Medical Review Part 2

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If the dose for eye drops is for more than one drop in an eye, how long should the patient wait before instilling the next drop?

3 to 5 minutes

Angle: Intramuscular (IM) Route

90 degree angle

Alcohol is the single largest cause of preventable death and disease in the United States.

False

T/F: A severe case of multiple sclerosis can cause paralysis.

True

Which of the following statements is true about cough/cold and allergy medications?

antitussives help reduce cough

detect color

cones

a localized accumulation of blood

hematoma

bone disease that causes the bones to become weak and brittle

osteoporosis

Acetaminophen is the non-salicylate analgesic that treats _________

pain and fever

Which analgesic is contraindicated in patients with a history of psychosis?

ziconotide

How many types of tuberculous are there?

2

Angle: Subcutaneous (SC) Route

45-degree angle

dependence example

A patient becomes dependent on a laxative for a bowel movement after repeated and regular use

addiction example

A patient relies on the psychological and physiological effects of the medication

tolerance example

A patient with chronic pain may need to gradually increase the dose of analgesics to get pain relief, but the patient is not addicted to the medication

Which anticonvulsant medication is specifically used to treat Dravet syndrome?

Diacomit

_____________ is the common cause of hyperthyroidism.

Graves' disease

anxiety, hand tremor, increased sweating, bulging eyes, fatigue, and thick red skin on the shins

Graves' disease

Which birth control method is inserted by a physician into the uterus?

IUD

What is the ONLY FDA-approved medication used to treat primary progressive MS?

Ocrevus

Which birth control medication must be used within 72 hours of unprotected sex? Select all that apply.

Plan B One Step, My Way

_____________ is a form of depression that occurs with another psychotic illness.

Psychotic depression

Type of Medication: Mechanism of Action: increase aqueous humor flow Common Side Effects: conjunctival inflammation, ocular pain, blurred vision Example: netarsudil ophthalmic (Rhopressa®)

Rho Kinase Inhibitors

Which diabetes medication should be taken in the morning?

SGLT2 inhibitors

Closed-angle glaucoma Cause

The flow of aqueous humor is blocked. Condition can happen suddenly, and the symptoms are redness, pain, and loss of vision.

T/F: A common use of corticosteroids is to treat inflammation.

True

T/F: Alzheimer's disease is irreversible

True

brings information into the CNS

afferent system

a fluid that maintains the shape of the anterior eye and carries nutrients

aqueous humor

Which medication is used to treat acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)?

asparaginase enzymes

Which foods are part of the "BRAT" diet?

banana, rice, applesauce, and toast

inflammation of the bursa

bursitis

can metastasize to other organs of the body

squamous cell

a decrease in platelets caused by either a reduced production or increased destruction

thrombocytopenia

Type of Medication: Mechanism of Action: enhance the effect of GABA Common Side Effects: headache, drowsiness, dizziness, sleep behaviors Example: eszopiclone (Lunesta) CIV, zaleplon (Sonata) CIV, zolpidem (Ambien; Ambien CR; Edluar; Intermezzo; Zolpimist) CIV

"Z" Hypnotics

Which class of antiemetics was developed for chemotherapy-induced nausea but is now widely used?

5-HT3 receptor antagonists

Which treatment for emesis blocks serotonin 5-HT3 receptors in the GI tract and the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ)

5-HT3 receptor antagonists

extreme fatigue, weight loss, darkening of skin, low blood pressure, low blood sugar, abdominal pain, depression, and salt craving

Addison disease

_________ disease is the result of an underactive adrenal gland.

Addison's

Which OTC medications are used to block COX-1 and COX-2, inhibiting or reversing pain, fever, and inflammation? Select all that apply.

Anacin and Doan's Extra Strength

a type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies against pathogens

B cell

Which medication is used to treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL)?

BCL-2 inhibitors

Which of the following is NOT used to treat symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia?

Beta-3 agonists

Which of the following medications is NOT used to treat symptoms of benign prostatic hyperlasia?

Beta-3 antagonists

Recommendations for scheduling vaccines can be found on the _____________ website.

CDC

a rare disease of the lymph nodes

Castleman disease

chronic inflammatory disease of any part of the digestive system

Crohn's disease

thinning skin, easy bruising, acne, weight gain around midsection and upper back, moon face, stretch marks, and slow healing wounds

Cushing syndrome

Which disease causes the adrenal gland to produce excessive hormones?

Cushing's disease

Arthritis can be an autoimmune disease. If so, which type of medication may patients need?

DMARD

__________ are used to reduce nasal congestion due to cold or allergies.

Decongestants

T/F: A cold is the same as the flu.

False

T/F: All analgesics treat inflammation.

False

T/F: All medications used to treat ADHD are controlled substances

False

T/F: All narcotic analgesics are Schedule II.

False

T/F: Any anticonvulsant medication can treat any kind of seizure.

False

T/F: Chronic kidney disease cannot lead to other medical conditions

False

T/F: Eye ointments are commonly prescribed to be applied in the morning.

False

T/F: Lifestyle choices, like heredity and increasing age, can contribute to heart disease

False

T/F: Medication used to treat breast cancer act by inhibiting the production or action of testosterone

False

T/F: Medication used to treat breast cancer act by inhibiting the production or action of testosterone.

False

T/F: Smoking deterrents that contain nicotine block nicotine receptors and prevent its effect.

False

T/F: There is one medication class that can treat the respiratory symptoms of a cold or allergy.

False

T/F: Treatment for scabies is a shampoo.

False

T/F: Treatment of worm parasites usually takes several weeks

False

T/F: the levels of electrolytes in a body cannot be altered

False

Treatment for GERD requires than an antibacterial medication be taken in addition to which medication?

H. pylori treatment

Which of the following is used to treat ulcers?

H2 blockers

Which class of antihyperlipidemics are referred to as the statins?

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors

_________ are called statins.

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors

Which disease is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States?

Hashimoto's disease

________________ are available to treat eye pain.

NSAID ophthalmic medications

______________ is a sleep disorder that causes irresistible bouts of sleep

Narcolepsy

Dry AMD Treatment

OTC supplement that contains a high dose combination of antioxidants and zinc (Ocuvite PreserVision)

___________ is a type of anxiety disorder that is characterized by unwanted thoughts (obsessions) that lead to repetitive behaviors (compulsions)

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

_____________ is a type of anxiety disorder that is characterized by unexpected and repeated episodes of fear that include physical symptoms.

Panic disorder

Which disease uses a medication that increases available dopamine or decreases the action of acetylcholine?

Parkinson's disease

chronic progressive neurological disease that leads to deterioration of motor function

Parkinson's disease

________________ is a type of anxiety disorder that is characterized by flashbacks, avoidance (emotionally numb), and hyperarousal (easily startled, tense)

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

_________________ is an inherited disorder that causes several red blood cell disorders, including anemia. The cells are malformed and die early, causing a shortage of red blood cells. The cells can also clog vessels causing pain, infection, and stroke.

Sickle cell disease

_________ is a type of anxiety disorder that is characterized by overwhelming anxiety in social situations.

Social Phobia disorder

a type of lymphocyte that attacks a pathogen

T cell

open-angle glaucoma Cause

The intraocular pressure is slowed and gradually rises. Vision fades as condition progresses.

T/F: A patient who presents with possible symptoms of ADHD should be examined for cardiac issues prior to taking any ADHD medication.

True

T/F: A patient who receives too much hypothyroidism medication may experience effects that mimic hyperthyroidism symptoms.

True

T/F: Antipsychotic medications relieve the signs and symptoms of psychosis by blocking dopamine receptors

True

T/F: Benzodiazepines and antidepressants are used to treat anxiety disorders.

True

T/F: Coughs, colds, and allergies have similar symptoms that can be relieved by many over-the-counter medications.

True

T/F: Diarrhea may resolve quickly

True

T/F: Diuretics can be used to treat high blood pressure?

True

T/F: Erectile dysfunction can be caused by a psychological condition.

True

T/F: Ferrous sulfate is the most common iron supplement.

True

T/F: Histamine and prostaglandins are local hormones.

True

T/F: Histamine is found in every tissue of the body.

True

T/F: In some states, pharmacy technicians are approved to administer vaccines

True

T/F: Medication that treat GERD are also used to treat ulcers.

True

T/F: Medications for respiratory conditions try to correct for lung dysfunction?

True

T/F: Medications that are used to treat wet age-related macular degeneration inhibit vascular growth

True

T/F: Medications that treat GERD are also used to treat ulcers

True

T/F: Medications used to treat prostate cancer act by inhibiting the production or action of testosterone.

True

T/F: Mineral supplements can be OTC or prescription strength

True

T/F: Narcotic analgesics are controlled substances whether taken alone or in combination

True

T/F: Narcotic analgesics have high abuse potential.

True

T/F: Patients taking anticoagulant medication should use a soft toothbrush and electric razor to avoid cuts and bleeding

True

T/F: Some skin cancers can be treated with topical agents.

True

T/F: Testosterone in males causes the progression of prostate cancer.

True

T/F: The most common treatment for acne is proper cleansing and a topical medication.

True

T/F: The most common type of eczema is atopic dermatitis.

True

T/F: UTIs are more common in women

True

T/F: When treating a sleep disorder, it is best to choose short-acting benzodiazepines to avoid daytime drowsiness

True

T/F: When treating a sleep disorder, it is best to choose short-acting benzodiazepines to avoid daytime drowsiness.

True

T/F: most medications used to treat diarrhea decrease peristalsis.

True

T/F: the most common form of treatment for leukemia is chemotherapy.

True

inactivated vaccine definition

a "killed" version of the pathogen

Which sentence BEST defines the endocrine system?

a system of glands within the body that produces hormones

What does federal law require that healthcare staff provide to a patient, parent, or legal representative before administering certain vaccines?

a vaccine information statement

attenuated vaccine definition

a weakened versions of a live microorganism

Wet AMD Cause

abnormal blood vessels grow under the macula and leak blood

a generalized seizure in which a lapse of awareness that begins and ends abruptly

absence seizure

Which medication is used as an antidote for acetaminophen overdose?

acetylcysteine

____________ is a pre-malignant condition. It causes thick, scaly, or crusty patches of skin. It occurs more often in fair-skinned individuals and can serve as a warning to be on the watch for skin cancer. The lesions can be removed in a physician's office or medications can be prescribed to prevent the progression of lesions.

actinic keratosis

The abnormal cells are immature and do not function properly. They also multiply rapidly, and the disease progresses quickly. It requires aggressive treatment.

acute leukemia

What is the most common leukemia found in young children?

acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

Which type of nerves send messages back to the CNS?

afferent nerves

The airways that carry oxygen are narrowed or blocked (for example, asthma).

airway disease

Which of the following is a main type of lung disease or disorder? Select all that apply:

airway disease, lung tissue disease, and Pulmonary circulation disease

The following medications are used to treat ______________: disulfiram (Antabuse) Rx - oral tablet gabapentin (Neurontin) Rx - oral capsule naltrexone (Vivitrol) Rx - injectable topiramate (Topamax) Rx - sprinkle capsule

alcohol dependence or alcoholism

Which osteoporosis medication may cause damage to the esophagus if refluxed? Select all that apply:

alendronate and ibandronate

Which medications act by inhibiting osteoclasts? Select all that apply:

alendronate, risedronate, and zoledronic acid

Identify opioid medications that are used in anesthesia. Select all that apply.

alfentanil and remifentanil

In addition to lymph nodes, which of the following organs is part of the lymphatic system? spleen all of the above bone marrow thymus

all of the above

Medications that treat dry eyes have which of the following mechanisms of action? lubricate eye surface all of the above target the immune response causing dry eyes increase tear production

all of the above

Which of the following can be a cause of inflammation? injury all of the above infection allergy

all of the above

Which of the following is an example of a bacterial infection on the skin? cellulitis impetigo all of the above folliculitis

all of the above

Which of the following substances has the potential for addiction? opiates, all of the above, alcohol, nicotine

all of the above

Insulin can be used for the treatment of ___________

all types of diabetes

Decongestants, antihistamines, and mast cell stabilizers are useful for which type of eye condition?

allergic conjunctivitis

Type of Medication: Mechanism of Action: reduce aqueous humor production Common Side Effects: conjunctival inflammation, ocular discomfort Example: apraclonidine ophthalmic (Iopidine)*; brimonidine ophthalmic (Alphagan P)

alpha agonists

Which class of antihypertensives stimulates alpha-adrenoreceptors in the brain stem reducing heart rate and blood pressure?

alpha agonists

Which class of antihypertensives inhibits norepinephrine action at the alpha receptors in the blood vessels, preventing vasoconstriction?

alpha blockers

Which medication is used as a non-oral treatment for erectile dysfunction?

alprostadil intracaverous

Dependence

altered state where continued administration of the medication is necessary to prevent physical and psychological withdrawal systems

______________is a decrease in hemoglobin or a decrease in the ability of hemoglobin to transport oxygen.

anemia

a deficiency of red blood cells or its component, hemoglobin (Hgb)

anemia (aplastic, folic acid deficiency, hemolytic, iron deficiency, pernicious, and sickle cell)

Which of the following is chest pain caused by an insufficient amount of oxygenated blood reaching the heart muscle?

angina

________ can cause an annoying cough

angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

Which class of antihypertensives should a patient's serum potassium levels be monitored? Select all that apply:

angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB)

Which class of antihypertensives should patients who have diabetes be cautious when taking? Select all that apply

angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and beta blockers

Injection Site for Infants: Intramuscular (IM) Route

anterolateral thigh muscle

Which class of medication is used to restore and maintain normal heart rhythms?

antiarrhythmics

How is tuberculosis treated?

antibacterial medication for three to nine months

Otitis media is a common infection of the ear that can be treated with _______________.

antibacterial medicine

Due to the suppression of acetylcholine activity in Parkinson's disease, there are side effects that occur, referred to as ________ side effects

anticholinergic

Which treatment for emesis blocks cholinergic receptors producing an antiemetic effect?

anticholinergics

Which medication is used to prevent blood clot formation and to treat or prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

anticoagulants

Which of the following can be used to treat motion sickness?

antihistamines

Aspirin, which is available OTC, is what type of anticoagulant?

antiplatelet

Which of the following statements is TRUE about cough/cold and allergy medications?

antitussives help reduce cough.

Benzodiazepines: Common Uses short-term use (days to a few weeks) for insomnia preoperative or pre-procedure sedation ________________________ adjunct treatment with analgesics for pain relief

anxiety

Medications used to treat glaucoma try to reduce intraocular pressure by reducing _______________

aqueous humor volume

Which of the following is an abnormal heart rhythm that can reduce the heart's ability to adequately pump blood?

arryhthmia

tinea infection of the foot

athlete's foot (tinea pedis)

Fungal Infections:

athlete's foot (tinea pedis), ringworm (tinea corporis), jock itch (tinea cruris)

Which medications are administered as a migraine preventative? Select all that apply:

atogepant and eptinezumab

What is the most common class of medications used to treat psychosis?

atypical antipsychotics

canal through which sound waves travel

auditory canal

serves as the entrance for sound waves

auricle

regulates non-voluntary activities like breathing, digestion, and circulation

autonomic system

Which of the following can be used to treat hypokalemia? Select all that apply:

bananas, orange juice, and potassium supplements

Type of Medication: Mechanism of Action: alter cerebellar activities Common Side Effects: somnolence, agitation, confusion Example: butabarbital (Butisol) CIII, butabarbital (Butisol) CIII, pentobarbital (Nembutal) CII

barbiturates

on the skin surface, often as a result of sun damage

basal cell

on the skin surface often as a result of sun damage; usually appears on the face first

basal cell skin cancer

frequent urge to urinate, increased frequency of urination at night, weak urine stream, and the inability to completely empty bladder

benign prostatic hyperplasia

Which class of antihypertensives should be used cautiously in patients with lung disease, such as asthma?

beta blockers

Type of Medication: Mechanism of Action: reduce aqueous humor production Common Side Effects: ocular discomfort, blurred vision, photophobia, lacrimation Example: betaxolol ophthalmic (Betoptic S), levobunolol ophthalmic (Betagan), timolol ophthalmic (Timoptic; Betimol; Timoptic-XE)

beta-adrenergic blockers

Which oral medication class used to treat diabetes should be taken with food?

biguanide

___________ are used to treat type II diabetes and work by reducing the production of glucose in the liver.

biguanides

Which treatment for ulcerative colitis targets proteins made by the immune system?

biologic response modifiers

______________ block a component of the immune system. They also increase the risk for infection.

biologic response modifiers

Monophasic pills deliver the same strength of estrogen and progestin in each pack, while __________ pills deliver two different strengths of estrogen and progestin in each pack.

biphasic

Which class of medications used to treat osteoporosis can cause esophageal damage if not used properly?

bisphosphonates

Urinary incontinence is a loss of __________ control

bladder

What are the four primary symptoms of Parkinson's disease?

bradykinesia, postural instability, rigidity, and tremor

What does the central nervous system consist of? Select all that apply:

brain and spinal cord

Dry AMD Cause

breakdown of the cells of the macula

Which class of antihypertensives should NOT be taken with grapefruit juice?

calcium channel blockers

Which minerals should be avoided when taking thyroid medications? Select all that apply.

calcium, iron, magnesium, and zinc

Local Hormones:

can affect an area of the body, synthesized in various tissue types

Systemic Hormones:

can affect the entire body; are produced by one specific tissue

occurs on moist areas of the skin that are not exposed to light, such as skinfolds

candida

In the lungs, oxygen is exchanged for __________

carbon dioxide

Type of Medication: Mechanism of Action: decrease aqueous humor production Common Side Effects: blurred vision, bitter taste, ocular discomfort Example: acetazolamide (Diamox Sequels), brinzolamide ophthalmic (Azopt), dorzolamide ophthalmic (Trusopt), methazolamide (Neptazane)

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Which of the following is a disease of the heart muscle that makes it thicker and rigid, making it difficult for the heart to pump blood?

cardiomyopathy

an infection of subcutaneous tissue; can be life-threatening if not treated

cellulitis

easily transmitted to another person. A person is contagious up to two weeks prior to symptoms and while blisters remain

chicken pox

Viral Infections:

chicken pox, shingles (herpes zoster), herpes simplex, warts

Type of Medication: Mechanism of Action: constrict iris and ciliary body opening the angle Common Side Effects: headache, conjunctival inflammation, blurred vision, ocular discomfort Example: acetylcholine intraocular (Miochol-E), carbachol intraocular (Miostat), pilocarpine ophthalmic (Isopto Carpine) Prostaglandin Analogs Alpha Agonists Rho Kinase Inhibitors Beta-adrenergic Blockers Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Cholinergic Agonists (Miotics)

cholinergic agonists (miotics)

a gradual loss of kidney function. It cannot be cured and may lead to permanent kidney failure and other conditions.

chronic kidney disease (CKD)

There are many types. Some types cause too few cells to be produced and other types too many. There are more mature cells. The accumulation occurs more slowly.

chronic leukemia

Which of the following is birth defects that affect the normal functioning of the heart?

congenital heart disease

covers the anterior eye, the white of the eye, and the underside of the eyelid

conjunctiva

What are some common side effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) inhibitors? Select all that apply:

constipation, fatigue, rash

transparent covering that lets in light

cornea

Which of the following develops when the major blood vessels that supply the heart with blood, oxygen, and nutrients become damaged or diseased?

coronary artery disease

An antibiotic and ____________ are typically used to treat otitis externa

corticosteroid

antitussives are used to reduce or stop a(n) ________

cough

If a patient is taking warfarin, an anticoagulant that inhibits vitamin K in the clotting process, what types of food should they avoid?

dark green, leafy vegetables

Injection Site for Children and Adults: Intramuscular (IM) Route

deltoid region of the arm about 2 inches below the acromion process

__________ is a disorder that causes feelings of sadness to linger longer than would normally be expected and interfere with a patient's daily life.

depression

______________ is a disorder that causes feelings of sadness to linger longer than would normally be expected and interfere with a patient's daily life.

depression

thick underlying layer that contains collagen, blood and lymph vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and nerve endings; stores water, regulates body temperature, and supplies nutrients to the epidermis

dermis

Gestational

develops during pregnancy and goes away when the baby is born, but there is risk of diabetes later in life

Two types of medication that are anticoagulants that require no regular blood testing:

direct thrombin inhibitors and factor Xa inhibitors

____________ address the autoimmune component of conditions and diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease. They are also used to treat some cancers.

disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs

__________________ address the autoimmune component of conditions and diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease. They are also used to treat some cancers.

disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs

Which of the following is used to treat multiple sclerosis?

disease-modifying medication

Diverticula are bulging pouches in the intestine, usually the large intestine. Inflammation of the diverticula (diverticulitis) causes abdominal pain and bowel movement changes.

diverticulitis

attenuated vaccine booster requirements

does not require a booster

Which treatment for emesis blocks dopamine receptors producing antiemetic effect?

dopamine antagonists

after using an inhaled corticosteroid, a patient should do which of the following? Select all that apply:

drink water and rinse his mouth

Benzodiazepines: Common Side Effects ___________________ fatigue lack of coordination ataxia confusion dizziness sleep behaviors

drowsiness

What is a common side effect of skeletal muscle relaxants that patients must be made aware?

drowsiness

Identify common side effects of ADHD medications: Select all that apply

dry mouth, headache, abdominal pain, insomnia

Some diuretics may also be used to treat ________, a buildup of fluids in body tissues.

edema

sends information out from the CNS

efferent system

Which gastrointestinal disease is vomiting that can be preceded by nausea or other indications, such as an increase in salivation?

emesis

Which of the following is inflammation of the inside lining of the heart, usually caused by a bacterial, or sometimes fungal, infection?

endocarditis

painful periods, painful intercourse, painful bowel movements, heavy periods, infertility, bloating, and nausea

endometriosis

Benzodiazepines: Mechanism of Action

enhance the effect of GABA

Which catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors work to block dopamine metabolism? Select all that applY:

entacapone and opicapone

a type of white blood cell that fights certain types of infections and allergens

eosinophil

thin outer layer that protects the underlying layer; has five sub-layers

epidermis

when individuals have two or more seizures and there is no known cause

epilepsy

inability in males to get or keep an erection and anxiety

erectile dysfunction

Which anticonvulsant medications are used to treat absence seizures? Select all that apply:

ethosuximide and methsuximide

comprised of the auricle, the auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane

external ear

The following medications are used to treat ________________________: amantadine (Osmolex ER; Gocovri) oral capsule, oral tablet, oral solution, ER tablet, ER capsule benztropine (Cogentin) oral tablet, injectable diphenhydramine (Benadryl) OTC - oral tablet, oral capsule, oral solution diphenhydramine Rx - injectable

extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)

Which parts of the body do the parasympathetic nerves stimulate that the sympathetic nerves do not?

eyes

T/F: Addiction is the need for larger doses or an increase in the number of doses to achieve the desired response.

false

Injection Site for Infants: Subcutaneous (SC) Route

fatty tissue of the anterolateral thigh muscle

Injection Site for Children and Adults: Subcutaneous (SC) Route

fatty tissue over the triceps muscle

disease characterized by chronic musculoskeletal pain, stiffness, tenderness, and fatigue

fibromyalgia

Common side effects of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors include ___________, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.

flatulence

Which local analgesic requires a patient prescription?

flector topical patch

an infection of the hair follicle that is not acne

folliculitis

if a patient has small red bumps or white heads developed around hair follicles, what might the patient be developing?

folliculitis

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of an enlarged prostate?

frequent bowel movements

when the opening that normally keeps the stomach contents in the stomach opens, allowing them to move upward into the esophagus. It is abbreviated and is commonly referred to as GERD.

gastroesophageal reflux disease

Which gastrointestinal disease involves damage to the esophagus?

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

GERD and diverticulitis are diseases of which body system?

gastrointestinal

Which type of medication provides a systemic form of anesthesia?

general anesthesia

Identify common side effects of birth control medications. Select all that apply:

headache, spotting during a cycle, thromboembolism, and vomiting

What is used to treat intermittent claudication, which causes severe cramping in the legs due to blood flow problems?

hemorheologic agents

What is used to treat excessive bleeding (for example, from surgical bleeding or hemophilia)?

hemostatics

Which anticoagulant can only be administered by IV or subcutaneous injection, can be used during pregnancy, and has an antidote for it?

heparin

Which of the following vaccines does the CDC recommend on the Immunization Schedule for children and adults in the United States?

hepatitis B

herpes virus infection around the mouth or genital area

herpes simplex

Which treatment for GERD decreases acid production by inhibiting binding of histamine at histamine H2 receptors on gastric cells?

histamine antagonist (H2 blockers)

subcutaneous layer that contains fat; functions as a shock absorber and insulator for the body, and stores fat for energy

hypodermis

Which term best defines a low testosterone level?

hypogonadism

fatigue, sensitivity to cold, dry skin, weight gain, puffy face, hoarseness, and thinning hair

hypothyroidism

______________ alter immune response. These medications are used to treat conditions caused by the immune system mistaking parts of the body as foreign and attacking them causing dysfunction.

immunosuppressants

a contagious skin infection usually caused by staphylococcus bacteria

impetigo

Bacterial Infections:

impetigo, cellulitis, folliculitis

DMARD, TNF Inhibitors, and Biologic Response Modifiers act to decrease the ____________ response of the immune system.

inflammatory

transmits sound through nerve impulses to the brain and has structures that maintain balance and equilibrium

inner ear

______________ is a persistent problem of falling asleep or staying asleep.

insomnia

Wet AMD Treatment

intravitreal (into the eye) injections usually given once a month

provides color to the eye and filters the light

iris

What is the most common form of anemia?

iron deficiency anemia

a disorder that includes recurring abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea or constipation, and cramping

irritable bowel syndrome

Which acne medication requires that a patient enroll in the FDA pledge program to receive the medication?

isotretinoin, such as Absorica and Claravis

tinea infection in the groin area

jock itch (tinea cruris)

a stonelike mass that forms in the kidneys due to high levels of minerals in the urine

kidney stone

The ______________ are the primary organ of the renal system

kidneys

The OTC product Alli causes which unpleasant side effect?

leaky stools

__________________ is a cancer of the hematologic system. It occurs when there is a mutation in the DNA of blood cells, causing an overabundance of blood cells. Abnormal cells can hinder the functioning of healthy white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.

leukemia

Which of the following medications is used to treat hypothyroidism?

levothyroxine

insects that remains in the hair and on the skin of the head; can lay eggs that cause reinfestation; easily transferred to other people if there are shared objects

lice

Which type of insulin has an onset action of one hour and no peak action?

long-acting insulin

Which type of diuretic derives its name from the fact that it has its effect in a portion of the tubule in the nephron?

loop

Identify common side effects of anticonvulsant medications. Select all that apply:

loss of bone density, speech problems, skin rashes, and weight gain

The structure of the lung tissue is affected. Scarring or inflammation prevent the tissue from being able to fully expand.

lung tissue disease

Which part of the lymphatic system filters out organisms and debris?

lymph nodes

severe disease in which many tumors grow in the lymph system of the body

lymphangiomatosis

localized fluid retention due to a blockage in the lymphatic system

lymphedema

This type affects lymphocytes that form the lymphatic tissue of the immune system.

lymphocytic leukemia

cancer of the lymph nodes

lymphoma

a phagocyte that fights infection, ingests nonfunctional cells, and signals the T cells and B cells to fight infection

macrophage

Some patients may experience episodes of ____________ when they feel euphoric, full of energy, and unusually irritable

mania

releases chemicals that aid in immune defense, but also releases chemicals as part of an allergic reaction

mast cell

Which class of medication is used to prevent an allergic reaction that can cause an asthma attack?

mast cell stabilizers

open-angle glaucoma Treatment

medications available to prevent the progression

Which birth control method is administered via injection?

medroxyprogesterone acetate

most severe and aggressive form of skin cancer

melanoma

the most severe form of skin cancer; is aggressive and causes irregularly shaped, discolored, raised areas that change size; may appear to be just moles but are not and should be monitored

melanoma

Type of Medication: Mechanism of Action: aid falling asleep by mimicking the action of melatonin Common Side Effects: dizziness, somnolence, fatigue, nausea Example: ramelteon (Rozerem) Rx

melatonin receptor agonist

Which Alzheimer's disease medication may cause somnolence?

memantine

Which of the following do hormones affect? Select all that apply:

metabolism, growth and development, mood

has bony structures that further transmit sound waves and has the eustachian tube that relieves pressure

middle ear

Which medication is used in conjunction with an NSAID to protect the stomach lining and reduce the incidences of GI bleeds?

misoprostol

Type of Medication: Mechanism of Action: inhibit monoamine oxidase, the enzyme that metabolizes serotonin and norepinephrine Common Side Effects: orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, headache, insomnia, restlessness, CNS stimulation, muscle spasms, tremor, myoclonic jerks, anxiety, agitation Example: isocarboxazid (Marplan), phenelzine (Nardil), selegiline transdermal (Emsam), tranylcypromine (Parnate)

monoamine oxidase inhibitors

A patient with two or more migraines per __________ should consider preventative therapy.

month

Which diseases affect the neurological system? Select all that apply:

multiple sclerosis, Bell's palsy, epilepsy, and Parkinson's disease.

muscles contract more than normal due to stress or injury

muscle-over contraction

closed-angle glaucoma Treatment

must be treated urgently with surgery and medication or vision may be permanently lost

This type affects the myeloid cells, the blood-forming cells in the bone marrow.

myelogenous leukemia

Which of the following is when blood flow to the heart is blocked, which prevents the adequate delivery of oxygen to the heart muscle, causing damage or destruction?

myocardial infarction

a generalized seizure, in which there are brief, rapid muscle contractions

myoclonic seizure

tinea infection of the nails on the hands or feet

nail fungal infection (tinea unguium or onychomycosis)

Which medication is used as an antidote for opioid overdose?

naloxone

a type of lymphocyte that kills tumor cells

natural killer (NK) cell

tolerance

need for larger doses or an increase in the number of doses to achieve the desired response

a type of white blood cell that acts as a phagocyte (ingests and destroys foreign substances, like bacteria)

neutrophil

Which of the following provides a gradual process to help a person quit smoking?

nicotine replacement therapy

Which medication used to treat UTIs needs to be taken with food for proper absorption?

nitrofurantoin

What does the acronym, NSAID stand for?

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

The glomerulus is a filtering unit that keeps ___________ cells and eliminates excess fluid and waste

normal

Which condition is treated with an oral antifungal that requires liver function tests to be performed before and during treatment?

onychomycosis

_____________ is an infection of the toenails or fingernails. A topical antifungal medication may not work if the infection is well embedded in the nail.

onychomycosis

Type of Medication: Mechanism of Action: inhibit the effect of neurotransmitter, orexin Common Side Effects: headache, dizziness, abnormal dreams Example: lemborexant (Dayvigo) CIV, suvorexant (Belsomra) CIV

orexin receptor antagonists

Which treatment for obesity inhibits gastric lipases; therefore, decreasing fat absorption?

orlistat (Alli)

Which type of diuretic is NOT used to treat hypertension?

osmotic

Which condition affects the inner ear and causes temporary or permanent hearing loss?

ototoxicity

addiction

pattern of compulsive use characterized by excessive medication use and abuse

pain in the pelvis, abdomen, lower back and vagina, fever, nausea, cramping, vaginal discharge, and abnormal uterine bleeding

pelvic inflammation

ulcer(s) in the stomach or duodenum

peptic ulcer disease

Which gastrointestinal disease involves sores in the lining of the stomach or in the duodenum?

peptic ulcers

Menopause is when a woman ceases to have menstruation for twelve months; the time leading up to it is called ____________

perimenopause

The __________ is all the nerves that originate at the spinal cord and innervate the body.

peripheral nervous system

Which type of anemia is caused by a vitamin B12 deficiency and treated with vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) supplementation?

pernicious anemia

Which type of medication is used to increase blood flow in the penis during sexual stimulation?

phosphodiesterase-type 5 inhibitors

What are some common side effects that could indicate a narcotic analgesic overdose? Select all that apply:

pinpoint pupils and respiratory depression

the fluid portion of blood that contains proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, prothrombin, electrolytes, and nutrients)

plasma

called thrombocytes, they are essential for coagulation

platelets

__________________ is a form of depression that can occur up to one year after childbirth.

postpartum depression

Diuretics can cause too much of a loss and the need for the replacement of the electrolyte _________

potassium

Which population of patients are respiratory distress syndrome treatment medications typically used for?

premature infant patients

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

produce insulin

When an egg is released from the follicle in the ovary, the corpus luteum is formed, which produces __________.

progesterone

Type of Medication: Mechanism of Action: increase aqueous humor flow Common Side Effects: conjunctival inflammation, ocular discomfort, dry eyes, visual disturbance, foreign body sensation Example: bimatoprost intracameral (Durysta), bimatoprost ophthalmic (Lumigan), latanoprost ophthalmic (Xalatan; Xelpros), latanoprostene bunod ophthalmic (Vyzulta), tafluprost ophthalmic (Zioptan), travoprost ophthalmic (Travatan Z)

prostaglandin analogs

What are cytokines?

proteins produced by immune cells (and other types of cells) that signal inflammation and activate the immune response

Which of the following is a treatment for GERD?

proton pump inhibitors

Which treatment for GERD suppresses acid secretion by inhibiting an enzyme system at the secretory surface of gastric cells?

proton pump inhibitors (PPI)

_______________ is a skin condition marked by scaly, red, itchy patches of skin. It is a result of an immune system that causes cell turnover to happen faster than normal resulting in a pile up of cells on the top of the skin. Treatment is determined by the severity and surface area of the skin affected. Topical treatment is used first to reduce inflammation and cell turnover, suppress the immune system, and help the skin heal.

psoriasis

_________________ is a general lack of contact with reality

psychosis

The blood vessels in the lungs are affected and prevent the ability to properly exchange gases.

pulmonary circulation disease

Which of the following could cause a lung condition?

reaction to an allergen, exposure to hazardous material, acute damage from an accident, genetic abnormalities

called erythrocytes, they carry oxygen throughout the body utilizing hemoglobin

red blood cells

Medication combinations combine the action of more than one medication class, improving control and _________ the number of doses a patient must take in a day.

reducing

inactivated vaccine booster requirements

requires one or more boosters

has neurons that send nerve signals to the brain

retina

tinea infection on the body or scalp

ringworm (tinea corporis)

responsible for sight in dim light and detect black and white

rods

insects that can be on the skin or burrow under the skin; can be transmitted to another person; entire body requires treatment

scabies

Parasitic Infections:

scabies, lice

_______________ are used to treat acute migraine headaches.

selective serotonin agonists.

Type of Medication: Mechanism of Action: inhibit the reuptake of serotonin Common Side Effects: insomnia, nausea, headache, weakness, diarrhea, anorexia Example: citalopram (Celexa), escitalopram (Lexapro), fluoxetine (Prozac; Prozac Weekly), olanzapine/fluoxetine (Symbyax), paroxetine (Paxil; Paxil CR), sertraline (Zoloft)

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

SNRI medications block the reuptake of which neurotransmitters?

serotonin and norepinephrine

Type of Medication: Mechanism of Action: inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine Common Side Effects: nausea, headache, dry mouth, weight loss, somnolence, fatigue Example: desvenlafaxine (Pristiq), duloxetine (Cymbalta), levomilnacipran (Fetzima), venlafaxine (Effexor XR)

serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

can manifest later in life for someone who has previously had chicken pox; the virus can lay dormant for years and then become active

shingles

Which viral infection causes blisters and severe pain and can manifest later in life for someone who has previously had chicken pox?

shingles (herpes zoster)

Which class of medications is used as rescue medications?

short-acting beta agonists

Which treatment for GERD alters the surface tension of gas bubbles allowing for dispersion or release?

simethicone

The integumentary system consists of which of the following?

skin, hair, and nails

regulates voluntary skeletal muscles. The only neurotransmitter is acetylcholine.

somatic system

on the skin surface often as a result of sun damage; typically seen in areas other than the face

squamous cell skin cancer

The musculoskeletal system is responsible for movement of the body, maintaining posture, and __________.

stabilizing joints

Which type of seizure is considered life-threatening?

status epilepticus

Which of the following are most commonly prescribed type of laxative?

stool softeners

Which migraine medication may be administered as a STAT dose?

sumatriptan

inflammation of the tendon

tendinitis

Type II

the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or the body is resistant to the insulin produced

Type I

the pancreas does not produce insulin

Organ transplant patients need to take immunosuppressant medication for _______________-

the rest of their lives

Which class of diuretic is often the first choice and should not be used during pregnancy?

thiazide

Due to the possibility of contamination, what should the expiration date on a bottle of eye drops be?

three months after dispensing

Which diseases affect the hematologic system? Select all that apply:

thrombocytopenia, anemia, hematoma, and von Willebrand disease

Which medication should be taken on an empty stomach?

thyroid medications

Which condition affects the inner ear and causes a ringing or buzzing in the ears?

tinnitus

a generalized seizure in which the patient goes rigid and then begins jerking movements

tonic-clonic seizure

Type of Medication: Mechanism of Action: inhibit norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake Common Side Effects: anticholinergic, drowsiness Example: desipramine (Norpramin), imipramine (Tofranil), mirtazapine (Remeron; Remeron SolTab), nortriptyline (Pamelor)

tricyclic acid tetracyclic antidepressants

_____________ block a specific chemical in the immune system that is produced in acute inflammation. These medications are used for moderate to severe disease.

tumor necrosis factor inhibitors

The formation of bone exceeds the resorption until around the age of ___________.

twenty

When a person has ___________-or more unprovoked seizures, they may be diagnosed with epilepsy.

two

serves to transmit sound waves to the middle ear and protect the middle ear from foreign objects

tympanic membrane

Which gastrointestinal disease is an inflammatory bowel disease in which the lining in the rectum and colon become inflamed and develop ulcers?

ulcerative colitis

sores and inflammation in the lining of the colon or rectum

ulcerative colitis

Which of the following is a common cause of chronic kidney disease?

uncontrolled hypertension

Which are the organs of the renal system? Select all that apply.

ureters, bladder, urethra

What is one of the MOST common symptoms of a UTI?

urge to urinate

Gout is a disease caused by the overproduction or insufficient elimination of ___________ within the body.

uric acid

Gout is caused by the accumulation of _______

uric acid

a loss of bladder control due to the muscles that control bladder emptying being too weak or too active

urinary incontinence

If a patient is experiencing frequent, burning urination with cloudy urine, what should a pharmacy technician suspect the patient has?

urinary tract infection

infection of the kidney, ureter, bladder, or urethra

urinary tract infection

Which of the following is NOT a type of diuretic?

vasopressin

Treatment for _________ should begin within 48-72 hours.

viral skin infections

a jellylike substance that holds the eye's shape

vitreous humor

a deficiency in a protein (von Willebrand factor) that aids in forming blood clots

von Willebrand disease

These tests must be done regularly when patients are taking _____________________________-. The following tests measure the time it takes for a blood clot to form: PTT (partial thromboplastin time) PT (prothrombin time)

warfarin and heparin

common warts are on the skin, but there are also genital or perianal warts

warts

The kidneys remove _________ and ________ from the body

waste and water

called leukocytes, they are part of the immune system and protect against infection

white blood cells

How are urinary tract infections treated?

with an antibacterial medication

Which type of medication requires serum level monitoring?

xanthine derivatives


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