🟠 Mastery Perfusion
What is PQRST?
A cardiac cycle on an EKG
What is heart failure?
A chronic condition; the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of the tissues for oxygen and nutrients. Heart failure can occur if the heart cannot pump (systolic) or fill (diastolic) adequately.
What is hypovolemia?
A condition in which the liquid portion of the blood (plasma) is too low. Causes of hypovolemia include vomiting, diarrhea, and excessive bleeding. This can lead to shock, a life-threatening condition in which the organs aren't getting enough blood or oxygen. Symptoms include weakness, fatigue, fainting, and dizziness.
What is hemophilia?
A disorder in which blood doesn't clot normally. When blood can't clot properly, excessive bleeding (external and internal) occurs after any injury or damage. is caused by a mutation or change, in one of the genes, that provides instructions for making the clotting factor proteins needed to form a blood clot. This change or mutation can prevent the clotting protein from working properly or to be missing altogether. These genes are located on the X chromosome.
What is angina?
A type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart. Angina is a symptom of coronary artery disease. Angina feels like squeezing, pressure, heaviness, tightness, or pain in the chest. It can be sudden or recur over time. Depending on severity, it can be treated by lifestyle changes, medication, angioplasty, or surgery.
Which assessment finding of a client with heart failure would prompt the nurse to contact the health care provider? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. a. Fatigue b. Orthopnea c. Pitting edema d. Dry hacking cough e. 4-pound weight gain
All of the above a. Fatigue b. Orthopnea c. Pitting edema d. Dry hacking cough e. 4-pound weight gain Signs of worsening heart failure include fatigue, weakness, and difficulty breathing when lying flat (orthopnea). Other manifestations include pitting edema, weight gain, and a dry, hacking cough.
What is Isocarboxazid?
Antidepressant It can treat depression. is in a class of medications called monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. It works by increasing the amounts of certain natural substances in the brain that help maintain mental balance
Why is digoxin a high risk drug?
Digoxin is a high-alert medication because of its narrow therapeutic range and high drug-to-drug interactions (DDIs). *Calcium channel blockers and digoxin (Lanoxin) can lower blood pressure and heart rate to dangerous levels when administered together with metoprolol.
What is furosemide?
Diuretic It can treat fluid retention (edema) and swelling caused by congestive heart failure, liver disease, kidney disease, and other medical conditions.
What is the main source of vitamin K?
Green leafy vegetables, such as kale, spinach, turnip greens, collards, Swiss chard, mustard greens, parsley, romaine, and green leaf lettuce. Vegetables such as Brussels sprouts, broccoli, cauliflower, and cabbage.
What is hemophilia type B?
Hemophilia B is a rare genetic bleeding disorder in which affected individuals have insufficient levels of a blood protein called factor IX. Factor IX is a clotting factor. Clotting factors are specialized proteins needed for blood clotting, the process by which blood seals a wound to stop bleeding and promote healing.
What is venous insufficiency and its causes ?
Improper functioning of the vein valves in the leg, causing swelling and skin changes. Normally, the vein valves keep blood moving back toward the heart. causes high blood pressure in the leg veins over time, due to sitting or standing for long periods. Lack of exercise. Smoking. A blood clot in a deep vein, often in the calf or thigh (deep vein thrombosis)
What is sinus tachycardia?
It is defined as a sinus rhythm with a rate of greater than 100 BPM. The presence of a P wave before each QRS complex indicates a sinus rhythm. A heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute indicates tachycardia.
What is the difference between a right heart catheterization and a left heart catheterization?
Right heart catheterization measures pressure in your right atrium, right ventricle and pulmonary artery. Left heart catheterization measures pressure in your left ventricle, assesses your aorta and aortic valve, and checks your coronary arteries for blockages.
Which action will the nurse take to determine a client's pulse pressure? a. Multiply the heart rate by the stroke volume. b. Subtract the diastolic from the systolic reading. c. Average the systolic and diastolic pressure readings. d. Calculate the difference between apical and radial pulse rates.
b. Subtract the diastolic from the systolic reading. Pulse pressure is obtained by subtracting the diastolic from the systolic reading after the blood pressure has been recorded.
Warfarin (Coumadin)
blood thinner; It can treat and prevent blood clots.
Which instruction would the nurse include when teaching the client about sublingual nitroglycerin? a. "Once the tablet is dissolved, spit out the saliva." b. "Take tablets 3 minutes apart up to a maximum of five tablets." c. "Common side effects include headache and low blood pressure." d. "Once opened, the tablets should be refrigerated to prevent deterioration."
c. "Common side effects include headache and low blood pressure." The primary side effects of nitroglycerin are headache and hypotension.
Which clinical condition will result in changes in the integrity of the arterial walls and small blood vessels? a. Contusion b. Thrombosis c. Atherosclerosis d. Tourniquet effect
c. Atherosclerosis
A client with supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) has a heart rate of 170 beats/minute. After treatment with diltiazem, which assessment indicates to the nurse that the diltiazem is effective? a. Increased urine output b. Blood pressure of 90/60 mm Hg c. Heart rate of 98 beats/minute d. No longer complaining of heart palpations
c. Heart rate of 98 beats/minute Diltiazem hydrochloride's purpose is to slow down the heart rate. SVT has a heart rate of 150 to 250 beats/minute. A heart rate of 110 beats/minute indicates that the diltiazem hydrochloride is having the desired effect. Hypotension is a side effect of diltiazem hydrochloride, not a desired effect.
A client, transferred to the postanesthesia care unit after a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), has an intravenous (IV) line and a urinary retention catheter. During the immediate postoperative period, for which potentially critical complication would the nurse monitor? a. Sepsis b. Phlebitis c. Hemorrhage d. Leakage around urinary catheter
c. Hemorrhage After transurethral surgery, hemorrhage is common because of venous oozing and bleeding from many small arteries in the area.
Which immunoglobulin crosses the placenta? a. IgE b. IgA c. IgG d. IgM
c. IgG IgG is the only immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta. IgE is found in the plasma and interstitial fluids. IgA lines the mucous membranes and protects body surfaces. IgM is found in plasma; this immunoglobulin activates due to the invasion of ABO blood antigens.
What is a cytokine?
chemical messenger
What is an allen test?
determine whether the potency of the radial or ulnar artery is normal
What is an acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?
is a rare kidney disease that can develop after group A strep infections
What is transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) ?
mini stroke This blockage is usually caused by a blood clot that's formed elsewhere in your body and travelled to the blood vessels supplying the brain, although it can also be caused by pieces of fatty material or air bubbles. A brief stroke-like attack that, despite resolving within minutes to hours, still requires immediate medical attention to distinguish from an actual stroke. A transient ischemic attack may be a warning sign of a future stroke
What is peripheral vasoconstriction?
reduces blood flow to skin
Diltiazem hydrochloride's purpose is to....
slow down the heart rate
What is acetylsalicylic acid?
the chemical known as aspirin Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and blood thinners It can treat pain, fever, headache, and inflammation. It can also reduce the risk of heart attack.
What is sublingual nitroglycerin?
used to treat episodes of angina (chest pain) in people who have coronary artery disease (narrowing of the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart). It is also used just before activities that may cause episodes of angina in order to prevent the angina from occurring
What is peritoneal dialysis?
*it uses the inside lining of your own belly acts as a natural filter because your kidneys no longer clean enough wastes from your blood and remove extra fluid from your body. Even though people with kidney failure may still have some kidney function, it's not enough
The health care provider prescribes a blood transfusion for a client with esophageal varices. Place the following nursing actions in the correct order. a. Check the client's vital signs. b. Verify the blood product with another nurse against the client's identification (ID) bracelet. c. Monitor the client's vital signs and status according to agency policy. d. Establish intravenous (IV) access with IV normal saline.
1. Check the client's vital signs. 2. Establish intravenous (IV) access with IV normal saline. 3. Verify the blood product with another nurse against the client's identification (ID) bracelet. 4. Monitor the client's vital signs and status according to agency policy.
Atenolol 150 mg by mouth is prescribed for a client with hypertension. Each tablet contains 50 mg. How many tablets will the nurse administer? Record your answer using a whole number. ____________tablet(s)
3 tablets
What is the difference between Acidosis and Alkalosis?
Acidosis is a condition in which there is too much acid in the body fluids. Alkalosis (a condition in which there is too much base in the body fluids). Acid-Base Imbalances Acidosis = pH < 7.35 greater acid than base Alkalosis = pH > 7.45 greater base than acid
Which intervention would the nurse perform when caring for a client in the emergency department reporting chest pain? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. a. Providing oxygen b. Assessing vital signs c. Obtaining a 12-lead EKG d. Drawing blood for cardiac enzymes e. Auscultating heart sounds f. Administering nitroglycerin
All of the above a. Providing oxygen b. Assessing vital signs c. Obtaining a 12-lead EKG d. Drawing blood for cardiac enzymes e. Auscultating heart sounds f. Administering nitroglycerin
Which instruction would the nurse include when teaching the client how to perform peritoneal dialysis and the importance of preventing peritonitis? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. a. Wear a mask during the procedure. b. Clean the catheter exit site every day. c. Maintain meticulous aseptic technique. d. Wash your hands before the exchange. e. Store supplies in a clean and dry location.
All of the above a. Wear a mask during the procedure. b. Clean the catheter exit site every day. c. Maintain meticulous aseptic technique. d. Wash your hands before the exchange. e. Store supplies in a clean and dry location.
What is coronary artery disease (CAD)?
Arteries that supply blood to the heart get clogged with fatty deposits and atherosclerosis occurs.
What is chlorpromazine?
Chlorpromazine is a neuroleptic (drug class) It can treat mental illness, behavioral disorders, tetanus, blood disorders such as porphyria, and severe nausea and vomiting. It can also reduce anxiety before surgery.
Explain the analgesic properties of cold therapy?
Cold causes the blood vessels to constrict, which reduces the leakage of fluid into the tissues and prevents swelling and muscle spasms. Cold does promote analgesia but not circulation. It may numb nerves but does not dilate blood vessels. Cold therapy also may numb the nerves and surrounding tissues, thus reducing pain.
What is supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)?
Episodes of abnormally fast/racing heartbeat
In what order does normal cardiac conduction occur through the heart? a. Sinoatrial node b. Bundle of His c. Atrioventricular (AV) node d. Purkinje fibers e. Bundle branches
The SA node starts the sequence by causing the atrial muscles to contract. That's why doctors sometimes call it the anatomical pacemaker. Next, the signal travels to the AV node, through the bundle of HIS, down the bundle branches, and through the Purkinje fibers, causing the ventricles to contract. a. Sinoatrial node c. Atrioventricular (AV) node b. Bundle of His e. Bundle branches d. Purkinje fibers
What is the difference between dialysis and peritoneal dialysis?
There are two kinds of dialysis. In hemodialysis, blood is pumped out of your body to an artificial kidney machine, and returned to your body by tubes that connect you to the machine. In peritoneal dialysis, the inside lining of your own belly acts as a natural filter
What are ketones?
a fatty acid, are then released from the liver and go into your bloodstream and are used as fuel to drive the body's metabolism and to support muscle function. The body typically needs ketones when insulin levels are low
Which recommendation would the nurse make to a pregnant client who sits almost continuously during her working hours? a. "Try to walk around every few hours during the workday." b. "Ask for time in the morning and afternoon to elevate your legs." c. "Tell your boss that you won't be able to work beyond the second trimester." d. "Ask for time in the morning and afternoon so you can go get something to eat."
a. "Try to walk around every few hours during the workday."
Nitroglycerin sublingual tablets are prescribed for a client with the diagnosis of angina. The nurse advises the client to anticipate pain relief will begin within which period of time? a. 1 to 3 minutes b. 4 to 5 seconds c. 30 to 45 seconds d. 10 to 15 minutes
a. 1 to 3 minutes The onset of action of sublingual nitroglycerin tablets is rapid (1-3 minutes); duration of action is 30 to 60 minutes. If nitroglycerin is administered intravenously, the onset of action is immediate, and the duration is 3 to 5 minutes. It takes longer than 30 to 45 seconds for sublingual nitroglycerin tablets to have a therapeutic effect. Sustained-release nitroglycerin tablets start to act in 20 to 45 minutes, and the duration of action is 3 to 8 hours
While assessing a client's vascular system, the nurse finds that pulse strength is diminished and barely palpable. Which documentation is correct in this situation? a. 1+ b. 2+ c. 3+ d. 4+
a. 1+ A diminished or barely palpable pulse is documented as 1+. A normal and expected pulse strength is documented as 2+. A full, strong pulse is documented as 3+. A bounding pulse is documented as 4+.
A client takes furosemide and digoxin for heart failure. Why would the nurse advise the client to drink a glass of orange juice every day? a. Maintaining potassium levels b. Preventing increased sodium levels c. Limiting the medications' synergistic effects d. Correcting the associated dehydration
a. Maintaining potassium levels Orange juice is an excellent source of potassium. Furosemide promotes excretion of potassium, which can result in hypokalemia.
Which oxytocic medication may help control uterine bleeding post delivery and promote milk ejection? a. Oxytocin b. Mifepristone c. Dinoprostone d. Ergot alkaloids
a. Oxytocin Oxytocin is used to induce labor, control uterine bleeding after delivery, and promote milk ejection during lactation.
Which physiological response occurs first when a client experiences sudden hypovolemia caused by hemorrhage? a. Peripheral vasoconstriction b. Elevation of serum cortisol level c. Release of immature erythrocytes d. Increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
a. Peripheral vasoconstriction The initial response to hemorrhage is activation of the sympathetic nervous system, leading to increases in heart rate and peripheral vasoconstriction, which shunts blood to essential core organs.
The nurse has administered sublingual nitroglycerin. Which outcome would the nurse use to determine the effectiveness of sublingual nitroglycerin? a. Relief of anginal pain b. Improved cardiac output c. Decreased blood pressure d. Ease in respiratory effort
a. Relief of anginal pain Cardiac nitrates relax smooth muscles of the coronary arteries; they dilate and deliver more blood to heart muscle, relieving ischemic pain.
The provider prescribes one unit of packed red blood cells to be administered to a client. To ensure the client's safety, which action will the nurse take during administration of blood products? a. Stay with client during first 15 minutes of infusion. b. Flush packed red blood cells with 5% dextrose and 0.45% normal saline. c. Remove the intravenous catheter if a blood transfusion reaction occurs. d. Administer the red blood cells through a percutaneously inserted central catheter line with a 20-gauge needle.
a. Stay with client during first 15 minutes of infusion. The nurse would remain with the client for the first 15 to 30 minutes. Any severe reaction usually occurs with the infusion of the first 50 mL of blood.
Twenty minutes after an infusion of packed red blood cells begins, the client complains of chest pain, difficulty breathing, and feeling cold. Which is the first action the nurse will take? a. Stop the transfusion. b. Notify the health care provider. c. Provide several warm blankets. d. Assess vital signs.
a. Stop the transfusion.
Which pulse site is used to perform Allen test? a. Ulnar b. Brachial c. Femoral d. Dorsalis pedis
a. Ulnar The modified Allen's test assesses the status of the blood supply within the hand through the ulnar and radial arteries of the wrist. To perform the test, place firm pressure over the radial and ulnar arteries just proximal to the wrist crease.
When teaching a client with atrial fibrillation about a new prescription for warfarin, the nurse will include information about which vitamin? a. Vitamin K b. Vitamin D c. Vitamin B 1 d. Vitamin B 12
a. Vitamin K Warfarin causes inhibition of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors, and use of vitamin K would affect the therapeutic effect of warfarin.
What is the postanesthesia care unit?
an area in the surgical department where clients are intensively monitored
What is an hypovolemic shock?
an emergency condition in which severe blood or other fluid loss makes the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body. This type of shock can cause many organs to stop working.
Electrocardiography (ECG) is scheduled for an infant who has tetralogy of Fallot. The mother asks the nurse what type of test this is and why it is done. Which is the best response by the nurse? a. "It's a type of x-ray that shows us the size of the baby's heart." b. "Electrical activity in the baby's heart is recorded, then printed on graph paper." c. "It's an ultrasound procedure that produces images of the structures in the baby's heart." d. "Contrast material is injected into the baby's vein to visualize the flow of blood through the heart."
b. "Electrical activity in the baby's heart is recorded, then printed on graph paper."
After the nurse has finished teaching a client about sickle cell anemia, which statement indicates that the client has a correct understanding of the condition? a. "I have abnormal platelets." b. "I have abnormal hemoglobin." c. "I have abnormal hematocrit." d. "I have abnormal white blood cells."
b. "I have abnormal hemoglobin."
The nurse teaches a client about wearing thigh-high antiembolism elastic stockings. Which instruction would be correct to include? a. "You do not need to wear them while you are awake, but it is important to wear them at night." b. "You will need to apply them in the morning before you lower your legs from the bed to the floor." c. "If they bother you, you can roll them down to your knees while you are resting or sitting down." d. "You can apply them either in the morning or at bedtime, but only after the legs are lowered to the floor."
b. "You will need to apply them in the morning before you lower your legs from the bed to the floor."
Which range of heart rate is acceptable for a preschooler? a. 60 to 100 b. 80 to 110 c. 75 to 100 d. 90 to 140
b. 80 to 110 The acceptable range for a heart rate in preschoolers is 80 to 110 beats per minute. Adults have a range of 60 to 100 beats per minute. In school-age children, the heart rate is from 75 to 100 beats per minute. The acceptable range of heart beats per minute in a toddler is 90 to 140 beats per minute.
Which information would the nurse include when explaining the cause of transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) to a client? a. Genetic valvular heart disease b. Atherosclerotic plaques within arteries c. Developmental defects in arterial walls d. Emboli ascending from the lower extremities
b. Atherosclerotic plaques within arteries Atherosclerotic plaques within arteries progressively narrow the lumens of the carotid arteries, causing TIAs.
When a client is admitted to the postanesthesia care unit after surgery, how frequently will the nurse plan to assess the blood pressure? a. Every 3 to 5 minutes b. Every 10 to 15 minutes c. Every 20 to 30 minutes d. Every 40 to 60 minutes
b. Every 10 to 15 minutes During the first 2 postoperative hours, the blood pressure is monitored every 10 to 15 minutes to detect unstable vital signs that might indicate shock.
Which cytokine stimulates the liver to produce fibrinogen and protein C? a. Interleukin-1 b. Interleukin-6 c. Thrombopoietin d. Tumor necrosis factor
b. Interleukin-6 Interleukin-6 stimulates the liver to produce fibrinogen and protein C.
Which element excessively accumulates in the blood to precipitate the signs and symptoms associated with a diabetic coma? a. Sodium bicarbonate, causing alkalosis b. Ketones as a result of rapid fat breakdown, causing acidosis c. Nitrogen from protein catabolism, causing ammonia intoxication d. Glucose from rapid carbohydrate metabolism, causing drowsiness
b. Ketones as a result of rapid fat breakdown, causing acidosis Ketones are produced when fat is broken down for energy. Although rarely used, sodium bicarbonate may be administered to correct the acid-base imbalance resulting from ketoacidosis
Which is involved in the postprocedure nursing care of a child after left-side cardiac catheterization? a. Encouraging early ambulation b. Monitoring the insertion site for bleeding c. Comparing blood pressures in the two extremities d. Restricting fluids until the blood pressure has stabilized
b. Monitoring the insertion site for bleeding
A client's monitor shows a PQRST wave for each beat and indicates a rate of 120 beats per minute. The rhythm is regular. Which would the nurse conclude that the client is experiencing? a. Atrial fibrillation b. Sinus tachycardia c. Ventricular fibrillation d. First-degree atrioventricular block
b. Sinus tachycardia The presence of a P wave before each QRS complex indicates a sinus rhythm. A heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute indicates tachycardia.
What is digoxin ?
belongs to the class of medicines called digitalis glycosides. It is used to improve the strength and efficiency of the heart, or to control the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat. This leads to better blood circulation and reduced swelling of the hands and ankles in patients with heart problems
Which nursing intervention is correct for a client with venous insufficiency? a. Apply abdominal girdle as needed. b. Remove compression stockings for client ambulation. c. Elevate the client's legs above heart level. d. Keep the upper extremities elevated.
c. Elevate the client's legs above heart level. Venous insufficiency occurs when vascular damage impedes the body's ability to move blood from the legs toward the heart. This causes blood to pool in the legs, where it can cause swelling; pain; and, in some cases, leaking fluid in the skin or ulcers. Elevation of the legs above the level of the heart makes use of gravitational forces to drain blood through the veins toward the heart.
Which physiological changes should be noticed in an adolescent during puberty? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. a. Increase in the respiratory rate b. Increase in the number of neurons c. Increase in number of neural connections d. Decrease in the basal body temperature gradually e. Increase in serum iron, hemoglobin, and hematocrit
c. Increase in number of neural connections d. Decrease in the basal body temperature gradually e. Increase in serum iron, hemoglobin, and hematocrit
Which action would the nurse take when performing external cardiac compression? a. Extend the fingers over the sternum and chest with the heels of each hand side by side. b. Place the fingers of 1 hand on the sternum and the fingers of the other hand on top of them. c. Interlock the fingers with the heel of 1 hand on the sternum and the heel of the other on top of it. d. Clench the hand into a fist and place the fleshy part of a clenched fist on the lower sternum.
c. Interlock the fingers with the heel of 1 hand on the sternum and the heel of the other on top of it.
The nurse is caring for a client with severe burns and determines that the client is at risk for hypovolemic shock. Which physiological finding supports the nurse's conclusion? a. Decreased rate of glomerular filtration b. Excessive blood loss through the burned tissues c. Plasma proteins moving out of the intravascular compartment d. Sodium retention occurring as a result of the aldosterone mechanism
c. Plasma proteins moving out of the intravascular compartment The shift of plasma proteins into the burned area increases the shift of fluid from the intravascular to the interstitial compartment; the result is decreased blood volume and hypovolemic shock. .
What is sickle cell anemia?
causes red blood cells to become misshapen and break down. red blood cells contort into a sickle shape. The cells die early, leaving a shortage of healthy red blood cells (sickle cell anemia), and can block blood flow causing pain (sickle cell crisis). The cause of SCD is a defective gene, called a sickle cell gene. People with the disease are born with two sickle cell genes, one from each parent. If you are born with one sickle cell gene, it's called sickle cell trait.
To be a universal recipient, a person must have which blood type? a. A b. B c. O d. AB
d. AB Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on its red blood cells (RBCs) and no antibodies against either antigen in their plasma. Clients with type AB blood can receive packed RBCs of any ABO blood type. Blood types A, B, and O are not universal recipients because each has antibodies against another blood type. People with type O blood are called "universal donors."
Which medication is often contraindicated when taking warfarin? a. Atenolol b. Ferrous sulfate c. Chlorpromazine d. Acetylsalicylic acid
d. Acetylsalicylic acid Acetylsalicylic acid can cause decreased platelet aggregation, increasing the risk for undesired bleeding that may occur with administration of anticoagulants. It should not be administered unless specifically prescribed, usually by a cardiologist or other specialist, to manage serious risks of thrombosis.
To check a client's carotid pulse, where would the nurse palpate? a. Below the mandible b. In the lateral neck region c. Along the clavicle at the base of the neck d. At the anterior neck, lateral to the trachea
d. At the anterior neck, lateral to the trachea The carotid artery is located along the anterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle at the level of the lower margin of the thyroid cartilage.
The nurse applies a cold pack to relieve musculoskeletal pain. Which rationale explains the analgesic properties of cold therapy? a. Promoting analgesia and circulation b. Numbing the nerves and dilating the blood vessels c. Promoting circulation and reducing muscle spasms d. Causing local vasoconstriction, preventing edema and muscle spasms
d. Causing local vasoconstriction, preventing edema and muscle spasms Cold causes the blood vessels to constrict, which reduces the leakage of fluid into the tissues and prevents swelling and muscle spasms.
Which toxic effect would the nurse find in a client who has overdosed on isocarboxazid? a. Mydriasis b. Bradycardia c. Hypothermia d. Circulatory collapse
d. Circulatory collapse The clinical symptoms of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) generally appear after 12 hours of ingestion. Circulatory collapse is associated with MAOI toxicity.
The nurse prepares to administer extended-release metformin to an older adult who has asked that it be crushed because it is difficult to swallow. Which rationale will prompt the nurse to ask the provider for a different form of metformin? a. This medication has a wax matrix frame that is difficult to crush. b. The medication has an unpleasant taste, which most clients find intolerable if crushed. c. If crushed, this medication irritates mucosal tissue and can cause oral and esophageal ulcer formation. d. Extended-release formulations are designed to be released slowly and crushing the tablet will prevent this from occurring.
d. Extended-release formulations are designed to be released slowly and crushing the tablet will prevent this from occurring.
When a child is newly diagnosed with hemophilia A, the nurse will teach family members that hemophilia A is linked to a deficiency in which clotting factor? a. Factor II b. Factor XII c. Factor IX d. Factor VIII
d. Factor VIII Hemophilia type A, the most common type of hemophilia, is from a deficiency of Factor VIII.
Which is the purpose of a vitamin K injection in a newborn? a. It promotes conjugation of bilirubin. b. It promotes formation of red blood cells. c. It prevents destruction of red blood cells. d. It provides protection from hemorrhage.
d. It provides protection from hemorrhage. Vitamin K prevents hemorrhagic disease of the newborn because it activates coagulation factors in the liver. Its role in the liver is to activate blood coagulation, not bilirubin conjugation.
Which symptoms would be concerning for fluid volume excess in a child with a diagnosis of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis? a. Dysuria, rash, pruritus b. Diarrhea, polyuria, weight loss c. Hypotension, tachycardia, proteinuria d. Periorbital edema, smoky urine, headaches
d. Periorbital edema, smoky urine, headaches
Enoxaparin 40 mg subcutaneously daily is prescribed for a client who had abdominal surgery. The nurse explains that the medication is given for which purpose? a. To control postoperative fever b. To provide a constant source of mild analgesia c. To limit the postsurgical inflammatory response d. To provide prophylaxis against postoperative thrombus formation
d. To provide prophylaxis against postoperative thrombus formation Enoxaparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin, prevents the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and of prothrombin to thrombin by enhancing the inhibitory effects of antithrombin III.
In which area would the nurse place the stethoscope when taking an apical pulse? SEE IMAGE a. aortic area b. epigastric area c. pulmonic area d. mitral area
d. mitral area The apex of the heart is at the mitral area, which is located where the fifth intercostal space intersects the midclavicular line (point d).
What are atherosclerotic plaques?
develops slowly as cholesterol, fat, blood cells and other substances in your blood form plaque. When the plaque builds up, it causes your arteries to narrow. This reduces the supply of oxygen-rich blood to tissues of vital organs in the body. Normal artery and an artery with plaque buildup.
What is esophageal varices?
develops when normal blood flow to the liver is blocked by a clot or scar tissue in the liver. To go around the blockages, blood flows into smaller blood vessels that aren't designed to carry large volumes of blood. The vessels can leak blood or even rupture, causing life-threatening bleeding. . They often occur in people with advanced liver disease. Usually there are no symptoms unless the veins bleed.
What is vitamin K used for?
helps to make various proteins that are needed for blood clotting and the building of bones.
What is left-side cardiac catheterization?
involves the passage of a catheter (a thin flexible tube) into the left side of the heart to obtain diagnostic information about the left side of the heart or to provide therapeutic interventions in certain types of heart conditions
What is Atenolol ?
is a beta-blocker that reduces blood pressure
What is ferrous sulfate?
is a medicine used to treat and prevent iron deficiency anaemia. Iron helps the body to make healthy red blood cells, which carry oxygen around the body. Some things such as blood loss, pregnancy or too little iron in your diet can make your iron supply drop too low, leading to anaemia.
What is a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)?
is a surgery to remove the inside part of the prostate gland. It is done in order to treat symptoms of an enlarged prostate. The prostate gland is an organ that surrounds the urinary urethra in men. It secretes fluid which mixes with sperm to make semen.
What is peritonitis?
is caused by an infection; bacteria can enter the lining of your belly from a hole in your GI (gastrointestinal) tract. This can happen if you have a hole in your colon or a burst appendix. Inflammation of the membrane lining the abdominal wall and covering the abdominal organs.
What is atherosclerosis and what causes it?
is the thickening or hardening of the arteries. It is caused by a buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery. Plaque is made up of deposits of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin. As it builds up in the arteries, the artery walls become thickened and stiff.
What is oxytocin used for?
is used to induce labor, control uterine bleeding after delivery, and promote milk ejection during lactation
What is Enoxaparin injection ?
is used to prevent deep venous thrombosis, a condition in which harmful blood clots form in the blood vessels of the legs. These blood clots can travel to the lungs and can become lodged in the blood vessels of the lungs, causing a condition called pulmonary embolism.
What is IgG?
lines the mucous membranes and protects body surfaces. IgM is found in plasma; is the most common type of antibody found in blood circulation. IgG molecules are created and released by plasma B cells. Each IgG antibody has two paratopes
What is ketone in diabetes?
without enough insulin, your body can't use sugar properly for energy. This prompts the release of hormones that break down fat as fuel, which produces acids known as ketones. Excess ketones build up in the blood and eventually "spill over" into the urine. Diabetic ketoacidosis
