Micro Chapter 15

Disease is constantly present in a specific population of a particular geographic area but both the number of cases and the severity remain too low to constitute a public health problem. term-18

Define Endemic

An infection caused by opportunistic microorganisms already present in the body, the patient's own normal microflora

Define Endogenous Infection

a disease suddenly has a higher-than-normal incidence in a population over a short period of time. Then the morbidity rate or the mortality rate or both become high enough to pose a public health problem.

Define Epidemic

the study of factors and mechanisms involved in the frequency and spread of diseases and other health-related problems within a population

Define Epidemiology

An infection caused by microorganisms that enter the body from the environment

Define Exogenous Infection

The proportion of individuals in a population who are immune to a particular disease

Define Herd Immunity

a disease transferred by nonliving objects that can harbor and transmit an infectious agent

Define Indirect Contact Transmission

Insects act as mechanical vectors when they transmit pathogens passively on their feet and body parts.

Define Mechanical tranmission

How a pathogen is transmitted from a reservoir or portal of exit to a portal of entry

Define Modes of Transmission

the number of individuals affected by a disease during a set period in relation to the total number in the population. (Cases per 100,000 people per year)

Define Morbidity rate

the number of deaths due to a disease in a population during a specific period in relation to the total population. (Deaths per 100,000 people per year)

Define Mortality rate

An infection acquired in a hospital or other medical facility

Define Nosocomial Infections.

A pandemic occurs when an epidemic spreads worldwide.

Define Pandemic

A sporadic disease occurs in a random and unpredictable manner, involving several isolated cases that pose no great threat to the population as a whole.

Define Sporadic

vectors are living organisms that transmit disease to humans

Define Vector transmission

A nonliving carrier of an infectious agent from its reservoir to a susceptible host.

Define Vehicle Transmission

Diseases that can be transmitted under natural conditions to from animal to humans

Define Zoonoses

An individual with reduced resistance, being more susceptible to infection

Define a Compromised Host

A site at which microorganisms can gain access to body tissues

Define a portal of entry

A site at which microorganisms can leave the body

Define a portal of exit

Houseflies land on fecal matter then they land on human food, they can deposit pathogens in the process.

Give an example of mechanical transmission

Cholera, giardia, cryptosporidium

Give an example of waterborne transmission

Rabies

Give an example of zoonoses

requires person-to-person body contact

Define Direct Contact Transmission

Contact transmission of disease through small liquid droplets that occurs when a person coughs, sneezes, or speaks near others. Travels less than 1 meter

Define Droplet Transmission

Diphtheria in Russia post Soviet Block

Give an example of an epidemic

biological vectors transmit pathogens actively, the infectious agent must complete part of its life cycle in the vector

Define Biological transmission

individuals who harbor an infectious agent without having any observable clinical signs or symptoms.

Define Carriers

A mode of disease transmission effected directly, indirectly, or by droplets

Define Contact Transmission

malaria and schistosomiasis

Give an example of biological transmission

histoplasmosis

Give an example of Airborne transmission

common cold

Give an example of Direct Contact Transmission

syphilis, ghonorea, genital warts

Give an example of Direct Contact Transmission

botulism, tapeworms, hep A

Give an example of Foodborne transmission

tetanus

Give an example of Indirect Contact Transmission

Typhoid Mary

Give an example of a carrier

the swine flu in 1918 and 2009

Give an example of a pandemic

Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) is a sporadic disease in the Americas

Give an example of a sporadic disease

Chickenpox

Give an example of an endemic

Sites in where organisms can persist and maintain their ability to infect are essential for new human infections to occur.

Reservoirs of Infection

Urinary Tract infections

What is the #1 cause of nosocomial infections?

With airborne transmission particles must travel over 1 meter

What is the difference between droplet transmission and airborne transmission.

E. coli, Entercoccus, S. aureus, & Pseudomonas

What three bacteria are responsible for 50% of nosocomial infections?