange surfaces
The disposal of nitrogen-containing wastes, as through urination, is called ____________.
excretion
One function of this organ system is _____________.
excretion of urea
A physiologist is a biologist who studies the ______________.
function of body parts
Even after you eat a sweet dessert, the level of glucose in your blood stays relatively constant. This is an example of ______________, the maintenance of relatively constant internal conditions despite fluctuations in the external environment.
homeostasis
The protective covering of the body is called the _______________.
integumentary system
Homeostasis _____________.
is the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
Most of the control mechanisms that maintain an internal steady state are based on ________________, in which a change in a variable triggers mechanisms that reverse that change.
negative feedback
Which type of tissue forms an electrical communication system within the body?
nervous
The four major categories of tissue are ___________.
nervous, epithelial, connective, and muscle
The basic unit of nervous tissue is the ______________.
neuron
Multiple organs that work together are called a(n) ____________.
organ system
A(n) ______________ is made up of many organ systems functioning together.
organism
Which of the following levels of structure encompasses all the others?
organism
The maintenance of internal water and solute concentrations within a narrow range is called_______________.
osmoregulation
Examine the figure above that shows negative feedback in a thermostat. If the room becomes too warm, the next thing that will occur is _____________.
the heater is turned off
The maintenance of internal temperature within a narrow range is called ______________.
thermoregulation
In animals, individual cells are grouped into _____________.
tissues
In the ______________, wastes are removed from the blood across the epithelial linings of excretory tubes.
urinary system