Micro Chapter 15
Disease is constantly present in a specific population of a particular geographic area but both the number of cases and the severity remain too low to constitute a public health problem. term-18
Define Endemic
An infection caused by opportunistic microorganisms already present in the body, the patient's own normal microflora
Define Endogenous Infection
a disease suddenly has a higher-than-normal incidence in a population over a short period of time. Then the morbidity rate or the mortality rate or both become high enough to pose a public health problem.
Define Epidemic
the study of factors and mechanisms involved in the frequency and spread of diseases and other health-related problems within a population
Define Epidemiology
An infection caused by microorganisms that enter the body from the environment
Define Exogenous Infection
The proportion of individuals in a population who are immune to a particular disease
Define Herd Immunity
a disease transferred by nonliving objects that can harbor and transmit an infectious agent
Define Indirect Contact Transmission
Insects act as mechanical vectors when they transmit pathogens passively on their feet and body parts.
Define Mechanical tranmission
How a pathogen is transmitted from a reservoir or portal of exit to a portal of entry
Define Modes of Transmission
the number of individuals affected by a disease during a set period in relation to the total number in the population. (Cases per 100,000 people per year)
Define Morbidity rate
the number of deaths due to a disease in a population during a specific period in relation to the total population. (Deaths per 100,000 people per year)
Define Mortality rate
An infection acquired in a hospital or other medical facility
Define Nosocomial Infections.
A pandemic occurs when an epidemic spreads worldwide.
Define Pandemic
A sporadic disease occurs in a random and unpredictable manner, involving several isolated cases that pose no great threat to the population as a whole.
Define Sporadic
vectors are living organisms that transmit disease to humans
Define Vector transmission
A nonliving carrier of an infectious agent from its reservoir to a susceptible host.
Define Vehicle Transmission
Diseases that can be transmitted under natural conditions to from animal to humans
Define Zoonoses
An individual with reduced resistance, being more susceptible to infection
Define a Compromised Host
A site at which microorganisms can gain access to body tissues
Define a portal of entry
A site at which microorganisms can leave the body
Define a portal of exit
Houseflies land on fecal matter then they land on human food, they can deposit pathogens in the process.
Give an example of mechanical transmission
Cholera, giardia, cryptosporidium
Give an example of waterborne transmission
Rabies
Give an example of zoonoses
requires person-to-person body contact
Define Direct Contact Transmission
Contact transmission of disease through small liquid droplets that occurs when a person coughs, sneezes, or speaks near others. Travels less than 1 meter
Define Droplet Transmission
Diphtheria in Russia post Soviet Block
Give an example of an epidemic
biological vectors transmit pathogens actively, the infectious agent must complete part of its life cycle in the vector
Define Biological transmission
individuals who harbor an infectious agent without having any observable clinical signs or symptoms.
Define Carriers
A mode of disease transmission effected directly, indirectly, or by droplets
Define Contact Transmission
malaria and schistosomiasis
Give an example of biological transmission
histoplasmosis
Give an example of Airborne transmission
common cold
Give an example of Direct Contact Transmission
syphilis, ghonorea, genital warts
Give an example of Direct Contact Transmission
botulism, tapeworms, hep A
Give an example of Foodborne transmission
tetanus
Give an example of Indirect Contact Transmission
Typhoid Mary
Give an example of a carrier
the swine flu in 1918 and 2009
Give an example of a pandemic
Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) is a sporadic disease in the Americas
Give an example of a sporadic disease
Chickenpox
Give an example of an endemic
Sites in where organisms can persist and maintain their ability to infect are essential for new human infections to occur.
Reservoirs of Infection
Urinary Tract infections
What is the #1 cause of nosocomial infections?
With airborne transmission particles must travel over 1 meter
What is the difference between droplet transmission and airborne transmission.
E. coli, Entercoccus, S. aureus, & Pseudomonas
What three bacteria are responsible for 50% of nosocomial infections?
