Microbiology Midterm

An acid would be numbers ______ to ______ on the pH scale

0;6

Under what conditions must an autoclave work to sterilize?

15 psi at 121°C for 10 minutes

How much of the Earth's oxygen do autotrophic bacteria produce?

20%

A base would be numbers ______ to ______ on the pH scale

8;14

A retort is

A combustion chamber

Who discovered penicillin?

Alexander Fleming

The mosquito that causes malaria is

Anopheles mosquito

When one bacterium inhibits the growth of another, that is known as ___________.

Antagonism

An ______________ causes the body's immune system to respond.

Antigen

Reducing a microbe's virulence by diluting or weakening it is

Attenuation

The most poisonous substance on Earth is ________________.

Botulinum toxin

The prefix staphyl- means

Cluster

Destroying pathogens agents by disinfecting inanimate objects is

Disinfection

The physical method of controlling microbes that denatures proteins is

Dry heat

A thick-walled cell produced by bacteria to survive unfavorable conditions is the

Endospore

Some bacteria use an enzyme that digests fibrin threads to better utilize blood as a nutrient. That enzyme is

Fibrinolysin

Appendages on a bacterium that allows it to attach to surfaces is

Fimbriae

An inanimate object to which infectious material adheres and can be transmitted is a

Fomite

The enzyme that staphylococcus aureus uses to penetrate the body's connective tissue is

Hyaluronidase

An agent that kills mosquito larvae is

Larvicide

When both species of bacteria benefit in an association, that is known as ___________.

Mutualism

The correct way to write the name of the bacterium that causes gonorrhea is

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Bacteria that would be utilizing tissue of human remains as a nutritionist source would be ____________ bacteria.

Obligate saprophyte

The four kingdoms are

Protista, Plantae, Animalia, Fungi

What genus of bacteria is commonly associated with secondary infections in burn patients?

Pseudomonas

The pus from _______________ is blue.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The proper term for "blood poisoning" is

Septicemia

An organized coating on bacteria that is loosely attached to the cell wall is the

Slime layer

The process bacteria use to produce the endospore is

Sporulation

What kind of light controls microbial growth?

UV

The physical method of controlling microbes that damages the cell's DNA is

UV light

Genetic material in a protein coat would describe a ________________.

Virus

The bacterium that causes bubonic plague is

Yersinia pestis

_____________ immunity is a result of being sick once or getting a vaccination.

acquired

A chemical method of controlling microbes that denatures proteins and dissolves lipids in the cell membrane is

alcohol

When bacteria have flagella on each end of the cell, that is known as

amphi

Proteins that are Y-shaped and either neutralize or destroy antigens are

antibodies

Inhibiting microbial growth on living tissue is

antisepsis

An exogenous infection is caused by microbes that

are not normally present in the body

Organisms that make their own food through photosynthesis are

autotrophs

A virus that infects bacteria is

bacteriophage

Bacteria reproduce by a process called

binary fission

The prefix strepto- means

chain

What is used to treat municipal drinking water and swimming pools?

chlorine

The three basic shapes of bacteria are

coccus, bacillus, spirilla

In a microbial association, when one bacterium benefits and the other is unaffected, that is known as ____________.

commensalism

What disease gave milkmaids immunity to smallpox?

cowpox

What chemical is used to produce Lysol?

cresols

The microbe of great concern that can cross the placenta is

cytomegalovirus

A/n ____________________ is toxin confined within the body of a bacterium and is released only when the bacterium is broken down.

endotoxin

Ebola is a _____________ disease.

epidemic

Bacteria that can adapt to different sources of nutrition are ____________ bacteria.

facultative

An infection where microbes enter blood or lymph vessels and spread to other parts of the body is called a/n ____________ infection

focal

An agent that kills mold would be

fungicide

A sticky, gelatinous coating on bacteria that surrounds the cell wall is the

glycocalyx

Organisms that cannot make their own food and require food from a carbon source are

heterotrophs

A bacterium in a ____________ would shrivel.

hypertonic

A bacterium in a ____________ solution would swell and might burst.

hypotonic

The best method to treat hazardous waste is

incineration

Another word for skin is

integument

Proteins that respond to viruses, bind to receptors on uninflected cells, and cause the uninfected cells to produce antiviral enzymes are

interferons

A disinfectant that is a tincture is

iodine

A disinfectant that oxidizes certain molecules within the microbial cell is

iodine

A compound of iodine and surfactant is

iodophore

How does higher temperature affect the effectiveness of chemical agents

it usually increases effectiveness

Bacteria that prefer human body temperatures are

mesophiles

The study of fungi is called

mycology

Bacteria that MUST have oxygen are

obligate aerobes

Bacteria that must NOT be in the presence of oxygen are

obligate anaerobes

How many chromosomes do bacteria have?

one

The three arrangements of bacteria are

pairs, chains, clusters

COVID-19 is a _____________ disease.

pandemic

When bacteria have flagella over the entire cell, that is known as

peri

A chemical method of controlling microbes that has a sickeningly sweet and tarry odor is

phenol

Salmonella food poisoning comes from

poultry

Bacteria that might prefer the temperature of remains in a refrigeration unit are

psychrophiles

The natural habitat of a pathogen is

reservoir

Organisms that utilize decomposing matter as nutrients are

saprophytes

Plasmids are

small circles of DNA separate from the main chromosome in bacteria

The only disease that was eradicated and is no longer in the human population is

smallpox

An agent that kills endospores is

sporicide

Completely removing or destroying all life-forms, endospores, or their products is

sterilization

What can kill endospores?

sterilization

What alters the surface tension of the cell membrane, causing the cell contents to leak out and kill the cell?

surfactants

The lowest temperature at which all microbes are killed in 10 minutes is

thermal death point

________________ is when poisonous products of bacteria are distributed throughout the body.

toxemia

An organism that spreads disease is called a/n

vector

An agent that kills viruses is

viricide

The ability of a microbe to survive and produce disease is

virulence

Diseases that are communicable from animal or animal products are

zoonoses