Med. Term. Chapter 12 (Nervous System) {ALL}
What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?
12 Pairs of Cranial Nerves 31 Pairs of Spinal Nerves
Type of epileptic seizure that lasts only a few seconds to half a minute.
Absence Seizure
Chronic, organic mental disorder consisting of dementia, which is more prevalent in adults after 65 years of age.
Alzheimer's Disease
Disease with muscular weakness and atrophy due to degeneration of motor neurons of the spinal cord.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Absence of pain.
Analgesia
Lack of feeling or sensation.
Anesthesia
Inability to communicate verbally or in writing due to damage of the speech or language centers in the brain.
Aphasia
The parietal lobe _________ and ________ nerve impulses.
receives interprets
SCI
spinal cord injury
TIA
transient ischemic attack
TBI
traumatic brain injury
Tumor of the brain or spinal cord composed of astrocytes, one type of neuroglial cells.
Astrocytoma
Lack of muscle coordination.
Ataxia
Sensations, such as seeing colors or smelling an unusual odor, that occur just prior to an epilepti seizure or migraine headache.
Aura
Nerves of the peripheral nervous system are subdivided into what two divisions?
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Somatic Nerves
One-sided facial paralysis due to inflammation of the facial nerve, probably viral in nature.
Bell's Palsy
The hypothalamus controls what?
Body Temperature, Appetite, Sleep, Sexual Desire, Emotions. Autonomic Nervous System Cardiovascular System, Gastrointestinal System, and Release of Hormones from Pituitary Gland.
What parts make up the central nervous system?
Brain Spinal
What are the 3 organs of the nervous system?
Brain Spinal Cord Nerves
Intracranial mass, either benign or malignant.
Brain Tumor
What does a nerve do?
Carries messages between CNS and various parts of body.
How does the somatic nerves serve the skin and skeletal muscles?
Carry information from sensory receptors of skin. Carry motor commands to skeletal muscles.
The nervous system is divided into what two systems?
Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Headache
Cephalalgia
Inflammation of the cerebellum.
Cerebellitis
Localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery; the result of a congenital defect or weakness in the wall of the vessel.
Cerebral Aneurysm
Bruising of the brain from a blow or impact.
Cerebral Contusion
Brain damage resulting from a defect, trauma, infection, or lack of oxygen before, during or shortly after birth.
Cerebral Palsy
What protects the spinal cord?
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Development of an infarct due to loss in the blood supply to an area of the brain.
Cerebrovascular Accident
What are the 4 sections of the brain?
Cerebrum Cerebellum Diencephalon Brain Stem
Profound unconsciousness resulting from an illness or injury.
Coma
Injury to the brain resulting from the brain being shaken inside the skull from a blow or impact.
Concussion
Condition of being awake and aware of surroundings.
Conscious
What does the autonomic nervous system do?
Control involuntary or unconscious bodily functions.
Severe involuntary muscle contractions and relaxations.
Convulsion
What are the 4 functions of the nervous system?
Coordinates and controls body function. Receives sensory input. Makes decisions. Orders body responses.
The cerebellum aids in what two things?
Coordinating voluntary body movements. Maintaining balance and equilibrium.
What parts make up the peripheral nervous system?
Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves
Abnormal mental state characterized by confusion, disorientation, and agitation.
Delirium
Progressive impairment of intellectual function that interferes with performing activities of daily living.
Dementia
What are the 3 basic parts of neurons?
Dendrites Nerve Cell Body Axon
What are the 3 layers of the meninges?
Dura Mater Arachnoid Layer Pia Mater
Difficulty communicating verbally or in writing due to damage of the speech or language centers in the brain.
Dysphasia
Inflammation of the brain.
Encephalitis
Mass of blood in the space outside the dura mater of the brain and spinal cord.
Epidural Hematoma
Recurrent disorder of the brain in which seizures and loss of consciousness occur as a result of uncontrolled electrical activity of the neurons in the brain.
Epilepsy
The spinal cord starts where and ends where?
Extends from medulla oblongata to second lumbar vertebra.
Localized seizures often affecting one limb.
Focal Seizure
Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain, cousin the head to be enlarged.
Hydrocephalus
Abnormally heightened sense of feeling, sense of pain .or sensitivity to touch.
Hyperesthesia
What are the 12 cranial nerves?
Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Hypoglossal
Temporary or permanent loss of the ability to control movement.
Palsy
Temporary or permanent loss of function or voluntary movement.
Paralysis
Paralysis of the lower portion of the body and both legs.
Paraplegia
Abnormal sensation such as burning or tingling.
Paresthesia
What lobe interprets language?
Parietal Lobe
Chronic disorder of the nervous system with fine tremors, muscular weakness, rigidity, and a shuffling gait.
Parkinson's Disease
The thalamus controls what?
Perception of Pain
Viral inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord.
Poliomyelitis
Inflammation of two or more nerves.
Polyneuritis
Anesthetic
Produces a loss of sensation or a loss of consciousness
Hypnotic
Promotes sleep
What is the purpose of cerebrospinal fluid?
Provides shock protection for CNS.
Paralysis of all four limbs.
Quadriplegia
Inflammation of a nerve root.
Radiculitis
Refers to the condition that occurs when a herniated nucleus pulposus puts pressure on a nerve root.
Radiculopathy
What are the functions of the central nervous system?
Receives impulses from all over body. Processes this information. Responds with action.
Anticonvulsant
Reduces the excitability of neurons and therefore prevents the uncontrolled neuron activity associated with seizures.
Combination of symptoms first recognized by Australian pathologist R. D. K. Reye that includes acute encephalopathy and damage to various organs, especially the liver. This occurs in children under age 15 who have had a viral infection. Also associated with taking aspirin.
Reye's Syndrome
Sudden, uncontrollable onset of symptoms.
Seizure
State of being aware of surroundings and responding to stimuli only part of the time.
Semiconscious
What does the parasympathetic branch do?
Serves as a counterbalance for sympathetic nerves. Causes heart rate to slow down, lowers blood pressure, and stimulates digestion.
Eruption of painful blisters on the body along a nerve path.
Shingles
Congenital defect in the walls of the spinal canal in which the laminae of the vertebrae do not meet or close.
Spina Bifida
Damage to the spinal cord as a result of trauma.
Spinal Cord Injury
What does the sympathetic branch do?
Stimulates body in times of stress and crisis. Increases heart rate, dilates airways, increases blood pressure, inhibits digestion, and stimulates production of adrenaline.
Mass of blood forming beneath the dura mater if the meninges are torn by trauma.
Subdural Hematoma
The autonomic nervous system is divided into what two branches?
Sympathetic Branch Parasympathetic Branch
Electrical impulses cannot cross the _______ _____.
Synaptic Cleft
Fainting
Syncope
The diencephalon contains what two most critical areas of the brain?
Thalamus Hypothalamus
What is the difference between afferent and efferent neurons?
The afferent neurons carry sensory information from sensory receptors to CNS, while the effect neurons carry activity instructions from CNS to muscles or glands.
What is the difference between the ascending tract and the descending tract of the spinal cord?
The ascending tracts carry sensory information up to brain, while the descending tracts carry motor commands down from brain to peripheral nerve.
Temporary interference with blood supply to the brain, causing neurological symptoms such as dizziness, numbness, and hemiparesis.
Transient Ischemic Attack
Damage to the brain resulting from impact, blast waves, or a penetrating projectile.
Traumatic Brain Injury
Dopaminergic Drugs
Treat Parkinson's disease by either replacing the dopamine that is lacking or increasing the strength of the dopamine that is present.
Analgesic
Treats minor to moderate pain without loss of consciousness.
Narcotic Analgesic
Treats severe pain.
Involuntary, repetitive, alternating movement of a part of the body.
Tremor
State of being unaware of surroundings, with the inability to respond to stimuli.
Unconscious
The occipital lobe controls what?
Vision
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
ANS
autonomic nervous system
CNS
central nervous system
CP
cerebral palsy, chest pain
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
CVD
cerebrovascular disease
EEG
electroencephalogram, electroencephalography
HA
headache
ICP
intracranial pressure
LP
lumbar puncture
MS
musculoskeletal, mitral stenosis, multiple sclerosis
PNS
peripheral nervous system
PET
positron emission tomography
Type of severe epileptic seizure characterized by a loss of consciousness and convulsions.
Tonic-Clonic Seizure
What are the 4 lobes of each hemisphere of the cerebrum?
Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe
The frontal lobe controls what 3 things?
Function, Personality, Speech
What is the difference between gray and white matter?
Gray matter is comprised of unsheathed or uncovered cell bodies and dendrites, while white matter is myelinated nerve fibers.
Disease of the nervous system in which nerves lose their myelin covering. May be caused by an autoimmune reaction.
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Sedative
Has a relaxing or calming effect.
The temporal lobe controls what two things?
Hearing and Smell
Weakness of loss of motion on one side of the body.
Hemiparesis
Paralysis on only one side of the body.
Hemiplegia
A tumor in the meninges.
Meningioma
Inflammation of the meninges around the brain or spinal cord caused by bacterial or viral infection.
Meningitis
Congenital condition in which the meninges protrude through an opening in the vertebral column.
Meningocele
The brain stem has what 3 components?
Midbrain Pons Medulla Oblongata
Specific type of headache characterized by severe head pain ,sensitivity to light, dizziness, and nausea.
Migraine
Muscle weakness in one limb.
Monoparesis
Paralysis of one limb.
Monoplegia
Inflammatory disease of the central nervous system in which there is extreme weakness and numbness due to loss of myelin insulation around nerves.
Multiple Sclerosis
Disease with severe muscular weakness and fatigue due to insufficient neurotransmitter at a synapse.
Myasthenia Gravis
______ is a fatty substance that acts as insulation for many axons.
Myelin
Inflammation of the spinal cord.
Myelitis
Congenital condition in which the meninges and spinal cord protrude through an opening in the vertebral column.
Myelomeningocele
Nerve pain.
Neuralgia
__________ _____ do not conduct electrical impulses.
Neuroglial Cells
Nerve tumor or tumor of the connective tissue sheath around a nerve.
Neuroma
______ are capable of conducting electrical impulses.
Neurons
What are the two types of cells found in the nervous system?
Neurons Neuroglial Cells
General term for disease or damage to a nerve.
Neuropathy
What is the chemical released by an axon?
Neurotransmitter
The cerebrum is the largest section of the brain and processes what 5 things?
Thoughts Judgment Memory Association Skills Ability to discriminate between items.
The brain is the center for what 4 things?
Thoughts Memory Judgment Emotion