MGT- CH 12
A behavior is less likely to be repeated in the future b/c a person receives something that she wanted when she engages in the behavior.
Does not apply.
A behavior is more likely to be repeated in the future b/c it is ignored.
Does not apply.
A manager tells her employees that hey will all be paid the same regardless of their performance levels & not have a chance to earn bonuses. W/in a few months, employees' performance levels have increased dramatically.
Does not apply.
Which theories of motivation are characterized as process perspectives?
Goal-setting theory. Equity theory. Expectancy theory.
According to Herzberg, _____ factors are more frequently associated w/ achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, & love of the work itself.
Motivating
The psychological processes that arouse & direct goal-directed behavior are collectively called
Motivation
Distributive, procedural, & interactional are components of
Org justice
Madison is going to try really hard to succeed at her project b/c she has a high need for achievement.
Does not apply.
Goals motivate us through
Effort Attention Strategies Persistence
After struggling w/ the accounting training, Aaron is unsure whether he can complete the end-of-year financial reporting w/ no errors in the time allotted. Aaron is low on the ____ element of expectancy theory.
Expectancy.
Lucy wants to attend training before she takes on a new job role.
Expectancy.
Right to buy stock at a future date for a discounted price.
Stock options
goal that goes beyond what a person is actually expected to achieve
Stretch goal
3 types of learning opportunities
Tuition reimbursement. Learning & development. Studying co-workers.
A survey showed that while most employees were pleased w/ the co's advancement opportunities & merit system, they were dissatisfied w/ factors such as pay scale & sharing an office w/ someone they disliked. These results exemplify which theory of motivation?
Two-factor theory.
Thu could care less about meeting her goals this quarter b/c the reward is a $500 Omaha Steaks gift card and Thu is a vegetarian.
Valence
At this time in his life, Mateo would rather have more time off than he would a bonus check.
Valence.
What theory asserts that motivation is essentially a decision about how much effort to exert to get what you want in a particular situation?
Expectancy
When Josef would throw himself on the floor, screaming & kicking, his mother ignored him. Josef ahs stopped.
Extinction
A behavior is less likely to be repeated in the future b/c it isn't given any attention.
Extinction.
An employee arrives to work 10 min early every day in order to get organize & be ready to go for the day. Everyone else at the office always arrives 15 min late & no one notices or cares that the employee arrives early every day. The employee decides to stop arriving early.
Extinction.
Money is the best motivator.
FALSE
There is one main theory as to what motivates people, & this theory is accepted by most people.
FALSE
Contingency factors refer to the degree to which individuals want
Personal & psych devlopment
Maslow: Employee monthly salaries
Physiological need
Merilee is a seamstress in a garment factory, and she is paid $10 for each women's skirt she produces. What compensation plan does this describe?
Piece rate
Pay-for-performance plan in which employees are paid according to their productivity
Piece rate
A sales employee reaches a lofty quarterly goal & receives a highly prized bonus. the employee plans to work even harder in the next quarter.
Positive rein
Prof awards 5 bonus points for coming to class on time
Positive reinforcement
A behavior is more likely to be repeated in the future b/c a person receives something that he wants when choosing to engage in the behavior.
Positive.
Which perspectives on motivation are concerned w/ the thought progression that leads to people deciding how to act?
Process perspectives
Principal perspectives on motivation
Process. Reinforcement. Job design. Content
Incentive compensation plan involves the distribution of a portion of the co's profits to employees
Profit sharing
An airline institutes a policy that passengers who arrive late for check-in lose their chance to choose their airplane seat. W/in a few months, there is a 75% reduction in late check-ins.
Punishment
Scientific management
Raise employee productivity. Reduce # of tasks a worker performs. Increase employee efficiency.
Maslow: Co-provided benefits such as health insurance & pension plans
Safety need
Strategies for adding meaningfulness to your lfie
Seek out activities you love doing. Integrate your natural strengths into your work life. Look for ways to help others.
Maslow: Employees feel that they are able to reach their full potential on the job
Self-actualization need
The theory of motivation that asserts that people are driven to try to grow & attain fulfillment, w/ their behavior & well-being influenced by the 3 innate needs of competence, autonomy, & relatedness, is known as
Self-determination theory.
According to psych Martin Seligman, the combined effect of positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, & achievement constitutes
well-being
About 1/2 of US adults would be willing to take a 10% pay cut if it meant
working at a job they found meaningful
Voice
"Employees' upward expression of challenging but constructive opinions, concerns, or ideas on work-related issues to their managers."
cash awards given to employees who achieve specific performance objectives
Bonuses
Characteristics of motivating goals according to goal-setting theory
Challenging Specific Achievable
3 major elements of Hackman & Oldham's job characteristics model
Core job characteristics. Psych states. Work outcomes
Fitting jobs to people is based on what ideas?
Employees want more responsibility, challenges, & variety. Employees are underutilized.
Maslow: Employees receive personal, hand-written notes from their supervisors to recognize exemplary work
Esteem need
To motivate employees, employers need to primarily focus on fulfilling the top level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, self-actualization.
FALSE.
Equity theory is focused on explaining how people work to achieve
Fairness Justice
Core job characteristics in the Hackman & Oldham job characteristics model?
Feedback. Autonomy. Skill variety. Task significance.
Modern way of designing jobs
Fitting jobs to people
How does goal setting motivate employees?
Fostering employee use of action plans. Regulating employee efforts. Increasing employee persistence. Directing employee attention.
Theory that employees can be motivated by objectives that are specific & challenging but achievable & that have rewards tailored to indiv needs?
Goal-setting theory
Economic or protective potential of employee experience, actions, & knowledge
Human capital
Power that is used as a means to further org goals is known as
Institutional power.
Expectation that successful performance of the task will lead to the desired outcome
Instrumentality
Which type of goal is better for jobs that require creativity & taking a problem-solving approach?
Learning goal
Maslow: A workplace that provides a close-knit family culture
Love
McClelland's need for achievement corresponds most closely to
Maslow's self-actualization needs.
To be successful, an incentive compensation plan must be
Measurable
Pay for performance, basing pay on one's results, is also known as
Merit pay
Goal of an incentive compensation plan
Motivate employees to work harder for more money
A behavior is less likely to be repeated in the future b/c a person gets something he didn't want, or loses something he wanted, when he engages in the behavior.
Punishment.
"Consequences influence behavior"
Reinforcement theory
Pay for performance allows different salaried employees to get different pay raises & other rewards.
TRUE
Characteristics of the best incentive compensation plans.
They link rewards to performance. they are agreed on by both employees & managers.
Lois asks herself how badly she wants the bonus she could earn by working overtime on her current project. In terms of expectancy theory, this describes Lois's ____ for the additional pay.
Valence
Leslie likes work on tasks that are challenging but still within her abilities. Leslie is most likely motivated by a need for
achievement
According to Herzberg's theory, if employees dislike their jobs, managers should
allow employees to bring their pets to work.
Use of reinforcement theory to change human behavior is called
behavior modification
According to equity theory, when people believe there is equity, they will
continue their current behavior.
Model of motivation called equity theory is based on
employees want to see fairness in how they are awarded for task performance.
Jaleel believes that if he studies hard for the next test, he will earn a high score. In terms of motivation theory, this is an example of
expectancy
Juanita believes that if she works hard, her efforts will lead to strong performance. Juanita has a high level of
expectancy
Theory under which people make the choice that promises them the greatest reward if they think they can get it is
expectancy theory
Raises & other monetary incentives are examples of
extrinsic rewards
Production division at Ricklin's Fences is $10k below budge due to process improvements, so this year 25% of the savings will be returned to the division to spend as desired as a form of
gainsharing
Even when he started his first job, Dewayne was not content to be just 1 of the employees. His boss noticed that he often coached his coworkers about ways to improve their work, even when it wasn't his job. Dewayne probably has a
high need for power
Stretch goals
increase willingness to take risks.
Dividing work among employees & applying motivational theories to increase employee satisfaction are the 2 components of
job design
To increase variety & motivate workers, Grant Industries increases the # of tasks in each job on the assembly line. This is known as
job enlargement.
Sense of belonging to & serving something that you believe is bigger than the self is
meaningfulness
Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior are called
needs
Goal
objective that a person is trying to accomplish through their efforts.
3 critical psych states ID'd by the job characteristics model.
responsibility for work outcomes. Knowledge of actual results of the work. Meaningfulness of work.
Sales reps are paid a % of the earnings the co made from their sales in the form of a
sales commission
According to equity & justice theories, org decisions
should include input from the employees they will affect.
What Tamika loves about her job is that every day brings new challenges, & she can use different talents & abilities to complete her job tasks. This is
skill variety.
Jacob thought he would enjoy his job as a web designer, but it turns out that he is responsible only for updating web pages and not for creating them, too. Jacob has low
task ID
Flourishing
the extent to which our lives contain positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and achievement (PERMA).
Eisuke set several goals for his new hire, who, despite working diligently, failed to meet several of them. According to goal-setting theory, Eisuke should have remembered that setting goals is useful only if
the goals are achievable
People who are motivated by the need for achievement
want fair & balanced feedback, both negative, & positive.
Process of reducing the # of tasks a worker performs
Scientific management
Darius isn't confident about tackling a new project b/c he's not at all familiar w/ the sofatware platform.
Expectancy
According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, _____ power is expressed in an individual's desire to dominate others.
Personal
Elaine surpassed her sales goal & earned a small cash award for her strong performance.
Bonus program
Louisa is a real estate salesperson. When she sells a house, she earns a sales _____ equal to 6% of the sales price of the house.
Commission
How will you apply the principles of self-management on a daily basis?
Create a to-do list for accomplishing your goals.
Ryo is not very excited about meeting his performance goals this quarterb/c he has compared his goals to his coworkers goals & doesn't feel they are not equitable.
Does not apply
An employee constantly whines until he gets his way regarding everything from vacation days to the temperature in the office. The org continues to give in. The employee eventually stops whining in order to get his way.
Does not apply.
What are the stages of Victor Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation?
Effort to performance. Performance to outcomes.
Key ideas drawn from equity & justice theories
Employees need a way to appeal decisions. Orgs should foster a climate for justice.
Marie has been given a goal to sell 5 cars. Approaches all potential customers...
Goals increase your persistence.
In expectancy theory, the expectation that successful performance of a task will lead to a desired outcome is called
Instrumentality
Adnan's boss dangles rewards in front of employees as performance incentives, but sadly Adnan knows that even when employees perform well, most of them never see any actual rewards.
Instrumentality.
Catalina knows that she will receive a huge year-end bonus if she meets her sales goals.
Instrumentality.
Keri is confident that, if she exceeds her sales quota for the year, she will be promoted to regional manager. This is an example of the ___ element of the expectancy theory.
Instrumentality.
Satisfaction, such as a feeling of accomplishment, that a person receives from performing a task is known as
Intrinsic reward
Focuses on 5 core job characteristics that affect the psych states of an employee, which in turn affect work outcomes?
Job characteristics model
2 means by which jobs are fitted to people
Job enlargement. Job enrichment.
Ethan's job as an accounting assistant was recently modified to include reconciling bank accounts & making deposits, tasks previously done by the accounting manager. This is
Job enrichment
Process of building into a job such motivating factors as recognition & achievement.
Job enrichment.
Motivation
Multiple contextual & personal factors create motivation. Can only be inferred from a person's behavior.
How does McClelland view needs?
Needs are something that we learn from our culture.
A supervisor continually reminds an employee--both in person & over email--about complying w/ a new procedure. the reminders are tiresome & annoying. When the employee finally starts complying w/ the procedure, the supervisor's emails & personal reminders stop happening.
Negative rein.
A behavior is more likely to be repeated in the future b/c a person is relieved of something that he does not enjoy when he engages in the behavior.
Negative reinforcement
Turning in your monthly expense report on time so that your supervisor will not nag you for it is an example of
Negative reinforcement
Incentive compensation plan
No one plan will boost the performance of all employees.
Which area of equity theory is concerned w/ the extent to which people believe they are being treated fairly at work?
Org justice.
When analyzing the pay scale of her staff, Nanci saw that several equivalent positions in the dept were paid at various rates. She felt that they needed to be balanced. Which aspect of equity theory is Nanci taking into consideration?
Outputs
Type of compensation plan ties employee pay to the # of job-relevant skills or academic degrees.
Pay for knowledge
Levi teaches 4th grade. He significantly increased his salary by earning a master's degree in education.
Pay for knowledge.
Tyler works for a large financial services firm. Each time he earns a prof certification in his field, he is rewarded w/ an increase in his salary.
Pay for knowledge.
Armando has a summer job hand-dyeing shirts that will be sold on the boardwalk. He is paid $5 per shirt.
Pay-for-performance.