Microbiology McGrawhill Chapter 35

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The ID50 refers to the

number of organisms in the initial inoculum required to cause infection in 50% of hosts.

Pathogens produce virulence factors primarily to ______

outcompete host cells for resources

One strategy for exploiting host cells that is used by certain bacteria such as Listeria, Shigella, and Rickettsia is to ______

use the actin filaments of the host cytoskeleton to facilitate motility through the host cell thereby enhancing infection of neighboring cells

Choose all of the following attributes that are necessary for any bacterial pathogen to attach to and colonize a host cell.

-Compete for nutrients -Capsule production -Utilize spikes to attach to host cells -Ability to survive new host environment -Presence of fimbriae

Vector-borne transmission

-anthropods -animals -fleas -mosquitoes -ticks

Airborne transmission

-coughing -sneezing -droplet nuclei -dust

contact transmission

-kissing -sex -touching

Choose which of the following characteristics describe endotoxins

-lipopolysaccharide -lipid A -gram-neg infections -produce fever -usually on chromosomal genes -heat stable -weakly immunogenic -cell wall material -can cause septic shock

Choose which of the following characteristics describe exotoxins

-protein -no fever -carried on plasmids -excreted by living cells -heat labile -highly toxic -antigenic

Vehicle transmission

-surgical instruments -fomites -shared cups

Rank the following stages of infectious disease progression in the correct order as they occur. 1) exposure 2) prodrome 3) illness 4) incubation 5) convalescence

1,3,4,2,5

Exotoxins (Heat stability)

Easily heat inactivated

Endotoxins (Heat stability)

Fairly heat stable

Exotoxins (Toxicity)

Generally very toxic

Exotoxins (Source--type of bacteria)

Gram-pos and Gram-neg bacteria

Endotoxins (Chemical structure)

LPS (Specifically Lipid A)

This type of pathogen cannot grow outside a host cell

Obligate intracellular pathogen

Endotoxins (Source--type of bacteria)

Only gram-neg bacteria

Endotoxins (Toxicity)

Small, localized amounts tend not to cause problems; very toxic once it becomes systemic

Endotoxins (Location in the bacterium)

Part of the outermembrane of gram-negative bacteria

Exotoxins (Chemical structure)

Protein

Pathogenicity islands

Segments of the genome that code for virulence factors

virulence

The magnitude of harm caused by an organism

invasiveness

The ability of a pathogen to spread to neighboring cells and adjacent tissues

Pathogenicity

The potential to cause disease

colonization

a microbe establishing itself and multiplying on a body surface.

primary pathogen

a microbe that causes disease in otherwise healthy individuals.

opportunistic pathogen

a microbe that causes disease only when the body is already compromised in some way.

Exotoxins (Location in the bacterium)

cytoplasmic protein;may or may not be secreted

virulence

degree of pathogenicity (disease causing ability) of a microbe.


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