Microbiology Chapter 9 DSM and HW

Which of the following would be considered a vector?

A fly carrying disease from fecal matter to food

Infectious disease commonly follows five basic stages. During which stage would a patient not be able to spread the disease?

A patient may spread an infectious, communicable disease during any of the five stages.

Which of the following is an example of a direct contact transmission?

An individual contracts rabies after being bitten by a rabid raccoon.

Which of the following would be considered a fomite?

An infected toy

How might a patient who is not being treated with an antibiotic still be exposed to an antibiotic?

Antibiotics can be used in aerosols, thereby entering the environment.

What type of nosocomial infection is likely to arise from intravenous catheterizations?

Bacteremia

Which of the following are examples of endogenous sources of transmission?

Candida albicans (pathogenic strain of yeast)

Which of the following is the most common healthcare-acquired infection (HAIs)?

Clostridium difficile infections

Which of the following key HAI's is not associated with its correct cause?

Clostridium difficile: Causes acute illness that is followed by a high risk of chronic infection that causes severe liver damage and increases the risk of liver cancer

Which of the following is considered a major category of transmission of disease?

Contact, vehicle, and vector transmission

Which of the following is not a responsibility of epidemiologists?

Develop antibiotics

Which of the following factors allows for the best chance of disease eradication?

Disease is preventable through vaccination

Which of the following statements correctly describes Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis's contribution to hospital epidemiology?

Dr. Semmelweis demonstrated that handwashing prior to examining patients cut down on the incidence of nosocomial infections.

You had dinner with your friend who was suffering from a severe cold. She sneezed a few times, and now you are worried that she transmitted her cold to you. During which of the five stages of disease would you expect first symptoms to appear?

During the prodromal phase

Which of the following statements is true regarding hand washing?

Frequent and proper hand washing should be routinely done by patients and by healthcare workers, both prior to and after interaction.

Which of the following is a common healthcare-acquired infection?

Gastrointestinal infection caused by Clostridium difficile

Which of the following diseases is noncommunicable, meaning that it is not spread from person to person?

Giardiasis

According to the figure, when were measles the most prevalent in the US?

In the late 50s

Which of the following is not part of the epidemiological triangle?

Incidence rate

In many parts of the US, West Nile infections increase during the summer months. What is the reason?

It is transmitted by mosquitos, which are more prevalent during the summer months.

Eradication of an infectious disease means that there are no longer any cases of it anywhere in the world. Which of the following types of infectious diseases would be the most difficult to eradicate?

Latent infectious diseases

Which of the following is an example of a reemerging disease?

Mumps, once nearly eliminated, has increased in prevalence due to under-vaccination in industrialized countries.

Which of the following infectious agents is a reemerging pathogen?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Which of the following would be considered a symptom?

Nausea

Candida albicans is part of our normal oral flora. Under certain conditions, it can overgrow, leading to oral thrush. Typically, infections are seen in individuals who are immunocompromised, such as newborns or individuals who may have recently taken antibacterial medications. This type of pathogen is classified as which of the following?

Opportunistic, endogenous pathogen

The 1918 influenza virus killed more individuals worldwide than World War One. It is estimated that between twenty and forty percent of the world's population across continents had become infected with the virus, leading to 50 million deaths. The 1918 influenza would best be described as which of the following?

Pandemic

_________ is the ability of an infectious agent to cause disease.

Pathogenicity

Which of the following groups of organisms does not have pathogenic members?

Plants

How can health care workers reduce the occurrence of nosocomial infections?

Practice more stringent aseptic techniques

Which of the following is the single most important procedure for a healthcare worker to prevent hospital-acquired infections (HAI)?

Proper handwashing

Which of the following would be considered a zoonotic disease?

Rabies

Which of the following characteristics of a catheter should be considered, to help minimize the spread of nosocomial infections?

Single-use

Which of the following is an example of a measure of association?

The infant mortality rate in the United States due to consumption of unpasteurized honey

Which of the following descriptions provides the best definition for mortality rate?

The number of deaths during a specific time period

Which is an example of vehicle disease transmission?

The presence of Listeria on undercooked chicken served for dinner

What is the definition of eradication of an infectious disease?

There are no longer any cases of the microbe anywhere in the world for three consecutive years.

Why are invasive procedures likely to increase the risk of nosocomial infections?

These procedures allow microbes from the skin to enter the bloodstream of the patient.

Why are Koch's postulates important to microbiology?

They allowed us to identify the causative pathogens of many infectious diseases.

How can surgeons help to limit nosocomial infections?

They should perform surgeries and invasive procedures only when absolutely necessary.

What is the role of epidemiology?

To learn how to treat and prevent various diseases.

You have isolated a suspected pathogen in pure culture from a diseased laboratory animal. You are not sure whether that organism is what is causing the disease. Applying Koch's postulates, what would be the next step to find out more about the organism?

You should introduce it back into a healthy animal model, and the organism should display the same symptoms.

Endemic infections

are routinely detected in a population or region.

Which of the following is an endogenous source of infection?

bacteria from the skin entering a surgical incision

The primary difference between a biological and a mechanical vector is that:

biological vectors play a role in the pathogen's life cycle, whereas a mechanical vector spreads disease without being integral to a pathogen's life cycle.

Patients infected with Herpes simplex virus-1, the causative agent of fever blisters, go through periods of viral inactivity (where no active oral cankers appear) and outbreaks (where fever blisters are present). This type of individual is best defined as a(n) _______________.

chronic carrier

When aerosols containing pathogens spread disease from a distance of less than one meter, it is considered

contact transmission.

Smoking causes lung cancer. The validity of this statement was first verified by ________ studies.

cross-sectional

What is the definition of a true pathogen?

does not require a weakened host to cause disease

Which of the following would not be important when evaluating measures of association?

duration of the disease

The common cold is a(n) _________ disease.

endemic

What are the three factors of the epidemiological triangle?

environmental factors, etiological agent, and host factors

A double-blind, randomized study is being used to test the effectiveness of a new drug that targets the multi-drug resistant bacterium Clostridium difficile. Infected participants in the study were given either a placebo or the test drug and then monitored for one month for clearance of infection. This type of study can best be characterized as a(n)_________________. View Available Hint(s)

experimental study

Which of the following pathogen agents is multicellular?

helminths

What is the order of the five stages of infectious disease?

incubation period, prodromal phase, acute phase, period of decline, convalescent phase

When a healthcare provider diagnoses a reportable disease, who do they document the case with?

local public health authority

During the Ebola outbreak between 2014 and 2016, according to the CDC an estimated 29,000 cases of Ebola were reported. About 12,000 people died. Therefore, the _________ rate was about 41%.

mortality

Infectious mononucleosis is spread through kissing or other close contact between the host and a healthy individual. This is considered _________.

person-to-person transmission

The health of the patient

should be the primary concern of the healthcare worker.

Bacillus subtilis is naturally found in the soil. B. subtilis is known to contaminate rice, which, if undercooked and ingested, can lead to gastroenteritis. In this example, the reservoir for B. subtilis is the ________, and the source of infection is the ___________.

soil; rice

Epidemiological measures are useful tools because:

they help determine which diseases may need greater public health campaign or prevention efforts.

If a patient notices a healthcare worker not following suggested precautions,

they should immediately bring it to the attention of the healthcare worker.

Lyme disease is spread _________.

through biological vectors

HIV-positive mothers can transmit the virus through breastfeeding. This is considered __________ transmission.

vertical

Epidemiology is defined as the study of

where and when a disease occurs, and how it is transmitted.

Which of the following infectious disease transmission modes is not correctly paired with an example?

windborne: cholera