Mastering Biology Chapter 21 - Digestion, Circulation and Respiration

Which process describes the forcing of water and other small molecules from the blood into a kidney tubule?

filtration

Which of the following is a physiological response that takes place in many animals when they get too hot?

increased blood flow to the skin

Body cells are bathed in ____________, and exchange between body cells and the blood takes place through this fluid.

interstitial fluid

Organ systems are often interconnected, and these interconnections allow us to function normally.

muscular and skeletal

A(n) __________ is a group of tissues working together.

organ

In the _______________, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged across the epithelial linings of sacs at the tips of tiny air tubes.

respiratory system

Which of the following is an example of thermoregulation in ectotherms?

sitting on a hot rock to absorb its warmth

Which of the following tissues produces voluntary body movements?

skeletal muscle

Which of the following correctly pairs a tissue and its function?

smooth muscle; contractions of the digestive tract to move food

Compact, complex animals have internal exchange surfaces that are extensively branched or folded, providing a large ______________.

surface area

Which of the following are examples of an organism attempting to maintain homeostasis?

1. After eating a squid, a seal's kidneys work to excrete the excess salt from its blood. 2. The levels of the hormones insulin and glucagon change to maintain blood glucose levels in a penguin. 3. After going outside in the cold without a jacket, you begin to shiver.

When body temperature is too low, which of the following occurs?

Blood vessels in the skin constrict.

______________ are a group of cells with a common structure and function.

Tissues

A group of cells working together is a(n) _____________.

tissue

_____________ is the study of an organism's structures.

Anatomy

Can you fill in the table about connective tissues?

Connective tissue A - blood - liquid matrix; functions in transport Connective tissue B - bone - combination of fivers and minerals; strong support Connective tissue C - cartilage - surrounds the ends of bones; strong but flexible support Connective tissue D - adipose tissue - fat storage; pads and inculates the body Connective tissue E - fibrous connective tissue - tightly packed fibers; from tendons and ligaments Connective tissue F - loose connective tissue - loose weave of fibers; holds organs in place

_____________ is the regulated balance of the internal environment of an organism.

Homeostasis

______________ is the regulation of internal conditions within a range that supports life's processes.

Homeostasis

___________________ are groups of several organs that work together to perform the functions of the body.

Organ systems

_____________ are usually composed of several types of tissues that together perform a specific task.

Organs

___________ is the study of how an organism's structures function.

Physiology

The heart has four valves that control the flow of blood. Two of the valves (the AV valves) normally prevent blood from flowing upwards. The other two valves (semilunar valves normally prevent blood from flowing downwards. The AV valves and semilunar valves have different shapes.

Structure is linked to function.

Which one of the following types of tissues stores fat in the body?

adipose tissue

Which of these is NOT one of the four major categories of tissue?

blood

The ____________ transports materials between the exchange surfaces of other organ systems and body cells.

circulatory system

Bone is a type of

connective tissue.

A main function of most types of epithelial tissue is _____________.

covering surfaces

In the _____________, nutrients are absorbed across the many fingerlike projections of the lining of the intestine.

digestive system

A(n) ____________, such as a salamander, is an organism that gains body heat primarily by absorbing it from the environment.

ectotherm

A(n) _____________, such as a pigeon, is an organism that gains body heat primarily from its own metabolism.

endotherm

Can you match these structures, functions, and examples with the appropriate type of animal tissue?

epithelial tissue: structure of tissue: sheet of tightly packed cells; one or several cell layers thick function of tissue: lines organs and body cavities; functions in protection, absorption, and exchange tissue type: epidermis of skin connective tissue: tissue type: bone structure of tissue: sparse population of cells in an extracellular matrix function of tissue: binds and supports other tissues muscle tissue: function of tissue: moves body parts tissue type: skeletal, smooth or cardiac structure of tissue: cells called fibers containing contractile proteins nervous tissue: function of tissue: senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout body tissue type: brain and spinal cord structure of tissue: neurons with branching extensions

One function of this organ system is ______________.

exchange of gases between the blood and air

Compact, complex animals have specialized internal _____________ that provide a large surface area.

exchange surfaces

The disposal of nitrogen-containing wastes, as through urination, is called ____________.

excretion

One function of this organ system is _____________.

excretion of urea

A physiologist is a biologist who studies the ______________.

function of body parts

Even after you eat a sweet dessert, the level of glucose in your blood stays relatively constant. This is an example of ______________, the maintenance of relatively constant internal conditions despite fluctuations in the external environment.

homeostasis

The protective covering of the body is called the _______________.

integumentary system

Homeostasis _____________.

is the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment

Most of the control mechanisms that maintain an internal steady state are based on ________________, in which a change in a variable triggers mechanisms that reverse that change.

negative feedback

Which type of tissue forms an electrical communication system within the body?

nervous

The four major categories of tissue are ___________.

nervous, epithelial, connective, and muscle

The basic unit of nervous tissue is the ______________.

neuron

Multiple organs that work together are called a(n) ____________.

organ system

A(n) ______________ is made up of many organ systems functioning together.

organism

Which of the following levels of structure encompasses all the others?

organism

The maintenance of internal water and solute concentrations within a narrow range is called_______________.

osmoregulation

Examine the figure above that shows negative feedback in a thermostat. If the room becomes too warm, the next thing that will occur is _____________.

the heater is turned off

The maintenance of internal temperature within a narrow range is called ______________.

thermoregulation

In animals, individual cells are grouped into _____________.

tissues

In the ______________, wastes are removed from the blood across the epithelial linings of excretory tubes.

urinary system