Microbiology Chapter 5
Some protozoa have an additional layer outside the plasma membrane called a(n) BLANK
pellicle
Algae use a well known metabolic process called BLANK for the production of their food.
photosynthesis
What name is given to the clear outer layer of cytoplasm found in an amoeba?
Ectoplasm
Stacks of thylakoids are called ?
Grana
Which of the following eukaryotes are multicellular animals? Amoebas Fungi Algae Helminths
Helminths
Acquisition of nutrients from organic materials (substrates)
Heterotrophic
Choose the statement that correctly describes the major difference between bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes. -Bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes differ in the type of nucleic acid that makes up much of their structure. -Bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes differ in function. -Bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes differ in the number of subunits. -Bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes contain different types of nucleotides. -Bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes differ in size.
-Bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes differ in size.
In a helminthic infection, the organism where the helminth completes its life cycle as characterized by adulthood and mating is called the BLANK host.
definitive
The granular inner region of cytoplasm in protozoan cells is called BLANK
endoplasm
Which of the following statements represent evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory? Check all that apply. -The mitochondrion is capable of independent division. -The mitochondrion contains a circular chromosome that has bacterial DNA sequences. -The mitochondrion has ribosomes that are clearly prokaryotic. -Mitochondria have two-layered membranes. -Mitochondria and chloroplasts have the same function.
-The mitochondrion is capable of independent division. -The mitochondrion contains a circular chromosome that has bacterial DNA sequences. -The mitochondrion has ribosomes that are clearly prokaryotic. -Mitochondria have two-layered membranes.
Which of the following are considered to have relatively thick cell walls? Algae Fungi Protozoans Animals
Algae Fungi
Protozoans require their food in a complex _____ form.
organic
Most fungi ______. are free-living require a host have complex life cycles involving different hosts
are free-living
The endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane-bound series of sacs and tubules that function in BLANK production and BLANK storage. (hint: both are macromolecules)
protein, lipid
In both eukaryotes and bacterial cells, ribosomes are responsible for the synthesis of ______.
proteins
Both protozoans and algae are found in the Kingdom BLANK
protista
Some protozoa use amoeboid motion, but others rely on hairlike structures projecting from the cell that are called BLANK, or BLANK
cilia, flagella
In protozoa, the layer of the cytoplasm called the BLANK plays roles in locomotion, feeding, and protection.
ectoplasm
The BLANK is a membrane-bound series of tubules that function in transport and storage.
endoplasmic reticulum
The _____ flagellum is a long sheathed cylinder containing regularly spaced microtubules.
eukaryotic
The _____ flagellum is a long sheathed cylinder containing regularly spaced microtubules. bacterial archaeal eukaryotic
eukaryotic
A worm that has both male and female sex organs is said to be BLANK.
hermaphroditic
Mushrooms and puffballs are BLANK fungi because they are visible with the naked eye.
macroscopic
What name is given to the liquid fraction within protozoans that contains granular materials?
Endoplasm
In the United States, which of the following populations are much more likely to be affected by parasitic infections? Homosexual men Nursing home residents who are immunocompromised Immigrants from countries in which the parasites are prevalent Those living in impoverished communities Toddlers who attend day care
Immigrants from countries in which the parasites are prevalent Those living in impoverished communities
Long hollow tubes that maintain cell shape and help transport items within the cell
Microtubule
Which of the following organelles has both an inner and an outer membrane? Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi Lysosome Mitochondrion
Mitochondrion
Asexual spores, such as conidia, are formed by which process?
Mitosis
What type of helminth is a pinworm?
Roundworm
True or false: A majority of algae are photosynthetic.
True
True or false: Algae inhabit both marine and freshwater environments.
True
True or false: Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.
True
True or false: Fungi reproduce by means of sexual and asexual spore formation.
True
True or false: Many eukaryotic cells have a glycocalyx.
True
True or false: Most fungi are free-living and do not require a host.
True
True or false: Most protozoa are non-pathogenic, free-living inhabitants of water and soil.
True
True or false: The most critical environmental condition for protozoan survival is moisture levels.
True
True or false: Trophozoite formation typically occurs during "good living" conditions for protozoans. (examples: adequate moisture and food)
True
True or false: Within the kingdom Fungi, there are unicellular organisms and multicellular organisms.
True
Which of the following terms describes the unicellular form of a microscopic fungus? Yeast Mushroom Mold
Yeast NOT Mushroom Reason: Mushrooms are multicellular forms of macroscopic fungi. NOT Mold Reason: Molds are multicellular forms of microscopic fungi.
Fungi have the capacity to reproduce ______.
both sexually and asexually
In contrast to bacterial cell walls that contain peptidoglycan, eukaryotic cell walls are constructed of either ________.
chitin or cellulose
The BLANK is the organelle that is responsible for photosynthesis.
chloroplast
BLANK are large, condensed units within the nucleus that contain the genetic information of eukaryotic cells.
chromosomes
Asexual ______ are free fungal spores that develop by pinching off or by segmentation of hyphae. conidiospores endospores cysts sporangiospores Reason: Sporangiospores are formed within a saclike head.
conidiospores Not Sporangiospores: Sporangiospores are formed within a saclike head.
The BLANK is a flexible molecular framework throughout the cytoplasm that anchors organelles and permits shape changes in some cells.
cytoskeleton
In nutrient-poor conditions, a trophozoite cell rounds up into a sphere and its ectoplasm secretes a thick cuticle around the cell membrane. This process is called _____.
encystment
The BLANK theory is used to describe the origin of some eukaryotic organelles.
endosymbiosis
Microbes that are pathogenic to humans and animals are ______ in their requirement for pre-formed organic matter.
heterotrophic
Plants are (mainly) autotrophs and fungi are BLANK
heterotrophs
Most protozoa ______. exhibit a parasitic lifestyle are photosynthetic live among others in a colony live as solitary singled-celled organisms
live as solitary singled-celled organisms
The BLANK is a membrane-bound organelle derived from the Golgi that contains digestive enzymes and can provide protection against invading organisms.
lysosome
The study of organisms that derive nourishment and protection from other living organisms, harming these hosts in the process, is known as ______. saprology parasitology microbiology symbiotology pathogenology
parasitology
Amoeba move by extending their cytoplasm to form a(n) BLANK or "false foot."
pseudopod
The major difference between bacterial and eukaryotic cytoplasmic membranes is the presence of ______, which are molecules that are typically found in eukaryotic cytoplasmic membranes but lacking in bacterial cytoplasmic membranes.
sterols
Which two of these terms are better applied to eukaryotic flagella than to bacterial flagella? -used for attachment to substrates -thinner by a factor of 10 -structurally complex -does not involve the cell membrane -contains microtubules
structurally complex contains microtubules
A BLANK is the vegetative, free-living form of a protozoan cell.
trophozoite
When did the first eukaryotic cells on earth appear?
2 billion years ago
Approximately how many species of helminths are human parasites?
50
How many different species of protozoa have been identified?
About 65,000
Long, thin, 7nm in diameter, concentrated just inside the cytoplasmic membrane
Actin Filament
Which of the following are the main types of cytoskeletal fibers? Actin filaments Myosin fibers Intermediate filaments Microtubules Golgi
Actin filaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules
Which groups represent eukaryotic organisms? Bacteria Algae Protozoa Archaea Helminths Fungi Viruses
Algae Protozoa Helminths Fungi
Which of the following are methods of locomotion that can be observed among protozoa? Using pili to crawl over surfaces Using fimbriae Amoeboid motion Using cilia Using flagella No specialized locomotion organelles
Amoeboid motion Using cilia Using flagella No specialized locomotion organelles
Which of the following characteristics is NOT used to identify fungi? Colony texture and pigmentation Presence and type of sexual spores Cell wall thickness Hyphal type
Cell wall thickness
What name is given to the host in which the parasite undergoes sexual reproduction? Transport host Definitive host Intermediate host Decisive host
Definitive host
Which is NOT a method used in the identification of protozoa from clinical samples? Ecological niche Sizes and shapes of cells Method of motility Presence of special organelles or cysts
Ecological niche
Which of the following terms distinguishes algae from bacteria? Prokaryotic Non-motile Ribosomes Eukaryotic Cell walls
Eukaryotic
Of the eukaryotic subcellular structures listed below, which is the most external? Glycocalyx Mitochondria Golgi Cell membrane
Glycocalyx
Lysosomes originate from the BLANK apparatus.
Golgi
Which of the following organelles typically receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum? Mitochondrion Golgi Lysosome Chloroplast Nucleus
Golgi
From which organelle do lysosomes originate? Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus
The BLANK receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is part of the secretion system to the cell surface.
Golgi apparatus
Which eukaryotic structures are NOT present in prokaryotic cells? DNA Ribosomes Golgi apparatus Nucleus Plasma membrane Mitochondrion
Golgi apparatus Nucleus Mitochondrion
Which of the following terms describes the stacks of thylakoids located within chloroplasts? Granules Stoma Grana
Grana
Which environmental condition does NOT favor the persistence of cysts produced by protozoans? Presence of drugs or chemicals High moisture Lack of nutrients
High moisture
Which environmental condition favors the trophozoite form in protozoa? Presence of drugs or chemicals High moisture Lack of nutrients
High moisture
Rope-like structures, 10 nm in diameter, provide structural reinforcement
Intermediate Filament
Identify all the characteristics used to classify helminths. Antibiotic sensitivity Kinds of hosts Shape and size Mode of reproduction Geographic distribution Unique structures
Kinds of hosts Shape and size Mode of reproduction Unique structures
Which of the following environmental factors typically trigger cyst formation in protozoans? Moist conditions Abundance of nutrients Lack of nutrients Dry conditions
Lack of nutrients Dry conditions
Which of the following generally defines the nucleolus? Location for ATP synthesis Location for ribosome RNA synthesis Location for cytoskeleton synthesis Location for phospholipid synthesis
Location for ribosome RNA synthesis
Which of the following is a membrane-bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes? Chloroplast Peroxisome Lysosome Ribosome
Lysosome
Which term is used to describe fungi such as mushrooms and puffballs which can be seen by the naked eye? Macroscopic Microscopic
Macroscopic
Sexual fungal spores arise by the fusion of two parent cells, followed by which type of division?
Meiosis
Identify a few of the characteristics used in the identification of protozoa from clinical samples. Method of motility Ecological niche Presence of special organelles or cysts Size and shape of the cell Number of nuclei
Method of motility Presence of special organelles or cysts Size and shape of the cell Number of nuclei
Select which statement(s) accurately reflect parasitic helminth infections. Modern travel affects the distribution of these infections today. Helminth infections in humans have only developed in the past decade. Over a billion cases of helminth infections occur in North America each year. About 50 species of helminths currently parasitize the human species.
Modern travel affects the distribution of these infections today. About 50 species of helminths currently parasitize the human species.
Identify all the characteristics of helminths. Multicellular in adult form Are all parasitic in the adult form Eukaryotic Microscopic in all life cycle forms Prokaryotic
Multicellular in adult form Eukaryotic
Double membrane with pores
Nuclear Envelope
Which of the following structures separates DNA from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells? Histones Cell membrane Ribosomes Nuclear envelope Nucleolus
Nuclear envelope
Dense granular mass, the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly
Nucleolus
Organism that obtains nutrients from the remnants of dead plants and animals
Saprobe
What is the mode of transmission of Trichomonas?
Sexual or direct contact
Which of the following statements are true about algae? They are both unicellular and multicellular They are always multicellular They are both prokaryotes and eukaryotes They are eukaryotes They are prokaryotes They are always unicellular
They are both unicellular and multicellular They are eukaryotes
Select the statement that most accurately reflects characteristics of protozoa. They are prokaryotic organisms. They lack double-membrane bound organelles. Only 100 species have been identified to date. They exhibit various forms of motility.
They exhibit various forms of motility.
What is the principal function of mitochondria?
ATP production
To which group do algae belong? Archaea Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Viral
Eukaryotic
Which organelle is NOT found in most protozoa? Chloroplast Nucleus Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
Linear DNA coiled around histones condense to form which of the larger structures listed below? Nucleolus Chromatin Chromosome Ribosome
Chromosome
Linear DNA coiled around histones condense to form which of the larger structures listed below? Chromatin Nucleolus Chromosome Ribosome
Chromosome Not Chromatin- Reason: Chromatin is made up of nucleic acid and protein and comprises eukaryotic chromosomes.
Composed of DNA, the genetic information of the cell
Chromosomes
In which portion of the thylakoid do you find the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll? Internal to the thylakoid On the cristae In the stroma On the thylakoid membrane
On the thylakoid membrane
A BLANK is defined as an intracellular, membrane-bound component of a eukaryotic cell.
Organelle
Select characteristics exhibited by the glycocalyx of eukaryotic cells. Check all that apply. Outermost surface of cell Composed of protein Composed of polysaccharide Means of adhering to other cells and surfaces Means of locomotion Signal reception
Outermost surface of cell Composed of polysaccharide Means of adhering to other cells and surfaces Signal reception
Organism that lives in or on another organism for the purpose of acquiring nutrients
Parasite
Often called the "powerhouse" of cells, the BLANK is the organelle where ATP is synthesized for cellular energy use.
mitochondria
Which of the following groups contain members which are capable of having hyphae? Fungi Protists Plants Animals
Fungi
Which of the following produce true hyphae? Helminths Bacteria Protozoans Fungi
Fungi
Select all of the organisms that typically have cell walls. Animals Fungi Protozoa Algae Plants
Fungi Algae Plants
What is the name given to the protective form of some protozoans?
Cyst
What collective name is given to the various proteins that criss-cross the cell's interior, hold various organelles in place, enable movement of intracellular structures, and give the cell internal structural integrity?
Cytoskeleton
Who is susceptible to parasitic protozoan infections?
Everyone
True or false: Cell wall thickness is often used to help identify fungi.
False
True or false: Most protozoa are multicellular colony dwellers.
False
Which are helminths? Puffballs Algae Flukes Mosquitoes Tapeworms Roundworms
Flukes Tapeworms Roundworms
The BLANK are a group of heterotrophic organisms that secrete enzymes to reduce substrates to small molecules that can be absorbed.
Fungi
Protozoans acquire their food by which two of the following mechanisms? Parasitic feeding on live cells Producing sugars by photosynthesis Capturing gas in vacuoles Scavenging dead plant or animal debris
Parasitic feeding on live cells Scavenging dead plant or animal debris
Select all of the characteristics exhibited by BOTH bacterial and eukaryotic cytoplasmic membranes. Phospholipid bilayer Embedded proteins Sterols Selectively permeable barrier Transport systems
Phospholipid bilayer Embedded proteins Selectively permeable barrier Transport systems
Chloroplasts are the site of what process in eukaryotic cells?
Photosynthesis
BLANK are floating communities of algae that play essential roles in food webs and oxygen production.
Plankton
Which is NOT a function of ectoplasm in protozoans? Protein synthesis Feeding by endocytosis Movement by pseudopodia
Protein synthesis
Cilia are similar in structure to flagella and are commonly found on which microbial cells?
Protozoans
Choose the statement that best describes the role of mitochondria. -Controls the transport of materials into and out of the cell -Store the genetic information of the cell -Assemble amino acids into polypeptides -Provide cell with energy through cell respiration -Contain hydrolytic enzymes to digest macromolecules
Provide cell with energy through cell respiration
What is the means of motility for an amoeba? Non-motile Gliding motility Cilia Flagella Pseudopods
Pseudopods
What is the function of the nucleolus? Ribosomal subunit synthesis Protein synthesis Transcription of RNA
Ribosomal subunit synthesis
Identify the cellular locations of 80S ribosomes. Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Chloroplast Mitochondria Free-floating in the cytoplasm
Rough endoplasmic reticulum Free-floating in the cytoplasm
The BLANK is the organelle responsible for the vast majority of ATP generated in eukaryotic cells.
mitochondria
A network of tubular cells which cluster together to form the visible growth of Rhizopus fungi is called a _____.
mycelium
Rhizopus hyphae form a mass called a(n) BLANK that is observable on moldy bread.
mycelium
This parasitic helminth can be classified as a roundworm, or ______.
nematode
The BLANK is a double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
nuclear membrane
The BLANK is the small part of the nucleus where ribosomal subunit formation takes place.
nucleolus
The key difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is the presence or absence of a BLANK and other membrane-bound organelles.
nucleus
The nucleolus is found within the BLANK of a eukaryotic cell.
nucleus
Which components would be found in a eukaryotic cell but not in a prokaryotic cell? ribosomes cell membrane DNA nucleus endoplasmic reticulum mitochondrion
nucleus endoplasmic reticulum mitochondrion