Med. Term. Chapter 12 (Nervous System) {ALL}

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

12 Pairs of Cranial Nerves 31 Pairs of Spinal Nerves

Type of epileptic seizure that lasts only a few seconds to half a minute.

Absence Seizure

Chronic, organic mental disorder consisting of dementia, which is more prevalent in adults after 65 years of age.

Alzheimer's Disease

Disease with muscular weakness and atrophy due to degeneration of motor neurons of the spinal cord.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Absence of pain.

Analgesia

Lack of feeling or sensation.

Anesthesia

Inability to communicate verbally or in writing due to damage of the speech or language centers in the brain.

Aphasia

The parietal lobe _________ and ________ nerve impulses.

receives interprets

SCI

spinal cord injury

TIA

transient ischemic attack

TBI

traumatic brain injury

Tumor of the brain or spinal cord composed of astrocytes, one type of neuroglial cells.

Astrocytoma

Lack of muscle coordination.

Ataxia

Sensations, such as seeing colors or smelling an unusual odor, that occur just prior to an epilepti seizure or migraine headache.

Aura

Nerves of the peripheral nervous system are subdivided into what two divisions?

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Somatic Nerves

One-sided facial paralysis due to inflammation of the facial nerve, probably viral in nature.

Bell's Palsy

The hypothalamus controls what?

Body Temperature, Appetite, Sleep, Sexual Desire, Emotions. Autonomic Nervous System Cardiovascular System, Gastrointestinal System, and Release of Hormones from Pituitary Gland.

What parts make up the central nervous system?

Brain Spinal

What are the 3 organs of the nervous system?

Brain Spinal Cord Nerves

Intracranial mass, either benign or malignant.

Brain Tumor

What does a nerve do?

Carries messages between CNS and various parts of body.

How does the somatic nerves serve the skin and skeletal muscles?

Carry information from sensory receptors of skin. Carry motor commands to skeletal muscles.

The nervous system is divided into what two systems?

Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Headache

Cephalalgia

Inflammation of the cerebellum.

Cerebellitis

Localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery; the result of a congenital defect or weakness in the wall of the vessel.

Cerebral Aneurysm

Bruising of the brain from a blow or impact.

Cerebral Contusion

Brain damage resulting from a defect, trauma, infection, or lack of oxygen before, during or shortly after birth.

Cerebral Palsy

What protects the spinal cord?

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Development of an infarct due to loss in the blood supply to an area of the brain.

Cerebrovascular Accident

What are the 4 sections of the brain?

Cerebrum Cerebellum Diencephalon Brain Stem

Profound unconsciousness resulting from an illness or injury.

Coma

Injury to the brain resulting from the brain being shaken inside the skull from a blow or impact.

Concussion

Condition of being awake and aware of surroundings.

Conscious

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

Control involuntary or unconscious bodily functions.

Severe involuntary muscle contractions and relaxations.

Convulsion

What are the 4 functions of the nervous system?

Coordinates and controls body function. Receives sensory input. Makes decisions. Orders body responses.

The cerebellum aids in what two things?

Coordinating voluntary body movements. Maintaining balance and equilibrium.

What parts make up the peripheral nervous system?

Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves

Abnormal mental state characterized by confusion, disorientation, and agitation.

Delirium

Progressive impairment of intellectual function that interferes with performing activities of daily living.

Dementia

What are the 3 basic parts of neurons?

Dendrites Nerve Cell Body Axon

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

Dura Mater Arachnoid Layer Pia Mater

Difficulty communicating verbally or in writing due to damage of the speech or language centers in the brain.

Dysphasia

Inflammation of the brain.

Encephalitis

Mass of blood in the space outside the dura mater of the brain and spinal cord.

Epidural Hematoma

Recurrent disorder of the brain in which seizures and loss of consciousness occur as a result of uncontrolled electrical activity of the neurons in the brain.

Epilepsy

The spinal cord starts where and ends where?

Extends from medulla oblongata to second lumbar vertebra.

Localized seizures often affecting one limb.

Focal Seizure

Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain, cousin the head to be enlarged.

Hydrocephalus

Abnormally heightened sense of feeling, sense of pain .or sensitivity to touch.

Hyperesthesia

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Hypoglossal

Temporary or permanent loss of the ability to control movement.

Palsy

Temporary or permanent loss of function or voluntary movement.

Paralysis

Paralysis of the lower portion of the body and both legs.

Paraplegia

Abnormal sensation such as burning or tingling.

Paresthesia

What lobe interprets language?

Parietal Lobe

Chronic disorder of the nervous system with fine tremors, muscular weakness, rigidity, and a shuffling gait.

Parkinson's Disease

The thalamus controls what?

Perception of Pain

Viral inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord.

Poliomyelitis

Inflammation of two or more nerves.

Polyneuritis

Anesthetic

Produces a loss of sensation or a loss of consciousness

Hypnotic

Promotes sleep

What is the purpose of cerebrospinal fluid?

Provides shock protection for CNS.

Paralysis of all four limbs.

Quadriplegia

Inflammation of a nerve root.

Radiculitis

Refers to the condition that occurs when a herniated nucleus pulposus puts pressure on a nerve root.

Radiculopathy

What are the functions of the central nervous system?

Receives impulses from all over body. Processes this information. Responds with action.

Anticonvulsant

Reduces the excitability of neurons and therefore prevents the uncontrolled neuron activity associated with seizures.

Combination of symptoms first recognized by Australian pathologist R. D. K. Reye that includes acute encephalopathy and damage to various organs, especially the liver. This occurs in children under age 15 who have had a viral infection. Also associated with taking aspirin.

Reye's Syndrome

Sudden, uncontrollable onset of symptoms.

Seizure

State of being aware of surroundings and responding to stimuli only part of the time.

Semiconscious

What does the parasympathetic branch do?

Serves as a counterbalance for sympathetic nerves. Causes heart rate to slow down, lowers blood pressure, and stimulates digestion.

Eruption of painful blisters on the body along a nerve path.

Shingles

Congenital defect in the walls of the spinal canal in which the laminae of the vertebrae do not meet or close.

Spina Bifida

Damage to the spinal cord as a result of trauma.

Spinal Cord Injury

What does the sympathetic branch do?

Stimulates body in times of stress and crisis. Increases heart rate, dilates airways, increases blood pressure, inhibits digestion, and stimulates production of adrenaline.

Mass of blood forming beneath the dura mater if the meninges are torn by trauma.

Subdural Hematoma

The autonomic nervous system is divided into what two branches?

Sympathetic Branch Parasympathetic Branch

Electrical impulses cannot cross the _______ _____.

Synaptic Cleft

Fainting

Syncope

The diencephalon contains what two most critical areas of the brain?

Thalamus Hypothalamus

What is the difference between afferent and efferent neurons?

The afferent neurons carry sensory information from sensory receptors to CNS, while the effect neurons carry activity instructions from CNS to muscles or glands.

What is the difference between the ascending tract and the descending tract of the spinal cord?

The ascending tracts carry sensory information up to brain, while the descending tracts carry motor commands down from brain to peripheral nerve.

Temporary interference with blood supply to the brain, causing neurological symptoms such as dizziness, numbness, and hemiparesis.

Transient Ischemic Attack

Damage to the brain resulting from impact, blast waves, or a penetrating projectile.

Traumatic Brain Injury

Dopaminergic Drugs

Treat Parkinson's disease by either replacing the dopamine that is lacking or increasing the strength of the dopamine that is present.

Analgesic

Treats minor to moderate pain without loss of consciousness.

Narcotic Analgesic

Treats severe pain.

Involuntary, repetitive, alternating movement of a part of the body.

Tremor

State of being unaware of surroundings, with the inability to respond to stimuli.

Unconscious

The occipital lobe controls what?

Vision

ALS

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

ANS

autonomic nervous system

CNS

central nervous system

CP

cerebral palsy, chest pain

CSF

cerebrospinal fluid

CVA

cerebrovascular accident

CVD

cerebrovascular disease

EEG

electroencephalogram, electroencephalography

HA

headache

ICP

intracranial pressure

LP

lumbar puncture

MS

musculoskeletal, mitral stenosis, multiple sclerosis

PNS

peripheral nervous system

PET

positron emission tomography

Type of severe epileptic seizure characterized by a loss of consciousness and convulsions.

Tonic-Clonic Seizure

What are the 4 lobes of each hemisphere of the cerebrum?

Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe

The frontal lobe controls what 3 things?

Function, Personality, Speech

What is the difference between gray and white matter?

Gray matter is comprised of unsheathed or uncovered cell bodies and dendrites, while white matter is myelinated nerve fibers.

Disease of the nervous system in which nerves lose their myelin covering. May be caused by an autoimmune reaction.

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Sedative

Has a relaxing or calming effect.

The temporal lobe controls what two things?

Hearing and Smell

Weakness of loss of motion on one side of the body.

Hemiparesis

Paralysis on only one side of the body.

Hemiplegia

A tumor in the meninges.

Meningioma

Inflammation of the meninges around the brain or spinal cord caused by bacterial or viral infection.

Meningitis

Congenital condition in which the meninges protrude through an opening in the vertebral column.

Meningocele

The brain stem has what 3 components?

Midbrain Pons Medulla Oblongata

Specific type of headache characterized by severe head pain ,sensitivity to light, dizziness, and nausea.

Migraine

Muscle weakness in one limb.

Monoparesis

Paralysis of one limb.

Monoplegia

Inflammatory disease of the central nervous system in which there is extreme weakness and numbness due to loss of myelin insulation around nerves.

Multiple Sclerosis

Disease with severe muscular weakness and fatigue due to insufficient neurotransmitter at a synapse.

Myasthenia Gravis

______ is a fatty substance that acts as insulation for many axons.

Myelin

Inflammation of the spinal cord.

Myelitis

Congenital condition in which the meninges and spinal cord protrude through an opening in the vertebral column.

Myelomeningocele

Nerve pain.

Neuralgia

__________ _____ do not conduct electrical impulses.

Neuroglial Cells

Nerve tumor or tumor of the connective tissue sheath around a nerve.

Neuroma

______ are capable of conducting electrical impulses.

Neurons

What are the two types of cells found in the nervous system?

Neurons Neuroglial Cells

General term for disease or damage to a nerve.

Neuropathy

What is the chemical released by an axon?

Neurotransmitter

The cerebrum is the largest section of the brain and processes what 5 things?

Thoughts Judgment Memory Association Skills Ability to discriminate between items.

The brain is the center for what 4 things?

Thoughts Memory Judgment Emotion