MGT3110 Quiz 3
Character
"If I (we) were to do this, what kind of person (group) would I (we) be becoming?"
transactional and transformational elements
Bass found that transformational leadership uses both:
Individualized Consideration
act as coaches or mentors who foster personal development
Emotions
also play a part in moral motivation
recognize the significance of authenticity, develop the four components of authenticity, foster authenticity in others
applications of authentic leadership
focus on followers, act as a steward, cultivate self-awareness, pursue elevating purposes
applications of servant leaderships
start small, employ the full range of leadership behaviors, recognize the universal appeal of transformational leadership
applications of transformational leadership
Moral Commitments
are at the heart of Burns's definition of transforming leadership
Transactional Leaders
are concerned with protecting their interests rather than in promoting the interests of the group
Transformational Leaders
are driven by duty; they are guided by universal ethical principles
Empathy and Perspective skills
are essential to the moral sensitivity component of moral action
Authentic Transformational LEaders
are motivated by altruism and marked by integrity; allow followers free choice, followers are viewed as ends in themselves
Anger, disgust, and contempt
are other-condemning emotions
sympathy and compassion
are other-suffering emotions
Pseudotransformational Leaders
are self-centered; they manipulate followers for their own goals
Shame, embarrassment, and guilt
are self-conscious emotions
Transformational
are transformational or transactional leaders more successful?
Ideas
argumentation is focused on ideas
Dual Process Perspective
based on the premise that both logic and emotion are essential to making good ethical choices
What will work in the world as it is?
be realistic rather than irrationally idealistic
Stewardship
being a servant leader means acting on behalf of others
set their moral principles aside
both self-interest and hypocrisy encourage leaders to...
Paying attention to our emotions
can be an important clue that we are faced with an ethical dilemma
Decision-making formats (or guidelines)
can help us make better ethical choices
overstates the importance of authenticity, equates authenticity with morality, differing interpretation of authentic behavior, authenticity can be defined as a personal characteristic or as a perception
cautions of authentic leadership
seems unrealistic, may not work in every context, poses the danger of serving the wrong cause or offering unwise service, the term servant carries a negative connotation
cautions of servant leadership
equating success with transformation, leader-centric, fosters dependency, offers no guarantee against unethical behavior
cautions of transformational leadership
Aggressive Verbal Tactics
competence attacks, character attacks, insults, teasing, ridicule, maledictions, profanity, physical appearance attacks, threats, nonverbal indicators that express hostility
Five Timeless Questions
compiled from ethical examples of teachings of history's great leaders and philosophers, such as Aristotle, Buddha, Confucius, Jesus, Machiavelli, and Sun Tzu
Truth
consider all the relevant facts, laws, policies, and standards
Moral Disengagement
convincing oneself something morally wrong is morally acceptable in a given instance
Four-Way Method
counteracts moral disengagement and partial moral disengagement
Systematic Appraoch
decision-making formats provide a...
Balanced Processing
described remaining objective when receiving information
Defining Issues Test
developed by Rest to measure moral development
What can I live with?
don't ignore your conscience and your gut (intuition)
Transactional Leaders
emphasize instrumental values, such as responsibility, fairness, and honesty, which make routine interaction go smoothly
Formats
encourage teams individuals to carefully define the problem, gather information, apply ethical standards and values, identify and evaluate alternative courses of action, and follow through on their choices
Self-Conscious Emotions
encourage us to obey the rules and uphold the social order
Active Transactional Leaders
engage in contingent reward and management-by-exception
Moral Sensitivity (judgement), Moral Judgement, Moral Focus (motivation), Moral Commitment
ethical action is the result of four psychological subprocesses:
overestimating our ethicality, forgiving our own unethical behavior, in-group favoritism, implicit prejudice, judging based on outcomes, not the process
ethical blind spots
the choice of tactics, the distribution of benefits, the impact of the settlement on those who are not at the bargaining table
ethical issues in negotiation generally fall into three categories:
Cognitive and emotional
ethical thinking activates both _______________________ areas of the brain
Joy and Happiness
examples of positive emotions
Taking the easy way out, lust, greediness
examples of self-interested behavior
Descriptive Theories
explain how leaders act
Stewardship, Obligation, Partnership, Emotional healing, Elevating purpose
five concepts that appear to be central to servant leadership
Partial Disengagement
focusing only on the morally acceptable aspects of something that is morally wrong overall
Education
fosters moral reasoning
Self-awareness, balanced processing, internalized moral perspective, relational transparency
four components of authenticity
Triple Bottom Line Accounting
frames issues in social, environmental, and economic terms
Output
high performers are given more opportunities to speak
Social Intuitionist Model
highlight the role that intuition and social norms play in moral determinations
Advantages of the Foursquare Protocol
highlights the importance of justice and fairness, applies broad principles to individual situations, situates the decision maker, recognizes the influence of self-interest, incorporates both intuition and reason
Age and Education
hundreds of studies using the DIT reveal that moral reasoning generally increases with ________________
Other personal characteristics
in addition to virtues, _________________ contribute to moral action
What are my core obligations?
in my specific role and as a citizen
Leaders
influence followers to pursue the group's goal
Negotiation
involves influencing those who actively disagree, the goal is to reach a settlement that satisfies both sides, leaders of all kinds engage in this
Verbal Aggressiveness
is hostile communication that attacks the self-concepts of others instead of issues
Relational Transparency
is presenting the authentic self to others, openly expressing true thoughts and feelings appropriate for the situation
Advantages of Lonergan/Baird Method
is widely used, emphasizes the importance of paying attention and gathering data, incorporates ethical principles, reason, and emotion, recognizes the importance of follow-through
Utilitarian Approach
judging the morality of actions based on their outcomes
Fairness
justice ethical analysis
Argumentation
leaders generally rely on arguments when they want to influence others who take a different side on controversial issues
Feedback
leaders give more frequent positive feedback when they have high expectations of followers
Unethical Influence Attempts
leaders must resist these
Physical appearance, similarity, compliments, contact and cooperation, association
liking is based on:
Social Proof
looking at others to determine how we should behave, uncertainty increases the impact of this, bystander effect, recognize counterfeit evidence of this
Task-Oriented Functions
making plans, adapting to changes, solving problems
Task-oriented
making plans, adapting to changes, solving problems
Self-awareness
means being conscious of, and trusting in, our motives, desires, feelings, and self-concept
Self-Interested Behavior
moral disengagement allows...
Inspirational Motivation
motivate by providing meaning and challenge to the tasks of followers, and they arouse team spirit
Should Lead
not all leaders are managers, but all managers _____________
Authority
obeying this allows organizations, communities, and societies to coordinate their activities, we often comply with the appearance of authority, not real authority, consider credentials and the relevance of those credentials
Consistent
once we make a commitment, no matter how minor, we want to remain _____________
turning down the initial favor
one way to resist the power of reciprocity is by...
Other-Praising (Positive) Emotions
open us up to new opportunities and relationships
gratitude, awe, and elevation
other-praising (positive) emotions
Moral Hypocrisy
others never intend to follow an ethical course of action but engage in _____________ instead
Disadvantages of Lonergan/Baird Method
overlooks may other types of ethical conflicts, used as a tool rather than as part of an ongoing process
Raise, Promotions, Public Recognition, and other means for doing so
people are more likely to give ethical values top priority when rewarded through...
Managers
plan, organize, lead and control
Contextual Variables
play an important role in shaping ethical behavior
encouraging members to adopt more sophisticated ethical schemas
principled leaders can boost the moral judgement of a group by...
separate the people from the problem, focus on interests, not positions, invent options for mutual gain, insist on objective criteria
principled negotiation model of problem solving:
sympathy, disgust, guilt, and other moral emotions
prompt us to take actions
Authentic Leadership
proponents of this identify authenticity as the "root construct" or principle underlying all forms of positive leadership, this practice leads to sustainable (long-term) and veritable (ethically sound) organizational performance
Models of Cognitive Development
provide important insights into the process of ethical decision making
Self-Interest and Hypocrisy
psychologists report that _______________ undermine moral motivation
Tactics for gaining compliance
rational persuasion, apprising, inspiration appeals, consultation, collaboration, ingratiation, personal appeals, exchange, coalition tactics, legitimizing tactics, pressure
Moral Sensitivity (Recognition)
recognizing the presence of an ethical issue
Consistency
reduces the need for careful thought, and reduces the likelihood of regret or dissonance after making a decision
Internalized Moral Perspective
refers to regulating our behavior according to our internal standards and values, not according to what others say
Input
refers to the attention and focus given to followers
Pygmalion Effect
self-fulfilling prophecy names after the prince in Greek mythology, acknowledges that we tend to live up to the expectation others place on us, as in leaders' impact on followers
Elevating purpose
servant leaders also serve worthy missions, ideas, and causes
Emotional Healing
servant leaders help followers and organizations recover from disappointment, trauma, hardship, and broken relationships
Obligation
servant leaders take their obligations or responsibilities seriously
Partnership
servant leaders view followers as partners, not subordinates
Overpowered
sometimes individuals want to do the right thing but their integrity can be " "
Communication of Expectations
strategies for improving organization-wide performance should focus on building follower sefl-efficacy and self-confidence
Competence
successful implementation also requires....
Positive emotions
such as joy and happiness make people more optimistic and more likely to live our their moral choices and to help others
Relationship-oriented
supporting, motivating and developing followers
Relationship-oriented functions
supporting, motivating and developing followers
Normative Theories
tell leaders how they ought to act
Truth, Consequences, Fairness, Character
the Four-Way Method
Servant Leadership
the basic premise is that leaders should put the needs of the followers before their own needs, they are less likely to cast shadows by taking advantage of the trust of followers, act inconsistently, or accumulating money and power
Framing
the context leaders choose for presenting an issue to be considered can influence the way follower think about the issue
Golem Effect
the idea that negative expectation can lower performance
Reciprocation (Give and Take)
the obligation to repay others-is an universal norm of human society that encourages cooperation
Courage, Prudence, Integrity, Humility, Reverence, Optimism, Compassion
the positive character traits contribute to ethical follow-through
long lasting
the power of reciprocation is...
Disastrous Decisions
the reciprocity norm can lead...
Climate
the social and emotional atmospheres leaders create for followers
Idealized Influence
they become role models for followers and put followers' needs above their own
Moral Judgement
this has generated more research than other components of Rest's model. Harvard psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg argued that individuals progress through a series of moral stages just as they do physical ones. He identified three levels of moral development, each divided into two stages
Broader Perspective
this is better. consider the needs and viewpoints of others outside your immediate group or organization
Scarcity
this principle is based on the notion that when opportunities are less available, they appear more valuable, this principle is most influential when items or information are newly scarce, we find it hard to resist
Executing the plan of action
this takes character
Controlling
transactional leaders are more likely to be _______________
Utilitarian Approach
transactional leaders take an _______________
Altruistic
transformational leaders are __________
Liberty, equality, and justice
transformational leaders focus on terminal values such as...
Intellectual Stimulation
transformational leaders stimulate innovation and creativity
Disadvantages of the Foursquare Protocol
undervalues other important ethical values and principles, hard to recognize what is relevant and significant and what is not, self-interest may still influence our decisions
Transformational Leader
uses the active elements of the transactional approach (contingent reward and management-by-exception) along with idealized influence, inspiration motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration
Consequences
utilitarian ethical analysis
Passive-avoidant or laissez-faire leaders
wait for problems to arise before taking action, or they avoid any action at all
Liking
we are more likely to comply with the requests of people we like
Ethical Sensitivity
we can take steps to enhance our ____________________
employing our feelings
we can't make good ethical choices without...
Ethical Fading
we may even deceive ourselves into thinking that we are acting morally when we are clearly not, a process called ___________________
Preconventional Thinking, Conventional Thinking, Postconventional or Principled Reasoning
what are Kohlberg's three levels of Moral Development?
What are the net consequences? What are my core obligations? What will work in the world as it is? Who are we? What can I live with?
what are the five timeliness questions
Climate, Feedback, Input, Output
what are the four channels leaders use to signal high or low expectancies
Task and Relationship Oriented
what are the two leadership functions
Preconventional Thinking
what is Level I of Kohlberg's Three Levels of Moral Development?
Conventional Thinking
what is Level II of Kohlberg's Three Levels of Moral Development?
Postconventional or Principles Reasoning
what is Level III of Kohlberg's Three Levels of Moral Development?
Gather Data
what is protocol element 1 of the Foursquare Protocol?
Examine reactions to past decisions
what is protocol element 2 of the foursquare protocol?
gauge similarities with past decision
what is protocol element 3 of the foursquare protocol?
analyze your decision-making process
what is protocol element 4 of the foursquare protocol?
be attentive-consider what works and what doesn't
what is step 1 of the lonergan/baird method?
be intelligent-sort through the data
what is step 2 of the lonergan/baird method?
be reasonable-evaluate the options
what is step 3 of the lonergan/baird method?
be responsible-act with courage
what is step 4 of the lonergan/baird method?
Moral Sensitivity (Recognition)
what is the first step in ethical decision making because we can't solve a moral problem unless we first know that one exists
Moral Action
what was the end product that James Rest started with when determining the steps to produce such behaviors
Who are we?
which option best reinforces desirable norms and values?
What are the net, net consequences?
Utilitarianism