Mastering Biology Chapter 40
Generally, epithelial cell layers are responsible for separating two fluids. For example, the epithelium of blood vessels in animals separates the blood from the interstitial fluid. What characteristic would you expect to see in an epithelium that was specialized for passive diffusion of materials from one fluid to another?
A single layer of flattened cells
Bone consists of
a mixture of hardened collagen and minerals
In many animals, fat is stored in specialized cells in the
adipose tissue
Most land-dwelling invertebrates and all of the amphibians
are ectothermic organisms with variable body temperatures
Most types of communication between cells utilize
chemical or electrical signals
The concurrent arrangement of blood vessels is an adaptation that allows the goose to
conserve heat in its core when the goose is swimming in cold water
Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a mouse, and a snake. The ________ would have the highest total annual energy expenditure, and the ________ would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass.
elephant:mouse
The body tissue that consists largely of material located outside of cells is
epithelial tissue
Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with
epithelial tissues
Independent of whether an organism is an endotherm or ectoderm, the least reliable indicator of an animal's metabolic rate is the amount of
food eaten in one day
The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment is termed as
hemeostasis
The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the
hypothalamus
All types of muscle tissue have
interactions between actin and myosin
In a cool environment, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm _____.
invests little energy in temperature regulation
Blood is best classified as connective tissue because
its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix
All animals, whether large or small, have
most of their cells in contact with an aqueous medium
When the body's blood glucose level rises, the pancreas secretes insulin and, as a result, the blood glucose level declines. When the blood glucose level is low, the pancreas secretes glucagon and, as a result, the blood glucose level rises. Such regulation of the blood glucose level is the result of
negative feedback
The metamorphasis of a tadpole to an adult frog involves a thorough reconstruction of the animal's body. All of the structural and physiological changes must be complete or the frog will not survive the transformation. Which type of regulation would ensure that the animal completed its transformation?
positive feedback
Connective tissues typically have
relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix
Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by
smooth muscle
Muscle cells are organized to perform specific types of contractions within a tissue. Which of the following is a characteristic of smooth muscle?
spindle-shaped cells with a single nucleus
Cardiac muscle cells are both
striated and interconnected by intercalated disks
The metabolic rate of an animal is most accurately determined by
the amount of energy used by an animal in a given time
Hummingbirds are small birds that require a regular food supply. When hummingbirds are faced with a situation that decreases their food supply, such as a storm, which of the following adaptations would be most useful for the bird to survive such an unpredictable and short-term absence of food resources?
torpor
Both the endocrine and nervous systems transmit information around an animal's body. Which of the following is a characteristic of nervous system signals?
travel quickly, allowing rapid transmission of signals
You are studying a large tropical reptile that has a high and relatively stable body temperature. How would you determine whether this animal is an endotherm or an ectotherm?
you subject this reptile to various temperatures in the lab and find that its body temperature and metabolic rate change with the ambient temperature. You conclude that it is an ectotherm