Microbiology: Ch 13 Smartbook

Put the stages of infection in order starting with the first stage at the top.

1. incubation 2. prodrome 3. acute period 4. convalescent period

he microbe that causes an infection or disease is most commonly referred to as the _____, or causative, agent.

Blank 1: etiologic or etiological

Which of the following are examples of localized infections? Multiple select question. Boils Tineas Measles Scarlet fever Warts Anthrax Chickenpox

Boils Tineas Warts

Which of the following is NOT a portal of entry? Multiple choice question. Circulatory system Gastrointestinal tract Respiratory system Skin Urogenital tract

Circulatory system

Which of the following is NOT a portal of entry? Multiple choice question. Respiratory system Urogenital tract Skin Circulatory system Gastrointestinal tract

Circulatory system

Which of the following is NOT a typical effect of exotoxins on target cells? Multiple choice question. Digesting the principle fibers of connective tissue Initiate lysis of the cell Damage the cell membrane Disrupt intracellular functions such as protein synthesis

Digesting the principle fibers of connective tissue

In what ways do exotoxins usually affect host cells? Multiple select question. Digesting intracellular fibers Disrupting intracellular function Causing lysis of cell Dissolving the cell cement Damaging the cell membrane

Disrupting intracellular function Causing lysis of cell Damaging the cell membrane

______ or septic shock is characterized as by massive drop in blood pressure that can result from the release of LPS in gram-negative infections. Multiple choice question. Exotoxic Toxoid Endotoxic Hemolytic

Endotoxic

In most cases, pathogens leave the host via the portal of exit through: Multiple select question. Adhesion Filtration Excretion Discharge Sloughing Secretion Diffusion

Excretion Discharge Sloughing Secretion

Endotoxin causes a variety of systemic effects, including ______. Multiple select question. Fatal shock condition Airway constriction Increased blood pressure Inflammation Fever Diarrhea Hemorrhage

Fatal shock condition Inflammation Fever Diarrhea Hemorrhage

Which of the following structures are used by microbes to adhere to their host? Multiple select question. Slime layer Surface proteins Capsule Fimbriae Lysosomes Actin skeleton Spike Flagella

Fimbriae Surface proteins Slime layer Capsule Spike

The main portals of entry include ______. Multiple select question. Gastrointestinal tract Skin Lymphatic vessels Bloodstream Respiratory tract Urogenital tract

Gastrointestinal tract Skin Respiratory tract Urogenital tract

LPS is found in which type of bacterial cells? Multiple choice question. Gram-negative Acid-fast L-forms Gram-positive Mycoplasmas

Gram-negative

Which of the following are signs (not symptoms) of inflammation? Multiple select question. Granulomas Pain Edema Lymphadenitis Abscesses Soreness

Granulomas Edema Lymphadenitis Abscesses

Which of the following is NOT a systemic effect of endotoxin release? Multiple choice question. Increased blood pressure Inflammation Hemorrhage Fatal shock condition Diarrhea Fever

Increased blood pressure

_____ is a nonspecific response to tissue injury or infection that protects the host from further damage.

Inflammation

______ is poisoning that results from the introduction of a toxin into body tissues through ingestion or injection. Multiple choice question. Septicemia Toxigenicity Bacteremia Intoxication Toxemia

Intoxication

Which of the following exoenzymes is responsible for breaking down the protein in the outermost skin cells? Multiple choice question. Mucinase Collagenase Streptokinase Hyaluronidase Coagulase Keratinase

Keratinase

Which of the following is the substance referred to as endotoxin? Multiple choice question. Staphylokinase Streptolysin Hemolysin Lipopolysaccharide Collagenase Coagulase

Lipopolysaccharide

Where is lipopolysaccharide (LPS) located in bacterial cells? Multiple choice question. Cell membrane (plasma membrane) Outer membrane Cytoplasm Periplasmic space Flagella

Outer membrane

When a microbe that is not part of the normal biota enters the body, it is likely to first encounter which type of host defense? Multiple choice question. Phagocytes Lymphocytes Complement Antibodies Pyrogens

Phagocytes

Which of the following are white blood cells that are capable of engulfing other cells and particles? Multiple choice question. Eosinophils Erythrocytes Phagocytes Pathogens

Phagocytes

Infectious agents can travel to their targets through: Multiple select question. The bloodstream Cerebrospinal fluid Nerves The lymph Thickened mucus Muscles

The bloodstream Cerebrospinal fluid Nerves The lymph

Why must some pathogens spread from their initial site of entry? Multiple choice question. They need nourishment from intestine to produce toxins They have to multiply in the bloodstream The nutrients in one area are depleted Their target tissue is a distance from entry portal

Their target tissue is a distance from entry portal

_____ is the ability of an organism to produce toxins.

Toxigenicity

______ are diseases caused by toxins produced by other organisms.

Toxinoses

Which of the following are examples of systemic infections, or those that spread to several sites and tissue fluids, usually in the bloodstream? Multiple select question. An infected cut Typhoid fever AIDS infection A boil A wart

Typhoid fever AIDS infection

_____ factors are adaptations that allow a pathogen to cause infection in a host.

Virulence

Which two of the following statements regarding virulence factors are correct? Multiple select question. Virulence factors are limited to structures used for attachment to the host. Virulence factors are microbial adaptations used to invade and establish in the host. Virulence factors determine the degree of tissue damage that occurs. Pathogens all contain a host of virulence factors that act in concert to cause infection.

Virulence factors are microbial adaptations used to invade and establish in the host. Virulence factors determine the degree of tissue damage that occurs.

A(n) ______ is an inflamed, fibrous lesion enclosing a core of pus. Multiple choice question. necrosis bubo edema lymphadenitis abscess

abscess

A walled-off collection of inflammatory cells and microbes is called a(n)_____ .

abscess or granuloma

A(n) _____ infection is characterized by a rapid onset and short duration. Multiple choice question. focal chronic primary systemic acute

acute

The process by which microbes gain a more stable foothold at the portal of entry through interaction of their molecules with host cell receptors is called ______. Multiple choice question. opsonization adhesion fusion attachment

adhesion

The spread of endospores in the US in 2001 was declared an act of bioterrorism when cases of _____ suddenly increased within the human population.

anthrax

A(n) ______ infection is characterized as an infection that progresses and persists over a long period of time. Multiple choice question. acute chronic primary systemic focal

chronic

A disease is considered _____ when the infectious agent can be transmitted from infected host to new host.

communicable

The suffix -osis means ______. Multiple choice question. disease inflammation blood tumor

disease

Toxinoses are Blank______. Multiple choice question. diseases caused by toxins produced by other organisms especially deadly toxic substances produced by parasites a third class of toxins, along with endotoxins and exotoxins

diseases caused by toxins produced by other organisms

The accumulation of excess fluids in afflicted tissues and serous cavities is called ______. Multiple choice question. granuloma lymphadenitis abscess edema necrosis

edema

The massive drop in blood pressure that can result from the release of LPS in Gram-negative infections is called _____ shock.

endotoxic, septic, bacteremic, or toxic

A bacterial toxin that is not ordinarily released but instead is an integral part of gram-negative cell walls is called a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. endotoxin exoenzyme exotoxin toxoid enterotoxins

endotoxin

An ______ asks who, when, where, how, why, and what about diseases; the outcome of these studies helps public health agencies develop prevention and treatment programs.

epidemiologist

The study of the frequency and distribution of disease and other health-related factors in human populations is called ______. Multiple choice question. pathology epidemiology surveillance microbiology virology

epidemiology

The agent that causes an infection and disease is most commonly referred to as the ______ agent. Multiple choice question. epidemiology etiologic viral communicable

etiologic

A(n) _____ is an extracellular enzyme that may be involved in hydrolysis of nutrient macromolecules or damage to host tissues.

exoenzyme

A toxin that is secreted and acts upon a specific cellular target is called a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. toxoid endotoxin exoenzyme exotoxin

exotoxin

True or false: Common symptoms of inflammation include internal bleeding, high pulse rate, and increased respiratory rate.

false

An infection that occurs when a microbe breaks loose from a localized infection and is carried by the circulation to another tissue is called a(n) ______ infection. Multiple choice question. focal mixed systemic chronic secondary

focal

n cases like tuberculosis and streptococcal pharyngitis, the infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues, resulting in a _____ infection.

focal

An infection that develops while being treated at a hospital or medical facility is called a(n) _____- _____ infection.

healthcare associated

A(n) ______ is any biological agent that is capable of destroying red blood cells and causing the release of hemoglobin. Multiple choice question. coagulase cytolysin mucinase hemolysin kinase

hemolysin

Any biological agent that is capable of destroying red blood cells and causing the release of hemoglobin is referred to as a(n) _____.

hemolysin

A human plus all of its resident microbiota is a(n) _____.

holobiont

Which of the following is NOT a systemic effect of endotoxin release? Multiple choice question. Diarrhea Fever Inflammation Increased blood pressure Fatal shock condition Hemorrhage

increased blood pressure

The exoenzyme that digests the main protein component in skin and hair is called _____ .

keratinase

A state of inactive infection is called ______. Multiple choice question. source sequelae carrier reservoir latency

latency

When a virus persists inside the host in an inactive state, this is specifically referred to as .____

latency

A general term for the site of infection or disease is a(n) _____ .

lesion

A(n) Blank______ is a general term for the site of infection or disease. Multiple choice question. disease lesion infection sequela

lesion

The component of the gram-negative outer membrane called endotoxin is also known as _____.

lipopolysaccharide, LPS

A(n) ______ infection occurs when a microbe enters a specific tissue, infects it, and remains confined there. Multiple choice question. acute localized focal mixed systemic

localized

A(n) ______ infection occurs when a microbe enters a specific tissue, infects it, and remains confined there. Multiple choice question. mixed systemic acute localized focal

localized

Historically, scientists described the human "normal microbiota" as those organisms that could be cultured from the human body. This represents a significant underestimate because ______. Multiple choice question. bacteria can be counted easily, but fungi are more problematic it is unethical to use human tissue for culturing microbes many microbes cannot be cultured in the laboratory many microbes are resident only on a small portion of the population

many microbes cannot be cultured in the laboratory

A(n) ______ infection occurs when several infectious agents establish themselves simultaneously at the infection site. Multiple choice question. localized primary mixed systemic chronic

mixed

Because they are regularly polymicrobial, infections like gas gangrene, wound infections, dental caries, and human bites are usually _____ infections.

mixed

Infectious agents do NOT travel to their target tissue through ______. Multiple choice question. nerves the lymph the bloodstream muscles cerebrospinal fluid

muscles

Infectious agents do NOT travel to their target tissue through ______. Multiple choice question. the bloodstream nerves cerebrospinal fluid muscles the lymph

muscles

By law, a(n) _____ disease must be brought to the attention of local, district, state or national agencies by medical personnel aware of the condition.

notifiable or reportable

Lipopolysaccharide is located in the _____ _____ of the cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria.

outer membrane

Which is a NOT a sign of inflammation? Multiple choice question. Granulomas Edema Pain

pain

Which is a NOT a sign of inflammation? Multiple choice question. Granulomas Pain Edema

pain

Which of the following are symptoms (not signs) of inflammation? Multiple select question. Abscesses Pain Granulomas Lymphadenitis Soreness

pain soreness (fever and swelling too)

The relationship between a pathogen and its host is best described as ______. Multiple choice question. parasitic symbiotic commensal mutualistic

parasitic

Any biological agent that causes disease is called a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. carrier microbe pathogen vector

pathogen

The route through which a pathogen departs from the host organism is called the _____ of _____ .

portal exit

In a sequence of infections, the first infection that predisposes the patient to further infection is called the _____ infection.

primary

The term ______ infection is used to refer to the initial infection in a previously healthy individual, which can later be complicated by an additional infection caused by a different microbe. Multiple choice question. primary focal systemic localized secondary

primary

The term ______ infection is used to refer to the initial infection in a previously healthy individual, which can later be complicated by an additional infection caused by a different microbe. Multiple choice question. secondary systemic localized primary focal

primary

A(n) ______ disease is a disease that must be brought to the attention of local, district, state or national agencies by medical personnel aware of the condition. Multiple choice question. healthcare-associated infectious reportable epidemic noncommunicable zoonotic

reportable

A ______ is the primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen comes. Multiple choice question. reservoir carrier sequelae latency source

reservoir

A(n) _____ infection is an infection that occurs as a complication of a pre-existing one.

secondary

The term ______ infection refers to an additional infection, with a different microbe, that follows an initial infection. Multiple choice question. primary secondary systemic localized focal

secondary

A(n) ______ is any objective evidence of a disease that can be observed or measured by an observer. Multiple choice question. syndrome sign symptom

sign

A ______ is the individual or object from which an infection is actually acquired. Multiple choice question. reservoir latency carrier source sequelae

source

Any subjective evidence of disease that is sensed by the patient is called a(n) _______. Multiple choice question. symptom syndrome sign

symptom

A(n) _____ is a set of signs and symptoms that define a particular disease.

syndrome

The collection of signs and symptoms that when seen together indicate a particular disease is referred to as a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. cytopathology sequelae mixed infection syndrome

syndrome

A(n) ______ infection invades many compartments and organs via the bloodstream. Multiple choice question. acute mixed systemic focal localized

systemic

Prior to the Human Microbiome Project, scientists defined the human "normal microbiota" as the organisms ______. Multiple choice question. that transiently reside on the skin of the hands that colonize the skin and gut that could be cultured in the laboratory that will cause infections in most individuals

that could be cultured in the laboratory

The condition in which a toxin is spread throughout the bloodstream from the site of an infection is specifically called ______.

toxemia

The genetically-controlled characteristic that gives an organism the ability to produce toxins is referred to as ______. Multiple choice question. virulence toxigenicity pathogenicity

toxigenicity

A(n) _____ is a product of an organism that is poisonous to other organisms.

toxin

Microbes that do not colonize the human host, but instead are lost rapidly are referred to as

transients

Microbes that occupy the human body for only short periods are called ______. Multiple choice question. colonists commensals transients indigenous

transients

True or false: A disease is considered communicable when the infectious agent can be transmitted from infected host to new host and establish infection in that host.

true

True or false: A specific chemical product of microbes, plants, and some animals that is poisonous to other organisms is called a toxin.

true

True or false: An exoenzyme is an extracellular enzyme that may be involved in the breakdown of host defensive barriers or damage to host tissues.

true

True or false: The natural, nonspecific response to tissue injury or infection to protect the host from further damage is known as inflammation.

true

The suffix -oma means ______. Multiple choice question. tumor blood disease inflammation

tumor