Medieval Ages Test

What five things were needed in order to be able to trade?

1. imports to sell 2. a place to sell them 3. people to sell them 4. people to buy them 5. a currency to pay with

How long did the Middle Ages last?

500 AD - 1500 AD

Charter

Document given to the townspeople by a king granting them the freedom to govern themselves. This allowed for the reemergence of local government and individual freedoms

What government system formed around 900 AD?

Feudalism

King John

He was a weak King who was forced to sign the Magna Carta after he had abused his power to tax the people

What was the purpose of Benedict's rules?

Helped guide the Christians during the monastic movement

What was it like to be a peasant?

It was hard and full of labor. They couldn't leave the land and were heavily taxed.

What was the team sport in which each side tried to knock their opponents colored flags off their backs, using clubs and blunt swords?

Melee

What spread the Black Plague?

Rats and fleas

How did Geography affect the unity of Europe after the fall of Rome?

Rivers, mountains and peninsulas shaped the landscape of Europe, serving to divide the people into smaller kingdoms.

What did boys become at the age of 15?

Squire

Who fought the Hundred Years War, and how did it help to end Feudalism and start the Renaissance?

The Hundred Years War was fought between France and England. The war helped to break down feudalism by limiting the number of lords and ultimately aided in the movement towards the Renaissance as the people were sick of war and death and ready for a new age of celebrating life.

What was the Inquisition?

The Inquisition was a Church organization designed to seek out heretics and those who did not practice Christianity. Often the Jews and other groups were punished and sometimes tortured to gain confessions.

Why did the nobility build their castles out of stone?

They could remain standing after a siege and had a strong defense system

What did people do to gain more land?

They would start a fight

What was the role of pilgrimages in the Middle Ages?

To strengthen their faith

Who was Christine de Pizan?

Writer

Name 3 differences between Medieval Europe and the Muslim World

1. Medieval Europeans became less advanced unlike the Muslims 2. The Europeans solely practiced Christianity while the Muslims practiced Islam 3. Medieval Europe was governed by a feudal system

Name 3 similarities between Medieval Europe and the Muslim World

1. Similar established government/dynasty 2. Large trade centers 3. Women were still inferior to men

What were the factors that lead to the decline in feudalism?

1. The beginnings of a new trade system allowed people to become wealthier and they did not want to pay homage to the lords. This started after the Black Plague passed 2. The end of the Hundred Years War--people wanted a new age to celebrate life

Who was Hildegard of Bingen?

A Benedictine nun, author, and musician

Explain the relationship between a Lord and a Vassal

A lord gives a vassal a piece of land known as a fief and promises to protect the vassal in exchange for the loyalty of vassal.

Thomas Aquinas

A member of the clergy who helped establishes scholasticism (the belief that religion and reason can coexist) and natural law which argued that some laws are simply part of human nature.

What did each fief include?

A mill, at least one village, and a manor

What jobs could medieval European women hold?

Blacksmiths, merchants, and soldiers. Some took jobs involving the arts. Some became nuns. A few even held leadership positions.

Which church ruled the daily lives of the people in the Middle Ages?

Catholic Church

Who tried to stop the tournaments because they were too violent?

Catholic Church

Who was St. Benedict?

Catholic monk

Describe the significance of Charlemagne's Empire. Why is it sometimes referred to as a 'mini-Renaissance'?

Charlemagne was crowned a new Roman Emperor by the Pope on Christmas Day A.D. 800. His empire would encourage education, art, and literature which is why it is sometimes called a 'mini-Renaissance'.

Henry II

Created a better/fairer legal system in England including trial juries, grand juries and circuit judges.

Richard the Lionheart

English king who fought Saladin during the Crusade of the Kings. Makes an agreement with him allowing the Muslims to keep control of Jerusalem and the Christians to worship safely in the city.

Land was divided into ____ in the Middle Ages

Fiefs

Francis of Assisi

Founded the Franciscan friars who lived in the cities and aided the sick and poor.

Philip IV the Fair

French king who created the Estates-General (France's version of Parliament).

Philip II Augustus

French king who fought in the Crusades and conquered many English lands in Normandy.

Joan of Arc

French peasant girl who went on to lead the French army to victory against the English during the Hundred Years War. She was ultimately arrested and burned at the stake as a heretic.

Where did medieval drama come from?

From church liturgies

Edward I

Great English King who helped create Parliament in England.

Charlemagne

Great Frankish King who was crowned Roman Emperor by the pope. Lead Europe into a mini Renaissance. Known as the 'Father of Europe'.

What improvements were made in England by Henry II in regards to an individual's legal rights?

Henry II introduces trial juries, grand juries, and circuit judges. These help to create a legal system where all freemen have the right to a trial by jury and cannot be held without just cause.

Fredrick Barbarossa

Holy Roman Emperor who was prepared to fight in the Crusade of the Kings but dies on the way.

What was the ceremony in which a vassal pledged loyalty to a lord?

Homage

Describe England's Parliament and Frances's Estates General.

In England Parliament was a step towards representative government. It contained two houses of representatives; a House of Lords and a House of Commons. In France the Estates-General did the same and contained three groups of representatives; the clergy, the nobles, and the commoners.

What was medieval technology like?

It became less advanced and they lost core values. Meanwhile in the Muslim world, they were advancing in education, mathematics, and the sciences.

What is the Bayeau Tapestry?

It depicted the Conquest of England and much controversy surrounds who created it. It was made from clothing and woolen thread.

What led to the feudal system in Europe?

It formed because the commoners feared raids from the Vikings and Magyars. Lords offered protection to the commoners because no strong, central government was in place. The commoners offered their loyalty to the lords.

What was a melee?

It was a team sport in which each side tried to knock their opponents colored flags off their backs, using clubs and blunt swords

What is the name of the form of combat between two knights who rode on horses called?

Jousts

Charles Martel

Known as Charles the Hammer he fought the Muslims and held them in Spain.

What was the local affair where people traded goods?

Market

Who was the highest paid civilian?

Masons

Why were monasteries important?

Monasteries served as schools, hospitals, shelters and places of learning. Knowledge was preserved by monks who painstakingly hand wrote books from the Greeks, and Romans.

Saladin

Muslim leader and general during the Crusade of the Kings. Defeats the Christians and takes Jerusalem.

What did the crusaders bring back with them?

New luxuries, food, and ideas

Could most common people read or write?

No

What were the 3 major groups of people in Medieval Europe?

Nobility, the Church, and peasants

William the Conqueror

Norman ruler who won the battle of Hastings and conquered England. He introduced feudalism to England.

William the Conqueror

Norman ruler won the battle of Hastings and conquered England. He introduced feudalism to England.

Who were the common people in the Middle Ages?

Peasants

What were serfs?

Peasants who worked the land for the lord and were not allowed to leave the manor without the lord's permission. They remained on the land even if it was sold to a new owner.

Who was Eleanor of Aquitaine?

Queen of France and England and is also the patron of the Arts

At what age did the sons of noblemen begin their training for knighthood?

Seven

What was the Battle of Hastings and how did William the Conqueror change life in England?

The Battle of Hastings was fought between Harold Godwinson of England and William of Normandy over who would be the next king of England. William wins and introduces new technologies and feudalism to the English.

Describe the Black Death and list two positive effects and one negative effect it had on Europe.

The Black Death was a terrible infectious disease (or plague) that struck the entire continents of Europe and Asia as well as parts of Northern Africa. The disease did have some positive effects including lower the population which helped to create a wealthy society and eliminate overcrowding in the cities. It also broke the power of the Catholic Church in Europe. Negatively, close to half the world's population died of this terrible infectious disease.

What was the name of the horrible disease that hit Asia, Africa, and Europe in the 1300s?

The Black Plague

Describe the role religion played within the lives of the people during the Middle Ages.

The Church completely dominated your lives during the Middle Ages. Your daily life revolved around prayer and attending mass. The Church controlled education and healthcare. The Church was in charge of keeping records. Cathedrals were the most important buildings in any town and helped supply economic success as well. Finally, all the important events and rituals of your lives were related to the Church.

What was the code called that said that all knights had to be brave in battle and is now the basis of good manners in most Western societies?

The Code of Chivalry

What were the Crusades?

The Crusades were a serious of holy wars fought between the European Christians and the Muslims of the Middle East over who would control the holy land and Jerusalem.

Who were the Franks and how did the Frankish Kingdom help reestablish order in Europe?

The Franks lived in modern day France and Germany. They united under King Clovis and Christianity to establish the first empire after the Romans.

What was the Magna Carta and why was it significant?

The Magna Carta (or Great Charter) was a document the nobles of England forced King John to sign granting more freedom to freemen and the nobles and less power to the king. It limited the power of the king to tax the people and guaranteed certain rights to the people including a trial by jury and no illegal seizure of lands.

How were the Muslims a threat to Europe during the Early Middle Ages? Who stopped them from invading central Europe?

The Muslims had invaded southern Europe and moved into Spain during the late 8th century. Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer) defeats the Muslims and keeps them from invading deeper into Europe.

What were the factors that lead to the decline in feudalism?

The beginnings of a new trade system allowed people to become wealthier and they did not want to pay homage to the lords.

What was the role of the church in the Middle Ages?

The church allowed for people to be educated and united the people under one belief.

Clovis

The first King of a united Frankish Kingdom. He used Christianity to help unite the people.

What is different about "Gothic" style cathedrals? What is ironic about their name?

The gothic style has outer buttresses and support beams to hold up the weight of the ceiling and walls. It's ironic because these cathedrals were lively decorated instead of 'gothic' (which can mean gloomy or dark)

What improvements in farming occurred during the age of feudalism?

The invented the heavy wheeled plow, the iron blade, the horse collar to pull the plow, windmills, and crop rotation.

Describe the conflict between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII.

The two men argued over who should have the power to choose church officials, the Holy Roman Emperor or the Pope. Ultimately the Pope wins and the Church takes control of politics during the Middle Ages.

How did commoners pay taxes to the lord?

They pledged their loyalty, worked in the fields, gave up part of their wages, and produced goods

What was the role of the parish priest?

They taught the faith and Bible to the village youth and tended to the sick and poor

What was the role of nuns in the Middle Ages?

They took care and provided for the less fortunate

What did medieval people do for fun?

They took part in the arts

What was the role of monks in the Middle Ages?

They tools vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. They helped the sick and poor.

What purpose did cathedrals serve?

They were a communal place for worship and a place to showcase art

What was the role of guilds?

They were councils created by the townsfolk to help its members gain better wages.

How were meals different in the Middle Ages?

They were messy because the people did not have utensils, except for knives, to eat with

What were public contests that anyone could join if they had armor, a horse, a sword, and a shield?

Tournaments

What was the place where traders rented a place to sell goods for a two-week period?

Travelling Market

What were universities?

Universities became places to educate and train scholars in a variety of fields including grammar, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy. Students could earn advanced degrees in law, medicine or theology. Scholasticism and natural law helped to fuel the passion for knowledge as the Church lightened up its stance on certain fields of science and math.