Med Surg Ch. 34 Hematologic Neoplasms
Which of the following is the only curative treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)?
Allogeneic stem cell transplant Allogeneic stem cell transplantation remains the only curative treatment for CML. The efficacy of Imatinib as first-line treatment and the treatment-related mortality of stem cell transplant limits use of transplant to patients with high risk or relapsed disease, or in those patients who did not respond to therapy with TKI. Cytarabine and idarubicin are part of induction therapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
A client with polycythemia vera presents to the primary care clinic for an annual physical. Which health care provider prescriptions does the nurse recognize as preventive measures to prevent thrombosis in the client? Select all that apply.
-Statin therapy -Beta blocker therapy Aggressive management of atherosclerosis, by treating hypertension and hyperlipidemia, is important in diminishing the risk of thrombosis in the client with polycythemia vera. Statin therapy decreases cholesterol levels while beta blockers decrease blood pressure. Iron therapy would make the client worse, not better. Nitrates and anti-dysrhythmia drugs are not primarily used in the treatment of polycythemia vera.
A patient with polycythemia vera is complaining of severe itching. What triggers does the nurse know can cause this distressing symptom? (Select all that apply.)
-Temperature change -Alcohol consumption -Exposure to water of any temperature Pruritus is very common, occurring in up to 70% of patients with polycythemia vera (Saini, Patnaik & Tefferi, 2010) and is one of the most distressing symptoms of this disease. It is triggered by contact with temperature change, alcohol consumption, or, more typically, exposure to water of any temperature but seems to be worse with exposure to hot water.
Place the pathophysiology of multiple myeloma in the correct order.
-Proliferation of abnormal plasma cells -Release of osteoclast-activating factor -Break down and removal of bone cells -Increased blood calcium levels The pathophysiology of multiple myeloma is as follows: Proliferation of abnormal plasma cells, release of osteoclast-activating factor, break down and removal of bone cells, increased blood calcium levels.
A patient is taking hydroxyurea for the treatment of primary myelofibrosis. While the patient is taking this medication, what will the nurse monitor to determine effectiveness?
Leukocyte and platelet count Hydroxyurea is often used in patients with primary myelofibrosis to control high leukocyte and platelet counts and to reduce the size of the spleen.
The nurse cares for an older adult client with unprovoked back pain and increased serum protein. Which hematologic neoplasm does the nurse suspect the client has?
Multiple myeloma Any older adult with unprovoked or unexplained back pain and increased protein in the serum should be assessed for multiple myeloma. Bone pain occurs because of bone breakdown and the malignant cells of multiple myeloma increase the serum protein levels.
The nurse is interacting with a family that has been caring for a client with cancer for several months. What are the best interventions to assist in relieving caregiver stress in this family? Select all that apply.
-Educate the family about medications and side effects. -Allow family members to express feelings. -Suggest support for household maintenance. Family members benefit from increased education on what to expect. Allowing family members to express their feelings has also been shown to relieve stress. Supporting the caregiver and family with help in household duties will also help the overburdened family. Antianxiety medications and church attendance have not been shown to reduce caregiver stress.
The nurse is teaching a client with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) about therapy. What statement should be included in the plan of care?
"Intrathecal chemotherapy is used primarily as preventive therapy." Intrathecal chemotherapy is a key part of the treatment plan to prevent invasion of the central nervous system. The therapy uses multiple drugs, with many side effects. The goal of therapy is remission.
After chemotherapy for AML, what interventions will best help to prevent renal complications? Select all that apply.
-Increase hydration. -Administer allopurinol. -Administer rasburicase. Increased uric acid and phosphorus concentrations after chemotherapy for AML can lead to renal calculi formation. Increasing hydration and administering allopurinol (a uricosuric) will help to eliminate the uric acid. Rasburicase is an enzyme that can also decrease uric acid. Administration of potassium is not indicated, as concentrations are elevated after chemotherapy. Exercise is not initially encouraged because the client could have weakness and cramping during this time.
A patient is scheduled for a test to help confirm the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Which of the following is the result that the nurse knows is consistent with the diagnosis?
Excess of immature blast cells
A client is newly diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma. The nurse understands that the client's treatment will be based on what concept?
Staging of disease Treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma is based on the stage of the disease, not the histology of tissue, involvement of lymph nodes, or total blood cell count.
What is the rationale for the classification of leukemia?
Which bone marrow stem cell line is dysfunctional There are four general types of leukemia, classified according to the bone marrow stem cell line that is dysfunctional.
A nurse is assessing a client with multiple myeloma. The nurse should keep in mind that clients with multiple myeloma are at risk for:
pathologic bone fractures. Clients with multiple myeloma are at risk for pathologic bone fractures secondary to diffuse osteoporosis and osteolytic lesions. Also, clients are at risk for renal failure secondary to myeloma proteins by causing renal tubular obstruction. Liver failure and heart failure aren't usually sequelae of multiple myeloma. Hypoxemia isn't usually related to multiple myeloma.
What type of cancer is the most common type of secondary malignancy in patients with Hodgkin's disease?
Lung Lung cancer is the most common type of secondary malignancy in patients with Hodgkin's disease, particularly following combination chemotherapy and radiation. Breast, colon, and bone are not the most common type of secondary malignancy.
The nurse is assisting the client with multiple myeloma to ambulate. What is the most important nursing diagnosis to help prevent fractures in this client?
Safety Safety is paramount because any injury, no matter how slight, can result in a fracture.
A nurse is providing teaching to a client who will undergo chemotherapy and radiation prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). What statement will the nurse use to describe the purpose of the chemotherapy and radiation?
"These therapies destroy the ability of your body to produce blood cells inside your bone marrow." The treatment goal of chemotherapy and radiation therapy is the destruction of hematopoietic function of the client's bone marrow. The client is then "rescued" with the infusion of the donor stem cells to reinitiate blood cell production. AML is a cancer of the blood and does not have a mass effect/tumor that other cancers may cause. Also, these therapies are not used to decrease a client's pain or to decrease the risk of allergic reaction.
A client who is undergoing chemotherapy for AML reports pain in the low back. What is the nurse's first action?
Assess renal function. Chemotherapy results in the destruction of cells and tumor lysis syndrome. Uric acid and phosphorus concentrations increase, and the client is susceptible to renal failure. The nurse should assess renal function if the client complains of low-back pain, as this could be indicative of kidney stone formation. Heating pads, pain medication, and referrals could be instituted once the cause of the pain is determined. The priority is further assessment to rule out important problems.
A nurse is caring for a client with multiple myeloma. Which laboratory value is the nurse most likely to see?
Hypercalcemia Calcium is released when bone is destroyed, causing hypercalcemia. Multiple myeloma doesn't affect potassium, sodium, or magnesium levels.
Clients with multiple myeloma have abnormal plasma cells that proliferate in the bone marrow where they release osteoclast-activating factor, resulting in the formation of osteoclasts. Which of the following is the most common complication of the pathology resulting from this process?
Pathologic fractures Osteoclasts are cells that break down and remove bone cells, which results in increased blood calcium and pathologic fractures.
A patient with polycythemia vera has a high red blood cell (RBC) count and is at risk for the development of thrombosis. What treatment is important to reduce blood viscosity and to deplete the patient's iron stores?
Phlebotomy The objective of management is to reduce the high RBC count and reduce the risk of thrombosis. Phlebotomy is an important part of therapy (Fig. 34-5). It involves removing enough blood (initially 500 mL once or twice weekly) to reduce blood viscosity and to deplete the patient's iron stores, thereby rendering the patient iron deficient and consequently unable to continue to manufacture hemoglobin excessively.
A nurse is caring for an asymptomatic client with acute myelogenous leukemia. The client has a total white blood cell (WBC) count of 0 ?l, a platelet count of 3,000 mm2, and a hemoglobin level of 9 mg/dl. He has a single lumen central venous catheter in place and the physician has ordered the nurse to administer imipenem cilastatin (Primaxin) 500 mg every 8 hours, transfuse 1 unit packed red blood cells (RBCs), give amphotericin B (Fungizone) 40 mg I.V. over 4 hours, and transfuse 2 pheresis units of platelets. In what order should the nurse infuse these medications and blood products?
Platelets, imipenem cilastatin, amphotericin B, packed RBCs Although the client is currently asymptomatic, a platelet count of 3,000 mm2 puts him at risk for spontaneous hemorrhage, the most immediate and serious risk he faces. A WBC count of 0 clearly indicates neutropenia; the client needs an antibiotic and antifungal therapy to prevent infection. Although the client is anemic, he's currently asymptomatic. The absence of clinical manifestations makes his need for a transfusion less urgent.
The nurse is caring for a patient with Hodgkin lymphoma in the hospital and preparing discharge planning education. Knowing that this patient is at risk for the development of a second malignancy, what education would be beneficial to reduce the risk factors? (Select all that apply.)
-Reduce exposure to excessive sunlight -Smoking cessation -Decrease alcohol intake The potential development of a second malignancy should be addressed with the patient when initial treatment decisions are made. However, patients should also be told that Hodgkin lymphoma is often curable. The nurse should encourage patients to reduce other factors that increase the risk of developing second cancers, such as use of tobacco and alcohol and exposure to environmental carcinogens and excessive sunlight.
Which of the following are complications related to polycythemia vera (PV)? Select all that apply.
-CVA -MI -Ulcers -Hematuria Patients with PV are at increased risk for thromboses resulting in a CVA or myocardial infarction. Bleeding can be significant and can occur in the form of nosebleeds, ulcers, frank gastrointestinal bleeding, and intracranial hemorrhage. Splenomegaly is a clinical manifestation of PV, not a complication.
The nursing instructor is discussing disorders of the hematopoietic system with the pre-nursing pathophysiology class. What disease would the instructor list with a primary characteristic of erythrocytosis?
Polycythemia Vera Polycythemia vera is associated with a rapid proliferation of blood cells produced by the bone marrow. In Sickle Cell disease HbS causes RBCs to assume a sickled shape under hypoxic conditions. Aplastic anemia has a deficiency of erythrocytes. Options B, C, and D do not have the characteristics of erythrocytosis.