MGT3110 Quiz 3

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Character

"If I (we) were to do this, what kind of person (group) would I (we) be becoming?"

transactional and transformational elements

Bass found that transformational leadership uses both:

Individualized Consideration

act as coaches or mentors who foster personal development

Emotions

also play a part in moral motivation

recognize the significance of authenticity, develop the four components of authenticity, foster authenticity in others

applications of authentic leadership

focus on followers, act as a steward, cultivate self-awareness, pursue elevating purposes

applications of servant leaderships

start small, employ the full range of leadership behaviors, recognize the universal appeal of transformational leadership

applications of transformational leadership

Moral Commitments

are at the heart of Burns's definition of transforming leadership

Transactional Leaders

are concerned with protecting their interests rather than in promoting the interests of the group

Transformational Leaders

are driven by duty; they are guided by universal ethical principles

Empathy and Perspective skills

are essential to the moral sensitivity component of moral action

Authentic Transformational LEaders

are motivated by altruism and marked by integrity; allow followers free choice, followers are viewed as ends in themselves

Anger, disgust, and contempt

are other-condemning emotions

sympathy and compassion

are other-suffering emotions

Pseudotransformational Leaders

are self-centered; they manipulate followers for their own goals

Shame, embarrassment, and guilt

are self-conscious emotions

Transformational

are transformational or transactional leaders more successful?

Ideas

argumentation is focused on ideas

Dual Process Perspective

based on the premise that both logic and emotion are essential to making good ethical choices

What will work in the world as it is?

be realistic rather than irrationally idealistic

Stewardship

being a servant leader means acting on behalf of others

set their moral principles aside

both self-interest and hypocrisy encourage leaders to...

Paying attention to our emotions

can be an important clue that we are faced with an ethical dilemma

Decision-making formats (or guidelines)

can help us make better ethical choices

overstates the importance of authenticity, equates authenticity with morality, differing interpretation of authentic behavior, authenticity can be defined as a personal characteristic or as a perception

cautions of authentic leadership

seems unrealistic, may not work in every context, poses the danger of serving the wrong cause or offering unwise service, the term servant carries a negative connotation

cautions of servant leadership

equating success with transformation, leader-centric, fosters dependency, offers no guarantee against unethical behavior

cautions of transformational leadership

Aggressive Verbal Tactics

competence attacks, character attacks, insults, teasing, ridicule, maledictions, profanity, physical appearance attacks, threats, nonverbal indicators that express hostility

Five Timeless Questions

compiled from ethical examples of teachings of history's great leaders and philosophers, such as Aristotle, Buddha, Confucius, Jesus, Machiavelli, and Sun Tzu

Truth

consider all the relevant facts, laws, policies, and standards

Moral Disengagement

convincing oneself something morally wrong is morally acceptable in a given instance

Four-Way Method

counteracts moral disengagement and partial moral disengagement

Systematic Appraoch

decision-making formats provide a...

Balanced Processing

described remaining objective when receiving information

Defining Issues Test

developed by Rest to measure moral development

What can I live with?

don't ignore your conscience and your gut (intuition)

Transactional Leaders

emphasize instrumental values, such as responsibility, fairness, and honesty, which make routine interaction go smoothly

Formats

encourage teams individuals to carefully define the problem, gather information, apply ethical standards and values, identify and evaluate alternative courses of action, and follow through on their choices

Self-Conscious Emotions

encourage us to obey the rules and uphold the social order

Active Transactional Leaders

engage in contingent reward and management-by-exception

Moral Sensitivity (judgement), Moral Judgement, Moral Focus (motivation), Moral Commitment

ethical action is the result of four psychological subprocesses:

overestimating our ethicality, forgiving our own unethical behavior, in-group favoritism, implicit prejudice, judging based on outcomes, not the process

ethical blind spots

the choice of tactics, the distribution of benefits, the impact of the settlement on those who are not at the bargaining table

ethical issues in negotiation generally fall into three categories:

Cognitive and emotional

ethical thinking activates both _______________________ areas of the brain

Joy and Happiness

examples of positive emotions

Taking the easy way out, lust, greediness

examples of self-interested behavior

Descriptive Theories

explain how leaders act

Stewardship, Obligation, Partnership, Emotional healing, Elevating purpose

five concepts that appear to be central to servant leadership

Partial Disengagement

focusing only on the morally acceptable aspects of something that is morally wrong overall

Education

fosters moral reasoning

Self-awareness, balanced processing, internalized moral perspective, relational transparency

four components of authenticity

Triple Bottom Line Accounting

frames issues in social, environmental, and economic terms

Output

high performers are given more opportunities to speak

Social Intuitionist Model

highlight the role that intuition and social norms play in moral determinations

Advantages of the Foursquare Protocol

highlights the importance of justice and fairness, applies broad principles to individual situations, situates the decision maker, recognizes the influence of self-interest, incorporates both intuition and reason

Age and Education

hundreds of studies using the DIT reveal that moral reasoning generally increases with ________________

Other personal characteristics

in addition to virtues, _________________ contribute to moral action

What are my core obligations?

in my specific role and as a citizen

Leaders

influence followers to pursue the group's goal

Negotiation

involves influencing those who actively disagree, the goal is to reach a settlement that satisfies both sides, leaders of all kinds engage in this

Verbal Aggressiveness

is hostile communication that attacks the self-concepts of others instead of issues

Relational Transparency

is presenting the authentic self to others, openly expressing true thoughts and feelings appropriate for the situation

Advantages of Lonergan/Baird Method

is widely used, emphasizes the importance of paying attention and gathering data, incorporates ethical principles, reason, and emotion, recognizes the importance of follow-through

Utilitarian Approach

judging the morality of actions based on their outcomes

Fairness

justice ethical analysis

Argumentation

leaders generally rely on arguments when they want to influence others who take a different side on controversial issues

Feedback

leaders give more frequent positive feedback when they have high expectations of followers

Unethical Influence Attempts

leaders must resist these

Physical appearance, similarity, compliments, contact and cooperation, association

liking is based on:

Social Proof

looking at others to determine how we should behave, uncertainty increases the impact of this, bystander effect, recognize counterfeit evidence of this

Task-Oriented Functions

making plans, adapting to changes, solving problems

Task-oriented

making plans, adapting to changes, solving problems

Self-awareness

means being conscious of, and trusting in, our motives, desires, feelings, and self-concept

Self-Interested Behavior

moral disengagement allows...

Inspirational Motivation

motivate by providing meaning and challenge to the tasks of followers, and they arouse team spirit

Should Lead

not all leaders are managers, but all managers _____________

Authority

obeying this allows organizations, communities, and societies to coordinate their activities, we often comply with the appearance of authority, not real authority, consider credentials and the relevance of those credentials

Consistent

once we make a commitment, no matter how minor, we want to remain _____________

turning down the initial favor

one way to resist the power of reciprocity is by...

Other-Praising (Positive) Emotions

open us up to new opportunities and relationships

gratitude, awe, and elevation

other-praising (positive) emotions

Moral Hypocrisy

others never intend to follow an ethical course of action but engage in _____________ instead

Disadvantages of Lonergan/Baird Method

overlooks may other types of ethical conflicts, used as a tool rather than as part of an ongoing process

Raise, Promotions, Public Recognition, and other means for doing so

people are more likely to give ethical values top priority when rewarded through...

Managers

plan, organize, lead and control

Contextual Variables

play an important role in shaping ethical behavior

encouraging members to adopt more sophisticated ethical schemas

principled leaders can boost the moral judgement of a group by...

separate the people from the problem, focus on interests, not positions, invent options for mutual gain, insist on objective criteria

principled negotiation model of problem solving:

sympathy, disgust, guilt, and other moral emotions

prompt us to take actions

Authentic Leadership

proponents of this identify authenticity as the "root construct" or principle underlying all forms of positive leadership, this practice leads to sustainable (long-term) and veritable (ethically sound) organizational performance

Models of Cognitive Development

provide important insights into the process of ethical decision making

Self-Interest and Hypocrisy

psychologists report that _______________ undermine moral motivation

Tactics for gaining compliance

rational persuasion, apprising, inspiration appeals, consultation, collaboration, ingratiation, personal appeals, exchange, coalition tactics, legitimizing tactics, pressure

Moral Sensitivity (Recognition)

recognizing the presence of an ethical issue

Consistency

reduces the need for careful thought, and reduces the likelihood of regret or dissonance after making a decision

Internalized Moral Perspective

refers to regulating our behavior according to our internal standards and values, not according to what others say

Input

refers to the attention and focus given to followers

Pygmalion Effect

self-fulfilling prophecy names after the prince in Greek mythology, acknowledges that we tend to live up to the expectation others place on us, as in leaders' impact on followers

Elevating purpose

servant leaders also serve worthy missions, ideas, and causes

Emotional Healing

servant leaders help followers and organizations recover from disappointment, trauma, hardship, and broken relationships

Obligation

servant leaders take their obligations or responsibilities seriously

Partnership

servant leaders view followers as partners, not subordinates

Overpowered

sometimes individuals want to do the right thing but their integrity can be " "

Communication of Expectations

strategies for improving organization-wide performance should focus on building follower sefl-efficacy and self-confidence

Competence

successful implementation also requires....

Positive emotions

such as joy and happiness make people more optimistic and more likely to live our their moral choices and to help others

Relationship-oriented

supporting, motivating and developing followers

Relationship-oriented functions

supporting, motivating and developing followers

Normative Theories

tell leaders how they ought to act

Truth, Consequences, Fairness, Character

the Four-Way Method

Servant Leadership

the basic premise is that leaders should put the needs of the followers before their own needs, they are less likely to cast shadows by taking advantage of the trust of followers, act inconsistently, or accumulating money and power

Framing

the context leaders choose for presenting an issue to be considered can influence the way follower think about the issue

Golem Effect

the idea that negative expectation can lower performance

Reciprocation (Give and Take)

the obligation to repay others-is an universal norm of human society that encourages cooperation

Courage, Prudence, Integrity, Humility, Reverence, Optimism, Compassion

the positive character traits contribute to ethical follow-through

long lasting

the power of reciprocation is...

Disastrous Decisions

the reciprocity norm can lead...

Climate

the social and emotional atmospheres leaders create for followers

Idealized Influence

they become role models for followers and put followers' needs above their own

Moral Judgement

this has generated more research than other components of Rest's model. Harvard psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg argued that individuals progress through a series of moral stages just as they do physical ones. He identified three levels of moral development, each divided into two stages

Broader Perspective

this is better. consider the needs and viewpoints of others outside your immediate group or organization

Scarcity

this principle is based on the notion that when opportunities are less available, they appear more valuable, this principle is most influential when items or information are newly scarce, we find it hard to resist

Executing the plan of action

this takes character

Controlling

transactional leaders are more likely to be _______________

Utilitarian Approach

transactional leaders take an _______________

Altruistic

transformational leaders are __________

Liberty, equality, and justice

transformational leaders focus on terminal values such as...

Intellectual Stimulation

transformational leaders stimulate innovation and creativity

Disadvantages of the Foursquare Protocol

undervalues other important ethical values and principles, hard to recognize what is relevant and significant and what is not, self-interest may still influence our decisions

Transformational Leader

uses the active elements of the transactional approach (contingent reward and management-by-exception) along with idealized influence, inspiration motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration

Consequences

utilitarian ethical analysis

Passive-avoidant or laissez-faire leaders

wait for problems to arise before taking action, or they avoid any action at all

Liking

we are more likely to comply with the requests of people we like

Ethical Sensitivity

we can take steps to enhance our ____________________

employing our feelings

we can't make good ethical choices without...

Ethical Fading

we may even deceive ourselves into thinking that we are acting morally when we are clearly not, a process called ___________________

Preconventional Thinking, Conventional Thinking, Postconventional or Principled Reasoning

what are Kohlberg's three levels of Moral Development?

What are the net consequences? What are my core obligations? What will work in the world as it is? Who are we? What can I live with?

what are the five timeliness questions

Climate, Feedback, Input, Output

what are the four channels leaders use to signal high or low expectancies

Task and Relationship Oriented

what are the two leadership functions

Preconventional Thinking

what is Level I of Kohlberg's Three Levels of Moral Development?

Conventional Thinking

what is Level II of Kohlberg's Three Levels of Moral Development?

Postconventional or Principles Reasoning

what is Level III of Kohlberg's Three Levels of Moral Development?

Gather Data

what is protocol element 1 of the Foursquare Protocol?

Examine reactions to past decisions

what is protocol element 2 of the foursquare protocol?

gauge similarities with past decision

what is protocol element 3 of the foursquare protocol?

analyze your decision-making process

what is protocol element 4 of the foursquare protocol?

be attentive-consider what works and what doesn't

what is step 1 of the lonergan/baird method?

be intelligent-sort through the data

what is step 2 of the lonergan/baird method?

be reasonable-evaluate the options

what is step 3 of the lonergan/baird method?

be responsible-act with courage

what is step 4 of the lonergan/baird method?

Moral Sensitivity (Recognition)

what is the first step in ethical decision making because we can't solve a moral problem unless we first know that one exists

Moral Action

what was the end product that James Rest started with when determining the steps to produce such behaviors

Who are we?

which option best reinforces desirable norms and values?

What are the net, net consequences?

Utilitarianism


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