midterm

18th Amendment

-Prohibition, banned manufacture, sale and transport of alcoholic beverages -1919 -Did not ban the consumption, but made aquiring it legally difficult -repealed 1933 due to rise in crime.

Secret Ballot

-privacy at the ballot box ensured that citizens can cast votes without party bosses knowing how they voted -opposed by party bosses -also allowed people to split their ticket between parties

Booker T. Washington

-wanted African Americans to focus on getting a job, believed that equality would be gained through vocational education, accepted social seperations.

"Moral Diplomacy"

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Keatings-Owens Act

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Pure Food and Drug Act

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Panamanian Revolt

1903, US supported the revolt in order to gain control of land to make the Panama Canal. US supported Panamanian independence.

The Shame of the Cities

1904 caused a sensation by describing the corrupt deals that characterized big city politics, Lincoln Steffens

Meat Inspection Act

1906 - Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines.

Woodrow Wilson's Presidency

: he used "New Freedom" a progressive program. Wilson was bold and forceful. Lowered protective tariff happening under Underwood-Simmons Tariff that would help introduce real competition & break trusts. Congress then approved graduated income tax. He had the Federal Trade Commission Act, Smith-Lever Act, Keating-Owen Act, Clayton Antitrust Bill, Underwood-Simmons Tariff, and Federal Reserve Act. Wilson supported second group of reforms by appointing Louis Brandeis to supreme Court (Jew &advanced progressive) he also made it easier for farmers to receive credit and also compensation system for fed employees.

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

The Progressive Party

A political party created by a split in the Republican Party. Formed by Theodore Roosevelt after he lot the Rebulican Nomination. Also known as the Bull Moose Party.

Open Door Policy

American approach to China around 1900, favoring open trade relations between China and other nations

Attitudes and Motives

Americans were well aware their country was changing around them, becoming nation of mixed ethnicity, middle-class Americans were alarmed at corruption and widening income gap, Jim Crow Laws, women's suffrage

Children's Bureau

An agency created during Taft's administration to protect the rights of children

Boston Marriages

Boston Marriages refers to the relationship between women who lived together, often in long-term, sometimes romantic, relationships.

City Manager Plan

Elected officials hired an outside expert who was usually a highly trained businessman or engineer to take charge of the government. People believed that this would result in decrease of corruption in politics.

Theodore Dreiser

"The Financier" "The Titan", portrayed the avarice and ruthlessness of an industrialist

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

(NAACP): Founded by W.E.B Du Bois in 1910 in order to help create more social and economic opportunities for blacks.

The Recall

Gave voters the right to remove a public official from office through a special election. An election could be called after a sufficient number of citizens had signed a petition.

Antimonopoly

Powerful Progressive impulse, to limit and disperse wealth. Had much in common with Populism, empowered the government to regulate or break up trusts.

Who were the Progressives?

Progressive movement came chiefly from middle-class residents of US cities, doctors, lawyers, ministers, storekeepers, white-collar office workers, middle managers, took their civil responsibilities seriously, missionary spirit, had strong leaders in Roosevelt and La Follette and Bryan and Wilson

Jane Addams

Prominent social reformer who was responsible for creating the Hull House. She helped other women join the fight for reform, as well as influencing the creation of other settlement houses. middle class women

National Park System

Roosevelt added to National Park System protecting public land from exploitation/development. 1st national park was Yellowstone in Wyoming. Land was added to parks &new ones were created.

National Reclamation Act

Roosevelt backed this act which provided federal funds for the construction of dams, reservoirs, and canals in the West, projects that would open new lands for cultivation and, years later, provide cheap electric power.

Panic of 1907

Roosevelt received a lot of blame for this recession and quickly acted to reassure business leaders that he would not interfere with their private recovery efforts.

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Federal Reserve Act

Sparked by the Panic of 1893 and 1907, the 1913 Federal Reserve Act created the Federal Reserve System, which issued paper money controlled by government banks.

Equal Rights Amendment

Supported by the National Organization for Women, this amendment would prevent all gender-based discrimination practices. However, it never passed the ratification process.

John Muir

T.R.'s friend who favored keeping forest lands completely intact, but often disagreed with Roosevelt on policy matters. He and Roosevelt were allies and admirers

"Dollar Diplomacy"

Term used to describe the efforts of the US to further its foreign policy through use of economic power by gaurenteeing loans to foreign countries

Ida Tarbell

The History of the Standard Oil Company 1901

Panama Canal

The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.

New Nationalism

Theodore Roosevelt's program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912, the New Nationalism called for a national approach to the country's affairs and a strong president to deal with them. It also called for efficiency in government and society; it urged protection of children, women, and workers; accepted "good" trusts; and exalted the expert and the executive. Additionally, it encouraged large concentrations of capital and labor.

Lincoln Steffens

Tweed Days in St. Louis 1902, The Shame of the Cities

Election of 1912

When the Republican's votes were split between Taft and Roosevelt, the Democrats stayed together and elected Wilson as President. The Republicans had no chance because they had two candidates running.

Doctrine

a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school

Social Democracy

a political ideology in which there is a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism instead of a sudden violent overthrow of the system

Progressivism

a reform development in response to desire to improve life in the industrial age, wanted to build on existing society, making moderate political changes and social improvements through government action, shared goals of limiting big business, improving democracy, strengthening social justice

Origins of Progressivism

began in state reforms of early 1890s, acquired national momentum with Theodore Roosevelt, middle class reformers were eager to adjust to changing times, changed through Wilson and Taft, World War I marked the end

W.E.B. Du Bois

believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediatly;founded the NAACP

Frederick W. Taylor

discovered ways of organizing people in the most efficient manner, scientific management system, went along with Progressives view of more efficient government

new york tenement house law (1901)

established a model housing code for safety and sanitation

federal reserve act (1913)

established the federal reserve system to supervise banking and provide a national currency

Gifford PInchot

head of the U.S. Forest Servic under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them

Henry Demarest Lloyd

one of the earliest muckrakers, 1881 wrote "Wealth Against Commonwealth" published in 1894, attacked the principles o Standard Oil Company

The "new woman"

product of the socio-economic changes. Had less responsibility in the house, kids were away longer ,and had more education. Some shun marriage entirely, many become "clubwomen".

harrison act (1914)

regulated distribution of narcotics

pure food and drug act (1906)

regulated the production and sale of food and drug products

social gospel movement

religion became more liberal as reform-minded protestant ministers sought to introduce religious ethics into industrial relations

Suffrage

right to vote; franchisement

Preservation

setting aside areas and protecting them from human activities

McClure's Magazine

started by Samuel Sidney in 1893, became major success in running a series of muckraking articles

Social Gospel

the idea that religious faith should be expressed through good works, sense of outrage at social and economic injustices.

Conservation

the preservation and careful management of the environment and of natural resources

William James and John Dewey

two leading American advocates of pragmatist philosophy, defined "truth", "good" could not be known in fixed shapes, people should experiment with laws and things

The Initiative

voters can propose state laws

nineteenth amendment (1920)

women suffrage

How the Other Half Lives

written on the conditions of tenement life, Jacob Riis, one of the first photojournalism books

Jacob Riis

wrote "How the Other Half Lives" 1890

Lester Ward

wrote Applied Sociology called for social progress through rational planning and gov intervention not laissez-faire

Walter Rauschenbusch

wrote Christianity and the Social Crisis (1907) - argued Christianity should support social reform to eliminate poverty.

Charles Sheldon

wrote In His Steps- called on Americans to act in their daily lives as they believed Jesus Christ would

Republican Leadership

-Many Americans believed Rep party more likely to restore stability. -Dominated all branches of gov't -Favored business and social stability=econ growth

Automobile

-Model T by Henry Ford -Revolutionized vacationing -developed a youth culture

The Lost Generation

-Personak alienation -Contempt of materialism, consumrism, business as usual, society devoid of idealism -War had been a fraud

Frank Norris

"The Octopus" on tyrannical power of rail companies, "The Pit" on grain speculation

Plessy v. Ferguson

"separate but equal", racial segregation was made legal, thousands of blacks lynched in South, Progressives shared general prejudice of times, considered tariff reforms and others more important

Mary Pickford

(1892 - 1979) A Canadian movie star who went to Hollywood in the 1920s and became known as "America's sweetheart."

Roe v Wade

(1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy

Iran-contra affair

(RR) Americans kidnapped in Beirut by Iranian govt, so deal, scandal including arms sales to the Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in Nicaragua even though Congress had objected, Poindexter and North involved

productivity

(economics) the ratio of the quantity and quality of units produced to the labor per unit of time

Religious Fundamentalism

-Religious Revivalism denouncing th evils of modern society, popular entertainment -Bible must be interpreted literally -Rejected the teachings of Charles Darwin -Attacked the Modernists, adapted religion to fit teachings of modrn science, evangelist Billy Sunday, Aimee Semple McPherson

advertising

-Targeted women, children, fear, hopes -outrageous false claims, no laws yet

great migration causes

-Black Americans in this period continued to live in poverty -sharecropping kept them in de facto slavery -1915-boll weevil wiped out the cotton crop -white landowners went bankrupt and forced blacks off their land -Demographic change- movement away from countryside and farms

Great Migration

-Blacks moved north to take advantage of booming wartime industry -Black ghettoes began to form -settled ethnic comm; Harlem Renaissance, contrib. -safe haven for them -contrib. to racial conflicts, both blacks and whites wanted cultural interchange restricted.

The Jazz Age

-Expressed sadness, pain, joy of black America -Harlem's Cotton Club-admitted white customers despite the black performrs were frequently black. -Big Band Music-both black and white jazz players -Harlem Renaissance-cultural center of African American writers, artists, musicians.

Republicans

-Had a laissez faire attitude---> businesses had less regulaation -many scandals in their gov't but not many noticed b/c America was doing so well.

Marcus Garvey

-Jamaican born immigrant established the Universal Negro Improvement Association -believed in black pride, no assimilation and blacks superior to whites -advocated racial segregation b/c of black superiority -Garvey believed blacks should return to Africa -he purchased a ship to start the Black Star line -attracted many investments which he defrauded -deported back to Jamaica

The Roaring 20's

-change to modern society, modern America was born -A time of great change -Return to conservatism, simpler past back to tradition -new inventions, new ideas, mass consumerism, 2/3 of people still in poverty though, did not enjoy the benefits of this era.

Age of Prosperity

-economic expansion -Mass production -Assembly Line -Age of the Automobile

Prohibition

-on manufact and sale of alcohol -an outgrowth of the long time temperance mvt. -in WWI, temperance became a patriotic mvt-drunkeness caused low productivity and inefficiency and alcohol needed to treat the wounded

H L Mencken

American Mercury, young author; published the monthly American Mercury; assailed marriage, patriotism, democracy, prohibition, Rotarians, and the middle class Americans; dismissed the South and attacked the Puritans.

-He made preparations for war this plan got support from nat'l speaking war. -Famous speech at Demo Convention -This got him elected by only a small margin

Before 1917 how did Wilson balance the demands for preparedness and the cries for peace? What effect did this have on the 1916 Election?

How did the tactics of the religious right parallel those of the movements of the New Left in the 1960's?

Beginning in the 1980s, energized religious conservatives began to exert their political muscle in a cultural war.In large part, the conservative movement of the 80s was an answer to the liberal movement of the 60s. The pendulum was swinging back.

Compare and Contrast the first and second femnist waves.

1st Wave was feminism, it was lesbians fighting for rights since they didn't have husbands and did not fit into the system. 2nd Wave was Communism seeking to destroy the institutions and the foundation of Western society. They claimed The Suffragette Movement as their own to give validity to their corrupt motives.

Radio

1st commerical station in 1920:KDKA Pittsburgh Westinghouse, and RCA from NBC in 1927 everyone listened to the same things, center of family life.1st @ home entertainment

Gerald Ford

38th President of the United States

Jimmy Carter

39th President of the United States (1924-)

George H.W. Bush

41st U.S. President. 1989-1993. Republican

Pentagon papers

A 7,000-page top-secret United States government report on the history of the internal planning and policy-making process within the government itself concerning the Vietnam War.

Peace Corps

A Kennedy volunteer program that recruited young Americans to give technical aid to developing countries. It had a small budget, but became one of Kennedy's greatest triumphs, showcasing American idealism and know-how throughout the world.

the Marshall Plan

A U.S developed plan designed to revive the economies of Europe after the war. It proved vital for the Europeans since it allowed them to rejuvenate their economies.

Black Panthers

A black rights political organization created in Oakland, California by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton. They urged black armament and direct confrontation with the police. In fact, the group was involved in a series of violent confrontations with the police. • The group was internally divided and a major split in the leadership occurred in 1972. • By the late 1970s the Black Panthers had lost most of their influence in the African-American community.

Silent Spring

A book written to voice the concerns of environmentalists. Launched the environmentalist movement by pointing out the effects of civilization development.

Freedom Summer

A campaign by thousands of black and white civil rights workers to get black voter registration and participation. The campaign involved the entire South, but focused especially on Mississippi. • There was a violence response by some southern whites against the campaign and three civil rights workers were murdered in Mississippi by local police and other whites

Militarism

A cause of the war; process of up building up one's military power (Germany building it up at the fastest rate).

The Truman Doctrine

A doctrine developed by Truman in accordance with the containment policy that promised economic aid to those fighting communists. The doctrine would later drag the U.S into more conflicts such as Vietnam and Korea.

Clarence Darrow

A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when Darrow questioned Bryan about the Bible. Made fundamentalists appear foolish and narrow-minded

the containment doctrine

A foreign policy developed by diplomat George Kennan that claimed that the only way to stop Russia's expansionist ways was to contain it. It was the basis of US foreign policy after WWII designed to stop the spread of communism. America's strategy against the Soviet Union based on ideas of George Kennan. The doctrine declared that the Soviet Union and communism were inherently expansionist and had to be stopped from spreading through both military and political pressure. Containment guided American foreign policy throughout most of the Cold War.

Freedom Rides

A form of civil rights protest for which the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized racially mixed groups to travel by bus through the South to test compliance with federal laws banning racial segregation on interstate transportation, bus stations, hotels, and restaurants. • In several southern cities, these activists were attacked by white supremacists and this drew the Kennedy administration, albeit reluctantly, further into the struggle for equal rights.

Henry A. Wallace

A former Democratic who ran on the New Progressive Party due to his disagreement on Truman's policy with the Soviets. He caused the Democratic party to split even more during the election season.

Cuban Missile Crisis

A major confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union following the discovery of nuclear missile sites in Cuba. Kennedy placed a blockade around the island and the Soviets agreed to remove the missiles rather than provoke a nuclear war. • The United States removed nuclear weapons from Turkey as part of the agreement with the Soviet Union to pull their missiles out of Cuba. • It was the most imminent threat of nuclear annihilation to date and thereafter, a hot line was established between the White House and the Kremlin to prevent accidental missile launches. • The Crisis led to the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963) in which the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union agreed not to perform nuclear tests in atmosphere or underwater.

Têt Offensive

A major military operation by the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong in 1968. The nationalists successfully penetrated Saigon and took the United States embassy. • Although the offensive was defeated, there were tremendous causalities and it shook American public confidence in the war effort since it plainly showed steady progress in winning the war was not being made. Popular support for the war vastly declined.

Counterinsurgency

A military operation using specially trained forces to defend against guerrilla warfare. The U.S. military created the Green Berets in the early 1960s to fight this type of nontraditional warfare, characteristic of the conflict in the Vietnam War.

sit-in at Greensboro, NC

A nonviolent protest tactic first popularized by African American college students seeking civil rights in the South. Four black students took seats at the whites-only lunch counter of a Woolworth's store, intending to "sit-in" until they were served and after 4-5 months their actions brought the desegregation of the lunch counter. • As protests in the 1960s spread beyond civil rights, many radical groups adopted the sit-in as a tactic.

Georgia O'Keefe

A pioneer of modernism in America, she first produced largely abstract work, adopting a more figurative style in the 1920s. Her best-known paintings depict enlarged studies, particularly of flowers, and are often regarded as being sexually symbolic.

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

Sussex Pledge

A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.

"read my lips..."

A promise that Bush made in his convention speech, but later broke.

Charles Coughlin

A radio priest who was anti-Semetic and anti-New Deal. He catered away some support from FDR.

Identify three broad influences that you think contributed to modern Conservatism and defend the one you think was most influential?

A series of great men laid the foundations of modern conservatism. Although Western conservative principles and ideals are ancient, new foundations were needed to ensure a tough and resilient conservatism that could weather the intellectual, moral, and spiritual storms of modernity, and which could be a robust competitor of liberalism.

Churchill's Iron Curtain speech

A term made famous by Winston Churchill about Cold War tensions. It described the political and idealogical boundaries that divided Europe after WWII.

German Democratic Republic

AKA "East Germany"; after the Soviets cautiously lifted the blockade in May 1949 and created their half of Germany

Federal Republic of Germany

AKA "West Germany"; in June 1948; French, British, and Americans agreed to fuse their German zones

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

AKA NATO; organization formed by a 1949 treaty signed by 12 nations; the nations agreed that an attack on any one of them would be seen as an attack on all of them; essentially, a massive defensive alliance; controversial due to US tendancy to avoid military alliances

The US Information Agency propaganda campaigns

AKA USIA; founded in 1953; used films, radio broadcasts, the magazine "Free World", exhibitions, exchange programs, and libraries to trumpet the theme of "People's Capitalism"

Central Intelligence Agency

AKA the CIA; conducted spy operations and information gathering overseas

the Berlin blockade and airlift

AKA the First Berlin Crisis; The blockade was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. The blockade was a high point in the Cold War, and it led to the Berlin Airlift, a year-long mission of flying food and supplies to blockaded West Berliners, whom the Soviet Union cut off from access to the West in the first major crisis of the Cold War

National Security Council

AKA the NSC; a group of high-level officials who advised the president on security matters

The Berlin crisis of 1958

AKA the Second Berlin Crisis; Kruschchev offered to give East Germany self-government, but only if the US stopped talks of reunification; US refused, so Kruschchev had to back down with the promise of pressing the issue again

The National Liberation Front

AKA the Vietcong; name given to the guerilla fighters on the Communist side. The North Vietnamese Army (NVA) were regular troops.

the Suez crisis

Abdul Gamal Nasser, nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956, and was attacked by British, French and Israeli forces. The U.S. intervened on behalf of Egypt. Damaged Britain and France's standing as world powers.

American Expeditionary Force

About 2 million Americans went to France as members of this under General John J. Pershing. Included the regular army, the National Guard, and the new larger force of volunteers and draftees and they served as individuals

War Powers Act

Act that grants emergency executive powers to president to run war effort

New Left

Adopted by radical students of the 1960s-1970s to refer to their activist movement. This label distinguished them from the Old Left—the communists and socialists of the 1930s-1940s who tended to focus on labor issues rather than cultural issues. • New Left students turned to grassroots organizing in cities and college campuses in their protest against the status quo and what they saw as the willingness of older generations to accommodate authority. • Leaders of the New Left included Tom Hayden and Jerry Rubin.

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality

Urban Migration

African Americans rapidly began moving North to seek jobs in cities, deteriorating race relations, destruction of cotton crops by boll weevil, job opportunities in cities

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

After North Vietnamese gun boats assaulted American ships that were organizing air strikes and military moves, Johnson and his advisers drafted the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution that committed the United States in Vietnam. • It was passed by Congress and gave Johnson a "blank check," granting him full authority against North Vietnamese forces. This led to increased American involvement in Vietnam.

Explain the cause and effects of the Arab Oil embargo.

After the U.S. backed Israel in its war against Syria and Egypt which had been trying to regain territory lost in the Six-Day War, the Arab nations imposed an oil embargo, which strictly limited oil in the U.S. and caused a fuel crisis.

Describe the economic problems faced by the US in the 1970's.

After the flurry of economic growth in the 1950s and 1960s, the U.S. economy grew stagnant in the 1970s. No year during that decade had a growth rate that matched any year of the preceding two decades.

19th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

Olympic boycott

The U.S. withdrew from the competition held in Moscow to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

Moon Landing

The United States adopted the goal of landing a man on the moon during John Kennedy's administration. • Astronaut Neil Armstrong "That's one small step for man . . . one giant leap for mankind." • Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins were the other two astronauts on the flight.

National Liberation Front

The Viet Cong was the name given to the Vietnamese communist army in South Vietnam. The North Vietnamese or Viet Minh were their allies. In support of Ho Chi Minh, the group pushed to overthrow the South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem. • The Viet Cong was comprised mainly of guerilla fighters and were partly responsible for the fall of Dinh Bien Phu and organization of the Têt Offensive

"The shaky peace was in reality little more than a thinly disguised American retreat" Explain

The War Powers Act of November 1973 (1) required the president to report all commitments of U.S. troops to Congress within 48 hours and and (2) setting a 60 day limit on those activities. There was also a "New Isolationism" that discouraged the use of U.S. troops in other countries, but Nixon fended off all efforts at this.

T.S Eliot

The Waste Land

Voting Rights Act

The act effectively banned literacy tests for voting rights and provided for federal registration to assure the franchise to minority voters. • National outrage over southern police brutality of demonstrators supporting black voter registration aided in the passage of the bill. • As a result of this act, within a few years, a majority of African Americans had become registered voters in the southern states.

Trade Expansion Act

The act gave the president of the United States the power to cut tariffs by as much as 50 percent in exchange for similar reductions by other countries. • In order to deal with the Common Market (a trade association of western European nation promoting open trade among its members) the president could reduce tariffs on industrial products by more than 50 percent or eliminate them completely when the United States and the Common Market together accounted for 80 percent or more of the world export value. • This act granted the president far greater authority to lower or eliminate tariffs than had ever been the case in the past.

Immigration Reform Act

The act kept the ceiling on immigrants to 170,000 per year, but it eliminated the "national origins" system that gave preferential entry to immigrants from northern Europe over those from the rest of the world. • Immigrants from Europe, Asia, and Africa would enter the United States on an equal basis, but the act did retain restriction on immigration from some parts of Latin America. • This law changed the face of immigration - prior to the act, 90% of immigrants every year came from Europe, after this act was passed, only 10% did

Elementary and Secondary Education Act

The bill overcame the religious barrier on education because it supported a child-benefit approach, and allocated federal money to aid the education of students in religious as well as public schools. The act gave over $1 billion in federal aid, the largest sums going to school districts with the highest percentage of poor students.

the ANZUS Treaty

a 1951 security alliance to protect against Communist China, Soviet Power, the war in Korea and Asia/Pacific decolonization; a mutual defense agreement between Australia, New Zealand, and the US (thus the name)

Lusitania

a British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Ngo Dinh Diem

a Catholic in a Buddhist nation; highly anticommunist, but very little mass support; staged an election, which he won by 200K more votes than there were people

The U-2 incident

a U-2 spy plane carrying lots of cameras went down in Moscow; they put it on display, along with the CIA pilot, and accused the US of spying

The Green Revolution

a dramatic increase in agricultural production; ie, by use of hybrid seeds

SALT Treaty

a five-year agreement between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, sighned in 1972, that limited the nations' numbers of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched missiles.

Harlem Renaissance

a flowering of African American culture in the 1920s; instilled interest in African American culture and pride in being an African American., a period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished.

Daniel Ellsberg

a former American military analyst employed by the RAND Corporation who precipitated a national political controversy in 1971 when he released the Pentagon Papers, a top-secret Pentagon study of government decision-making about the Vietnam War, to The New York Times and other newspapers.

Charlie Chaplin

a funny Englishman working in Hollywood that was unquestionably the king of the "silver screen" in the 1920's. He symbolized the "gay spirit of laughter in a cruel and crazy world." He also demonstrated that in the hands of a genius, the new medium could combine mass entertainment and artistic accomplishment.

inflation

a general and progressive increase in prices

OSHA

a government agency in the Department of Labor to maintain a safe and healthy work environment

"welfare state"

a government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc.

neoconservatives

a group that championed free-market capitalism liberated from government restraints, anti-Soviet positions in foreign policy, questioned liberal welfare programs, and called for the reassertion of traditional values of individualism and the centrality of the family

Scopes Monkey Trial

a high school biology teacher was accused of teaching Darwinism in class instead of the biblical account of creation; the trial that pitted the teaching of Darwin's theory of evolution against teaching Bible creationism, case of scopes v. state, an American legal case that tested the Butler Act (to teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals.)

Newlands Reclamation Act

a law providing money from the sale of public land for irrigation projects in Western states

ERA

a major division of geological time

Initiative

a method by which voters could compel the legislature to consider a bill, mostly western states

Referendum

a method that allowed citizens to vote on proposed laws printed on their ballots, mostly western states

Al Capone

a mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.

Afghanistan

a mountainous landlocked country in central Asia

Yugoslavia

a mountainous republic in southeastern Europe

Cambodia

a nation in southeastern Asia

Vietminh

a national liberation movement which dated its foundation to May 19 1941 in South China. The Việt Minh initially formed to seek independence for Vietnam from France and later to oppose the Japanese occupation.

F.Scott Fitzgerald

a novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. his wife, zelda and he were the "couple" of the decade but hit bottom during the depression. his noval THE GREAT GATSBY is considered a masterpiece about a gangster's pursuit of an unattainable rich girl. This Side of Paradise

"Seven Dwarfs"

a pack of Democrats who hoped to use the ethical and economic anxieties of the time against the Republicans

affirmative action

a policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities

glasnost

a policy of the Soviet government allowing freer discussion of social problems

Watergate

a political scandal involving abuse of power and bribery and obstruction of justice

The Cold War

a protracted contest between the US and the Soviet Union; Soviets accused the US of trying to achieve world domination, which is why they had to be on the defensive; diplomatic tension between the United States and the Soviet Union that divided much of the world into polarized camps, capitalist against communist; 1946-1991

Wisconsin Idea

a series of Progressive measures that included a direct primary law, tax reform, regulation of railroad rates

CREEP

a slow creeping mode of locomotion (on hands and knees or dragging the body)

Cold War

a state of political conflict using means short of armed warfare

the China lobby

a vocal group of Republicans who criticized Truman with the popular slogan, "Who lost China?"

Berlin Wall

a wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

Sources of Economic Boom

abundance of natural resources (wood, iron, coal, oil, etc.) -Aftermah of WWI left Euro nations in rains, US was only healthy industrial power -New Tech, manufacturing techniques, advertising, buying on credit, consumerism -reduction in gov't spending and lowering taxes for wealthy-more $ to spend-econ growth -Gov't controlled by Reps did laissez faire; little gov't regulation; let private sector run on own -In a sense back to gilded age

Clayton Antitrust Act

act greatly strengthened provisions in Sherman Antitrust for breaking up monopolies, clause exempting unions from being prosecuted as trusts

ailing agriculture

agric. efficency increased so there was more food produced, as a result of this, there was lower prices, not as high demand from Europe and fewer workers were needed, incomes dropped. US farmers also lost markets in Europe.Farmers entered the Depression earlier

The Referendum

allowed voters to accept or reject measures put into action by state legislatures.

Ernest Hemingway

an American writer of fiction who won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1954 (1899-1961)., Ernest Hemingway fought in Italy in 1917. He later became a famous author who wrote "The Sun Also Rises" (about American expatriates in Europe) and "A Farewell to Arms." In the 1920's he became upset with the idealism of America versus the realism he saw in World War I. He was very distraught, and in 1961 he shot himself in the head.

CIS

an alliance made up of states that had been Soviet Socialist Republics in the Soviet Union prior to its dissolution in Dec 1991

Twenty Sixth Amendment

an amendment to the US constituion, adoped in 1971 and lowering the voting age from 21 to 18

West bank

an area between Israel and Jordan on the west bank of the Jordan river

perestroika

an economic policy adopted in the former Soviet Union

Washington Conference of 1921

an effort to prevent to prevent naval armaments race between USA, Britain, and Japan. Five Power Pact, Nine Power Pact, Four Power Pact.

Carrie Chapman Catt

an energetic reformer from Iowa, president of NAWSA, argued for the vote as a broadening of democracy which would empower women, enabling them to more actively care for their families in industrial society

EPA

an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment

Judicial Activism

an interpretation of the U.S. constitution holding that the spirit of the times and the needs of the nation can legitimately influence judicial decisions (particularly decisions of the Supreme Court)

OPEC

an organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum

Modern War=Deadly war

appalling trenches, machine guns, high powered artillery, tanks used as much, flame throwers, mustard gas=odorless, chlorine gas=strong odor, airpanes, dreadnoughts=navy ships, zeppelins=blimps, U-Boats What did all these weapons show?

Bao Dai

appointed by the French to serve as the leader of Vietnam; at the Geneva Accords of 1954, his government was confined to the southern half of Vietnam

The Greek civil war

armed rebellion in Greece by a group of communists; one of the main focuses of the Truman Doctrine

the Mr. X article

article in Foreign Affairs (magazine) written by George Kennan promoting a "policy of firm containment, designed to confront the Russians with unalterable counterforce at every point where they show signs of encroaching upon the interests of a peaceful and stable world"

King Assassination

assassinated in April, 1968, in Memphis by James Earl Ray. African Americans broke out into angry riots across America.

James Earl Ray

assassination of MLK

sixteenth amendment (1913)

authorized a federal income tax

meat inspection act (1906)

authorized federal inspection of meat products

Sixteenth Amendment

authorized the US government to collect an income tax

Engel v Vitale

banned formal prayer in schools, goverment whould not make any religion the 'official' religion.

Charles Evans Hughes

battled fraudulent insurance companies in New York

Theodore Roosevelt's Presidency

became president after the assassination of McKinley. Roosevelt thought Fed should be mediator of public good. He wasn't against economic concentration but he recognized the abuses of power that came with consolidation. He allied himself with progressives urging regulation on trusts (Department of Commerce & Labor). He ordered Justice Department to use the Sherman Antitrust Act against monopolies, most notably Northern Securitas Company. Supreme Court ruled that the company be dissolved. Fed interventions had usually meant actions for the employers Roosevelt considered the laborers side. He used the idea of "Square Deal." He had the Pure Food & Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act passed. He was involved with resources &wildlife. He was president during the Panic of 1907. He didn't run after it. Then in 1912 tried running with the Progressives Party but lost

Theodore Roosevelt

became president at 42, youngest, most athletic, vigor, believed the president should do more than lead executive, thought it his job to set legislative agenda

Calvin Coolidge

became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.Laissez faire attitude; refused Hoover's insistence to regulate buying of stock on credit during the 20's.

Kellogg Briand Act

between US and France. wanted to abolish war. not successful because it couldnt be enforced and wars kept coming.

Ku Klux Klan

came back; great increase in power, anti-blakc, anti-women's suffrage, anti-bootleggers, anti-immigrant, anti-semitic, anti-catholic, hated anyone who posed a challenge to traditional values

Temperance and Prohibition

champions of reform were divided over this issue, urban Progressives recognized saloons were headquarters of political machines, little sympathy to movement, rural reformers believed they could clean up morals by eliminating it

Municipal Reform

city bosses and corrupt alliances with businesses were first target of Progressive leaders

Progressive Philosophy

committed to democratic values and shared in belief that honest government could improve human life, goes back to Jefferson, Origin of Species gave way to cognitive pragmatism of James and Dewey, enabled them to challenge old ways of thinking

People's Republic of China

communist government in China installed by Mao Zedong in 1949; scared the crap out of anti-communist Americans

Time Magazine

condensed news week, created by Henry Luce in 1923 because he wanted to go into further depth than newspapers.

The MKULTRA program

conducted experiments on unsuspecting Americans to determine the potency of "mind control" drugs

Liberation, massive retaliation and deterrence

countries had to be freed from communist reign; Eisenhower said the new policy "simply means the ability to blow hell out of them in a hurry if they start anything"; this would hopefully make the last item, a prevention of hostile Soviet behavior

NASA

created in 1958 to foster future technological advancement; National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Nineteenth Amendment

dedicated efforts of women during WWI persuaded Wilson to adopt woman's suffrage amendment, guaranteed woman's right to vote in all elections

Samuel M. Jones

delighted Toledo's citizens by introducing a comprehensive program of municipal reform, free kindergartens, night schools, public playgrounds

The New Look military

describes the shift in foreign policy from containment to massive retaliation; emphasis on airpower and and nuclear weaponry

Socialist Party of America

developed in the first decade of the 1900s, developed to welfare of the working class, public ownership of railroads and utilities, other major industries like steel and oil

The Third World

developing countries; on the whole, they were nonwhite, nonindustrialized, and located in the southern half of the globe

Tom L. Johnson

devoted himself to tax reform and lowered trolley fares for Cleveland citizens, fought for public ownership or utilities

Hostage crisis

diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States where 52 U.S. diplomats were held hostage for 444 days from November 4, 1979 to January 20, 1981, after a group of Islamist students took over the American embassy in support of the Iranian revolution

Saturday Night Massacre

dismissal of independent special prosecutor Archibald Cox, and the resignations of Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus during the Watergate scandal 1973

Recall

enabled voters to remove corrupt or unsatisfactory politicians from office by majority vote, mostly western states

Robert La Follette

established a personal following as governor, "Wisconsin Idea"

federal trade commission act (1914)

established the FTC to oversee business activities

Manager-Council Plan

expert manager was hired by an elected city council to direct the work of various departments of city government

George Will

famous Conservative philosopher. Believed in moral symmetry "if we let them go unpunished, we will loose the worlds"

Galveston, Texas

first city to adopt a commission plan of government

submarine warfare

first truly implemented in WWI after a brief appearance in the American Civil War. They first became significant weapons as the German U-boat campaign in 1915-1916 emerged.

Sandra Day O'Connor

first woman supreme court justice. appointed by Reagan

S and E Europe

for immigrants- the point of origin had shifted to ___________ and new religions appeared: Jewish, Orthodox, Catholic. N European immigrants of early 19c feared this shift and felt it would undermine Protestant values, wanted Congress restrict immigration leading to a quota system that favored NW Euro, led to sentiments knwn as Red Scare. Int'l scare of communism.

Pure Food and Drug Act

forbade the manufacture, sale, and transportation of adulterated or mislabeled foods and drugs

National Urban League

formed in 1911 to help those migrating from South to northern cities, "Not Alms But Opportunity", reflected emphasis on self-reliance and economic advancement

National American Woman Suffrage Association

founded by Carrie Chapman Catt, drove to win votes for women at the state level before changing strategies and seeking a suffrage amendment to the US Constitution

Mann-Elkins Act of 1910

gave the ICC the power to suspend new railroad rates and oversee telephone, telegraph, and cable companies

Atlanta Exposition

given by Booker T.Washington, argued blacks' need for education and economic progress was most important, concentrate on learning industrial skills for better wages, etc.

Shah of Iran

granted American oil companies 40% interest in a new petroleum consortium in return for CIA help in overthrowing his rival in 1953

Woodrow Wilson

grew up in Virginia during Civil War, first Southerner since Taylor, idealistic, intellectual, righteous, inflexible, believed President should lead actively and appeal directly to people to rally support for legislation

The national security state

had at its heart the Department of Defense; there was also the CIA, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and many more government bodies; tried to find the best means to combat real and potential threats from foreign governments

The Bretton Woods Conference

happened in July 1944; Meeting of Western allies to establish a postwar international economic order to avoid crises like the one that spawned World War II. Led to the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, designed to regulate currency levels and provide aid to underdeveloped countries.

Allen Dulles

head of the CIA; brother of the secretary of state

National War Labor Board

helped resolve labor disputes that might slow down war production. established in April 1918 too resolve labor disputes pressured industry to grant important concessions to workers, 8hr day, =pay and = work rights for union. In return, workers would forgo all strikes and employers not engaged you in lockouts. Did not stop strikes.

Endangered Species Act

identifies threatened and endangered species in the US, and puts their protection ahead of economic considerations

Social Welfare

improved by efforts of settlement house workers, Jane Addams, Frances Kelley, found the need for support of immigrants and working class, lobbied for better schools, juvenile courts, divroce laws, etc.

The Hungarian uprising

in 1956, a new Hungarian government announced that they would be leaving the Warsaw Pact; Soviets retaliated by coming in and destroying anti-Soviet demonstrators

Hiram Johnson

in California successfully fought against economic and political power of Southern Pacific Railroad

1919 World Series

included the "Black Sox" scandal and almost violated the integrity of baseball and its players

keating-owen act (1916)

indirectly prohibited child labor

smith-leveer act (1914)

institutionalized the county agent system

ICBM

intercontinental ballistic missile; first one fired in 1957

Executive Privilege

The power to keep executive communications confidential, especially if they relate to national security.

Muckrackers

journalists who wrote about corruption in business and politics in order to bring about reform. Ida Tarbell and Lincoln Steffens were among the most famous, and argued that people should take a greater stance in public life. Helped inspire others with Progressive ideals, peaking from 1900-1910.

The People-to-People Campaign

launched in 1956; used ordinary people and nongovernmental organizations to enhance the image of the United States

Alice Paul

leader of the National Woman's Party

Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán

leftists who was elected president of Guatemala in 1951; he was overthrown in mid-1954 for supposedly being a communist

New Freedom

limit both big business and big government, bring about reform by ending corruption, revive competition by supporting small business

My Lai

location of the killing of over 400 Vietnamese civilians by American soldiers

underwood-simmons tarriff act (1913)

lowered tariff rates and levied the first regular federal income tax

Henry Ford

made auttomobile; gave better working conditions, Welfare Capitalism, happy @ home happy @ work controlled life of workers. To promote Americanism and efficiency at work.

seventeenth amendment (1913)

mandated the direct election of senators

the 17th parallel

meant to serve as a military truce line, not a boundary line; declared at the Geneva Accords of 1954

Child Labor Act

measure favored by settlement house workers and labor unions, prohibited the shipment in interstate commerce of products manufactured by children under 14 years old, found to be unconstitutional in Hammer v. Dagenhart

The Truman-Molotov encounter

meeting between US President Truman and Soviet commissar V.M. Molotov; Truman's "tough method" and firm beliefs essentially spur the Cold War

National Woman's Party

militant approach, took to the streets with mass pickets, parades, hunger strikes, led by Alice Paul

Reader's Digest

modern, urban life, Designed for readers with less time DeWitt and Lila Wallace (1922)________ ________Formula (p. 192) Still has over 100M readers/month Best-selling monthly magazine in world Lost out to Better Homes and Gardens in '09 as best-selling consumer mag in U.S.

New Nationalism

more government regulation of business and unions, women's suffrage, more social welfare programs

Anti-Lynching Movement

movement against the illegal hangings of African Americans in the south --leader= Ida B. Wells

MIRVs

multiple independently targeted reentry vehicles designed to overcome any defense by "saturating" it with large number of warheads

Federal Trade Commission

new regulatory agency empowered to investigate and take action against "unfair trade practice" in every industry except banking and transportation

W.E.B. Du Bois

northerner with college education, "Souls of Black Folk" criticized Washington's approach, demanded equal rights for African-Americans, argued that political and social rights were prerequisite for economic independence

Brinkmanship

not backing down in a crisis, even if it meant taking the nation to the brink of war

Andrew Mellon

the Secretary of the Treasury during the Harding Administration. He felt it was best to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than in factories that provided prosperous payrolls. He believed in trickle down economics. (Hamiltonian economics).

"Operation Desert Storm"

the United States and its allies defeated Iraq in a ground war that lasted 100 hours (1991)

self determination

the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will

Social Cohesion

the belief that individuals are not autonomous but part of a great web of social relationships, that the welfare of any single person is dependent on the welfare of society as a whole.

Fidel Castro

the communist leader of Cuba after the overthrow of Batista; befriended Khrushchev which made the Cuban situation much more complex since Khrushchev promised to help if they were attacked

Detente

the easing of tensions or strained relations (especially between nations)

Indochina

the former name of a region of southeast Asia, which dates from the period when it was a colony of France under the full name of Democratic of Indochina; includes Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam

Formosa

the island to which Jiang Jieshi fled after being defeated Mao Zedong; now called Taiwan

"ethnic cleansing"

the mass expulsion and killing of one ethic or religious group in an area by another ethnic or religious group in that area

Leonid Breshnev

The third leader of Communist Russia who reinstituted policies from Stalin's reign.

Ludlow Massacre

The violent deaths of 20 people, 11 of them children, during an attack by the Colorado National Guard on a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners and their families at Ludlow, Colorado in the on April 20, 1914.

Credibility Gap

The wide discrepancy between what was actually happening in the Vietnam War and what the American public was being told. The credibility of the American position was increasingly undermined as more factual details were made public.

Black Power

Theory adopted by several African American movements that stressed racial pride, separation from whites and white institutions, and black autonomy. • Black nationalism gained in popularity in the 1920s with Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association • Later the Black Panther Party, Malcolm X, and other participants of the black power movements of the 1960s drew upon Garvey's ideas.

Selective Service Act

This 1917 law provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 30 for a military draft. By the end of WWI, 24.2 had registered; 2.8 had been inducted into the army. Age limit was later changed to 18 to 45.

Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire, 1911

This New York City company experienced a fire in which 146 women workers were killed. After this, the legislatures of New York and other states passed laws regulating hours and working conditions of such factories.

Platt Amendment

This amendment to the new Cuban constitution authorized U.S. intervention in Cuba to protect its interests. Cuba pledged not to make treates with other countries that might compromise its independence, and it granted naval bases to the United States, most notable being Guantanamo Bay.

War Industries Board

This government agency oversaw the production of all American factories. It determined priorities, allocated raw materials, and fixed prices; it told manufacturers what they could and could not produce.Prodouced by Bernard Brauch. Supposed to be powerful but it was mismanaged and very corrupt.

Espionage Act

This law, passed after the United States entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection.

Clarence Thomas

This man was an African American jurist, and a strict critic of affirmative action. He was nominated by George H. W. Bush to be on the Supreme Court in 1991, and shortly after was accused of sexual harassment by Anita Hill. Hearings were reopened, and he became the second African American to hold a seat in the Supreme Court.

Fordney McCumber Tariff

This tariff rose the rates on imported goods in the hopes that domestic manufacturing would prosper. This prevented foreign trade, which hampered the economy since Europe could not pay its debts if it could not trade.

Agent Orange

This was a defoliant used in South Vietnam to clear the jungle so the Vietcong and North Vietnamese would have less coverage. Agent Orange was linked to increased risk of various types of cancer and genetic defects. • In 1984 United States veterans obtained $180 million in compensation from companies who produced the herbicide such as Dow Chemical and Monsanto.

Salvation Army

This welfare organization came to the US from England in 1880 and sought to provide food, shelter, and employment to the urban poor while preaching temperance and morality.

Sugrue and Edsall

Thomas Sugrue is a Bancroft Prize-winning Ivy League professor. Writers who raised these concerns included not only Lukas, but journalists and political analysts such as Thomas and Mary Edsall, Jim Sleeper, and Stanley Greenberg.

David Lloyd George

Britain's prime minister at the end of World War I whose goal was to make the Germans pay for the other countries' staggering war losses

submarines

Britains blockade of Germany denied the US the right to trade with Germany, Wilson ignored this and still traded with Britain. This angered Germans used ______to sink ships of ours and other enemies. This made Wilson change his mind;

What foreign policy problems plagued the second half of Carter's presidency?

Carter signed the SALT II agreements with Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev, but the U.S. Senate wouldn't ratify it.

Describe Carter's foreign policy achievements.

Carter was a champion for human rights, and in Rhodesia (later Zimbabwe) and South Africa, he championed for black rights and privileges. Carter also pledged to return the Panama Canal to Panama by the year 2000, and resumed full diplomatic relations with China in 1979.

The Warren Commission

Chaired by Chief Justice Earl Warren, was given the task of investigating the assassination. They reached the conclusion that Oswald was a long gunman who acted alone

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)

Mao Zedong

Chinese Communist leader; suspected to have ties with the Soviet Union, causing US to shun him; took control of China in September 1949

arms race

Cold war competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union to build up their respective armed forces and weapons

The Jinmen-Mazu crisis

Communist China's guns bombarded the islands in 1954; Eisenhower decided to defend the outpost

Washington Gladden

Congregational minister from Ohio - earliest social gospelers - ministered to working class endorsed unions and workers rights and proposed replacing a cruelly competitive wage system with profit sharing

National Forest System

Created in part by Pinchot. Expanded by Roosevelt as a way to protect the landscape for continued, rational lumbering.

Department of Housing and Urban Development

Created to give aid to needy families located in poor inner city areas, the Department of Housing and Urban Development passed bills allocating funds to housing development projects under the leadership of Robert Weaver.

Settlement House Movement

Creation of places that offered social services to urban poor - often food, shelter, and basic higher education - Hull House was most famous, run by middle class women

Professionalism

Demand for professional services leads to the forming of organizations of trained professionals. The esteem and training for positions went up.

-AAs replaced by white veterans coming back. -AA veterans got no enhancement in social status even though they served. -AA vets worshipped by black comm. but not helped or thanked by whites -Still race riots happened

Describe the nations post war racial climate, its causes and why some black soldiers felt betrayed?

"Big Stick" Diplomacy

Diplomatic policy developed by T.R where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy.

What was the cost (not in just money) of the Vietnam war?

Disastrously for Ford, South Vietnam fell to the communist North in 1975, and American troops had to be evacuated, the last on April 29, 1975, thus ending the U.S. role in Vietnam War. America seemed to have lost the war, and it had also lost a lot of respect.

Niagara Movement

Du Bois met with a group of black intellectuals to discuss a program of protest and action aimed at securing equal rights for blacks

U.S. Military "Advisors" to Vietnam

During Eisenhower's presidency the first American military advisors were sent to South Vietnam. • Kennedy continued military aid to South Vietnam and significantly increased the number of "advisors" who trained the South Vietnamese army and guarded weapons and facilities. • By 1963, there were over 16,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam. However, at this point they were support rather than combat troops

Anwar Sadat

Egyptian statesman who (as president of Egypt) negotiated a peace treaty with Menachem Begin (then prime minister of Israel) (1918-1981)

Direct Primary

Election in which voters choose party nominees

Temperance Crusade

Eliminating drinking was needed to restore society. Social workers influenced working classes. Many said drunkenness lead to violence & murder. Temperance would improve women's lives & allow higher industrial efficiency. There was opposition from immigrants &working-class, but temperance grew. -Began 1871

Nationalism

Extreme pride in the nation (Wilhelm).

Charles and Mary Beard

Famous historians from the 20th century - wrote that the founding fathers were driven by economic issues rather than political philosophies

Lincoln Steffens

Famous muckraker who exposed the corruption of political machines and boss rule in the cities in his book The Shame of the Cities. Aroused sentiment for urban reform.

Bay of Pigs

Fifteen hundred Cuban exiles, supported by the CIA, landed here in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the new Communist government of Fidel Castro. • Planning for the operation was done under the Eisenhower administration, but Kennedy gave his approval early after he assumed the Presidency. • The operation was a fiasco and it made Kennedy much more cautious about approving a military operation simply because the CIA or military said it was a good operation.

Trench warfare

Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WWI.

Civil Rights Act

First civil-rights bill passed since Reconstruction. Although symbolic, it was largely ineffective. It gave the U.S. Attorney General the authority to bring lawsuits on behalf of African Americans denied the right to vote. • However, any person found guilty of obstructing someone's right to register barely faced the prospect of punishment because in the South only whites could be jury members.

Bombing of North Vietnam

Following an attack on the United States base at Pleiku, President Johnson authorized the bombing of North Vietnam in an effort to destroy the arms depots and transportation lines bringing the North Vietnamese soldiers into South Vietnam. • The decision to start bombing raids on North Vietnam was a definite jump in the escalation of American involvement.

What changes did Reagan make to the national budget and how did these contrast with previous spending programs?

For over two decades, the government budget had slowly and steadily risen, much to the disturbance of the tax-paying public. By the 1980s, the public was tired of the New Deal and the Great Society programs's costs and were ready to slash bills, just as Reagan proposed.

cities

For the first time in this era the census reflected an urban society--people had move into _____ to enjoy a higher standard of living.

Moral diplomacy

Foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace

Anita Hill

Former associate of Clarence Thomas, who accused him of sexual harassment in Senate Judiciary Committee hearings.

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Founded in 1874, this organization advocated for the prohibition of alcohol, using women;s supposedly greater purity and morality as a rallying point. Found similar ideas with temperance advocates in Britain

Vladimir Lenin

Founder of the Russian Communist Party, this man led the November Revolution in 1917 which established a revolutionary soviet government based on a union of workers, peasants, and soldiers.

George McGovern

George Stanley McGovern, Ph.D (born July 19, 1922) is a former United States Representative, Senator, and Democratic presidential nominee. McGovern lost the 1972 presidential election in a landslide to incumbent Richard Nixon. McGovern was most noted for his opposition to the Vietnam War. He is currently serving as the United Nations global ambassador on hunger.

How did Carter react to the renewed Energy Crisis?

He called for legislation to improve energy conservation, but the gas-guzzling American people, who had already forgotten about the long gas lines of 1973, didn't like these ideas.

John Dean

He testified against Nixon as well as other cabinet members in the Watergate hearings. His testimony helped led to the removal of several White House officials and the resignation of Nixon. Before his testimony he had been a White House lawyer.

John Foster Dulles

He was Secretary of State during the 1950s. He was responsible for developing the policy of Massive Retaliation.

Babe Ruth

He was a famous baseball player who played for the Yankees. He helped developed a rising popularity for professional sports.

Fulgencio Batista

He was a pro-American dictator of Cuba before Castro. His overthrow led to Castro and communists taking over Cuba, who was now friendly to the Soviets.

George F. Kennan

He was a young U.S. diplomat. and responsible for developing the policy of "containment"

Did the President do the right thing when he pardoned Nixon?

He was also seen as a dumb jock of a president (he was a former Univ. of Michigan football player), and his popularity and respect further sank when he issued a full pardon of Nixon, thus setting off accusations of a "buddy deal."

Alfred E. Smith

He was the Democratic presidential candidate in the 1928 election. He was the first Catholic to be elected as a candidate., Former governor of New York who ran for President against Herbert Hoover. He was against Prohibition.People did not vote for him b/c of fear of Catholicism running gov't.

Georges Clemenceau

He was the French representative at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He pushed for a revenge-based treaty at Versailles, hampering the 14 points.Wanted revenge against Germany.

Charles Evan Hughes

He was the Republican governor of New York who ran for the presidency in 1916. He lost to Wilson. He was a strong reformer who gained his national fame as an investigator of malpractices in gas and insurance companies. In 1921 he became Harding's Secretary of State. He called together the major powers to the Washington Disarmament Conference in 1921.

Medicare and Medicaid

Health care initiatives of President Lyndon Johnson. Medicare provided the elderly with universal compulsory medical insurance financed largely through Social Security taxes. Medicaid authorized federal grants to supplement state-paid medical care for low-income people under sixty-five. Both initiatives were passed as amendments to the Social Security Act of 1935.

Hetch-Hetchy Controversy

Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular, high walled valley, in the Yosemite National Park, and was popular with naturalists such as Muir and other Sierra Club members. But many residents of San Francisco worried about finding enough water to serve their growing Population, saw the valley as an ideal place for a reservoir. The naturalists and advocates of the dam argued for years and eventually after WWI, the dam was approved and constructed.

The Republic of Vietnam

Ho's government in the northern half of Vietnam

Dienbienphu

In 1946, war broke out between communist insurgents in North Vietnam, called the Viet Minh, and the French Colonial government. In the spring of 1954, the Viet Minh surrounded and destroyed the primary French fortress in North Vietnam at Dien Bien Phu. The defeat was so disastrous for the French that they decided to withdraw from Vietnam.

Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty

In 1968, the United Nations approved the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. In 1995, the treaty was renewed and made permanent. • The treaty was designed to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and inhibit countries with nuclear technology from aiding those without it to acquire the knowledge or the weapons themselves.

How did the situation in Vietnam help Nixon win a landslide in the 1972 election?

In 1972, the North Vietnamese attacked again, surprisingly, and Nixon ordered massive retaliatory air attacks, which ground the Vietnamese offense to a stop when neither China nor Russia stepped in to help, thanks to Nixon's shrew diplomacy.

Why did Jimmy Carter win the presidency in 1976?

In 1976, Jimmy Carter barely squeezed by Gerald Ford (297 to 240) for president, promising to never lie to the American public. He also had Democratic majorities in both houses of Congress.

Geraldine Ferraro

In 1984 she was the first woman to appear on a major-party presidential ticket. She was a congresswoman running for Vice President with Walter Modale.

What were the unexpected consequences of the demise of the Soviet Union?

In 1989, it seemed that Democracy was reviving in previously Communist hot-spots. America then had no rival to guard against, and it was possible that it would revert back to its isolationist policies. Also, military spending had soaked up so much money that upon the end of the Cold War, the Pentagon closed 34 military bases, canceled a $52 billion order for a navy attack plane, and forced scores of Californian defense plants to shut their doors.

How did the reaction to the Thomas confirmation reflect the changing political attitudes of some women?

In 1991, Bush proposed Clarence Thomas (a Black man) to fill in the vacant seat left by retiring Thurgood Marshall (the first Black Supreme Court justice), but this choice was opposed by the NAACP since Thomas was a conservative and by the National Organization for Women (NOW), since Thomas was supposedly pro-abortion.

Describe the flow of money and arms in the Iran contra scandal.

In November 1986, it was revealed that a year before, American diplomats led by Col. Olive North had secretly arranged arms sales to Iranian diplomats in return for the release of American hostages (at least one was) and had used that money to aid Nicaraguan contra rebels.

Explain the significance of the Bakke case

In the Bakke case of 1978, the Supreme Court ruled 5 to 4 that Allan Bakke (a white applicant claiming reverse discrimination) should be admitted to U.C.—Davis med school. The decision was ambiguous saying (1) admission preference based on any race was not allowed, but conversely that (2) race could be factored into the admission policy.

-Extended the espionage act by passing the Sabotage Act and the Sedition Act -Targets were the anti-capitalists, Socialists, immmigrants opposeed to intervention on a certain side.

In what ways did the gov't supress criticism and who suffered most?

New Frontier

John Kennedy's term for his agenda of renewed government activism both at home and aboard. The New Frontier focused foremost on fighting the Cold War and secondarily on public service initiatives such as the Peace Corps. • Although his legislative achievements were limited, Kennedy's ideas and personal appeal inspired many, especially the young. • Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963, as his motorcade wound through Dallas, Texas. Vice- President Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded him

Election of 1964

Johnson (D) v Goldwater (R) - Daisy Advertisment - Goldwater was seen as an extremist, willing to jump into a war

the Korean War

June 25, 1950-July 27, 1953; a war between the Republic of Korea (South Korea), supported by the United Nations, and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea), supported by the People's Republic of China

Election of 1960

Kennedy (D) v Nixon (R) -based on televised debates -closest election in history

Jiang Jieshi

Leader of Chinese Nationalists, also known as Chang kai-shek. He was defeated by Mao Zedong's communist revolutionaries in 1949 and was forced to flee to the isalnd of Tawiwan, where, with the support of the United States, he became president of the Republic of China; unreliable and corrupt, yet Truman backs him to the end due to him being the only alternative to Mao Zedong

Menachem Begin

Leader of Israel who signed a peace treaty with Egypt at the Camp David Accords, which had Israel withdrawing from Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip and returning the land to Egypt

Pol Pot

Leader of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia, who terrorized the people of Cambodia throughout the 1970's

Jerry Falwell

Leader of the Religious Right Fundamentalist Christians, a group that supported Reagan; rallying cry was "family values", anti-abortion, favored prayer in schools

Louis Armstrong

Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians.

Chicago Campaign

Martin Luther King's decision to make housing and job discrimination the targets of his civil rights campaign in Chicago signaled a change in the direction of the civil rights movement from political rights to equal economic opportunity. • King encountered deep white opposition and, in contrast to earlier Southern campaigns, the Chicago campaign failed to generate national support. The city government agreed to end housing discrimination, but few tangible results followed. • The failure of the Chicago campaign demonstrated the difficulty of getting white support for economic opportunity for African-Americans.

What was the "China Card", and how did Nixon use it?

Meanwhile, China and the Soviet Union were clashing over their own interpretations of Marxism, and Nixon seized this as a chance for the U.S. to relax tensions and establish "détente."

Sandinistas

Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The United States financed armed opposition by the Contras. The Sandinistas lost national elections in 1990

Ho Chi Minh

Minh was the Vietnamese Communist leader and the principal force behind the Vietnamese struggle against French colonial rule. Hoping for American assistance in Vietnam's struggle for independence, Ho later turned to the Soviet Union when the United States aided the French. He was a nationalist at heart and wanted Vietnamese independence far more than a communist government. He led the Vietminh, a group of guerrillas. In 1954, they defeated the French garrison at the battle of Dien Bien Phu. • After the French withdrew and Vietnam was divided into North Vietnam and South Vietnam, Minh headed the new Communist government of North Vietnam and led the war effort against South Vietnam and the United States until his death in 1969. • Minh displayed a steely resolve to fight a war of attrition against first the French and then the United States.

Talkies

Movies with sound, beginning in 1927.

Jazz Age

Name for the 1920s, because of the popularity of jazz-a new type of American music that combined African rhythms, blues, and ragtime

Plumbers

Name given to the special investigations committee established along with CREEP in 1971. Its job was to stop the leaking of confidential information to the public and press.

NSC-68

National Security Council recommendation to quadruple defense spending and rapidly expand peace-time armed forces to address Cold War tensions. It reflected a new militarization of American foreign policy but the huge costs of rearmament were not expected to interfere with what seemed like the limitless possibilities of postwar prosperity.

Title IX

No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance

the Democratic People's Republic of Korea

North Korea

Kim Il Sung

North Korea's communist leader

What developments caused many people to become even more critical of the war in 1970-1971?

North Vietnamese had been using Cambodia as a springboard for funneling troops and arms along the Ho Chi Minh Trail, and on April 29, 1970, Nixon suddenly ordered U.S. troops to invade Cambodia to stop this.

"Black Monday"

October 19, 1987. Date of the largest single-day decline in the Dow Jones Industrial Average until September 2001. The downturn indicated instability in the booming business culture of the 1980s but did not lead to a serious economic recession. (1045)

Kent State

Ohio college where an anti-war protest got way out of hand, the Nat'l Guard was called in and killed 3 students (innocent & unarmed,wounded 9) in idiscriminate fire of M-1 rifles

"The enemy of my enemy is my friend". How did this philosophy have a negative outcome in America's involvement with Iran and Iraq?

On August 2, 1990, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein invaded oil-rich Kuwait with 100,000 men, hoping to annex it as a 19th province and use its oil fields to replenish debts incurred during the Iraq—Iran War, a war which oddly saw the U.S. supporting Hussein despite his bad reputation.

"Hundred Hour War"

On February 23, "Operation Desert Storm" began with an overwhelming land attack that lasted four days, saw really little casualties, and ended with Saddam's forces surrender.

Of what wrongdoing was the Nixon administration guilty?

On June 17, 1972, five men working for the Republican Committee for the Re-election of the President (CREEP) were caught breaking into the Watergate Hotel and planting some bugs in the room.

-1914 economic boom from high European demand for American goods. -employment increased with more jobs for women, AAs and Asians. -agricultural production increase.

On balance what was the economic impact of WWI era?

Council of National Defense

Organization of composed of Wilson's cabinet members, which he established in 1916 to organize the economy to meet war needs. They proposed to divide the economy by organizing a series of planning bodies, who would each supervise a branch of the economy. A centralized approach.

Americans with Disabilities Act

Passed by Congress in 1991, this act banned discrimination against the disabled in employment and mandated easy access to all public and commerical buildings.

Civil Rights Act of 1964, Public Accommodations

Passed under the Johnson administration, the act outlawed segregation in public accommodations, such as theaters, restaurants, and hotels and withheld federal funds from segregated public programs. Under Title VII employment discrimination based on race, religion, or national origin was prohibited and women were protected as well when another category "sex" (gender) was added. • It also created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to prevent discrimination in the work place. • The 1964 act was the strongest civil rights legislation since Reconstruction

isolationist

People who wanted the United States to stay out of world affairs.

Why did the Equal Rights Amendment fail?

Phyllis Schlafly led other women against ERA. Schlafly said ERA advocates were, "bitter women seeking a constitutional cure for their personal problems." She used the following arguments against the ERA amendment: It would deprive a woman's right to be a wife. It would require women to serve in combat.

"Solidarity"

Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe.

Warren Harding

Pres.1921 laissez-faire, little regard for gov't or presidency. "return to normalcy" after Wilson + his progressive ideals. Office became corrupt: allowed drinking in prohibition, had an affair, surrounded himself w/ cronies (used office for private gain). Ex) Sec. of Interior leased gov't land w/ oil for $500,000 and took money himself. Died after 3 years in office, VP: Coolidge took over.; Opposed L of N and avoid foreign affairs, isolationist.

Kennedy Assassination

President John Kennedy was assassinated on November 23, 1963 in Dallas by Lee Harvey Oswald. Kennedy was visiting Dallas to start gathering support for the upcoming presidential election of 1964. • Kennedy's assassination and funeral became a defining moment for that generation as the nation was caught up in grief and watched Kennedy's state funeral on television. • His brief presidency was viewed as a high point of the postwar era and cast its influence on American politics during the 1960s and 1970s. - Many conspiracy theories

War on Poverty

President Johnson declared war on poverty in his 1964 State of the Union address. A new Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) oversaw a variety of programs to help the poor, including Job Corps and Head Start.

Dominican Republic

President Johnson sent 20,000 troops into the Dominican Republic in order to block the possible emergence of a Castro-type govt. Johnson justified this on the basis of protecting American tourists and argued there were suspected communists among the rebel leaders. • The action alienated liberal critics in the United States. As Johnson struggled to uphold the Cold War polices he had inherited from Kennedy, the more alienated he found himself with Congress, the media, and the universities.

Great Society

President Lyndon Johnson's domestic program, which included civil rights legislation, anti-poverty programs, government subsidy of medical care, federal aid to education, consumer protection, and aid to the arts and humanities. • Great Society programs enjoyed some success but were ultimately limited by conflicting interest groups, political infighting, and lack of funds. • The Great Society was what Johnson wanted as his legacy, but he believed if he pulled out of Vietnam, support for the Great Society would evaporate.

Election of 1920

Republican, Warren G. Harding, with V.P. running mate Coolidge, beat Democrat, Governor James Cox, with V.P. running mate, FDR. The issues were WW I, the post-war economy and the League of Nations.

Conservation

Roosevelt was enthusiastic about wildlife, efforts to protect natural resources, set aside 150 million acres of federal land as national reserve, Newlands Reclamation Act, National Conservation Commission

Trust-Busting

Roosevelt was first president to enforce Sherman Antitrust, busted Northern Securities Company, took action against Standard Oil and 40 other large corporations, not all trusts were ad

Square Deal

Roosevelt's plan of dealing with labor, favor neither business nor labor, departure from Pullman Strike

Eugene V. Debs

Socialist party's candidate for president five times, former railway union leader who adopted socialistic views after being jailed for Pullman Strike

Nelson Mandela

South African statesman who was released from prison to become the nation's first democratically elected president in 1994 (born in 1918)

the Republic of Korea

South Korea

Syngman Rhee

South Korea's president

Ngo Dinh Diem Coup and Assassination

South Vietnamese leader Diem was losing support in South Vietnam and his decision to go after the Buddhists and make Catholicism the primary religion of the country brought violent demonstrations and a crisis. • Kennedy gave his tacit approval to a plan by a group of South Vietnamese generals to overthrow Diem. The group assassinated Diem and the United States was left to deal with a secession of South Vietnamese governments that had less stability than the one headed by Diem

What difficulties did Vietnamese immigrants experience when they came to America?

South Vietnamese refugees initially faced resentment by Americans following the turmoil and upheaval of the Vietnam War. A poll taken in 1975 showed only 36 percent of Americans were in favor of Vietnamese immigration.

Berlin Wall

Soviet Premier Khrushchev had threatened war if the West did not turn over West Berlin to East Germany. When that bluff did not work, in the summer of 1961 East Germany built a wall between West Berlin and East Berlin. The purpose of the wall was to stop the mass exodus of East Germans to West Berlin. The Berlin Wall stood as a physical reminder of the hostility between the communists and noncommunists for the next thirty years.

Atomic diplomacy

Soviet belief that the United States was maintaining a nuclear monopoly to scare the Soviets into diplomatic concessions

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931)

Nattering Nabobs of Negativism

Spiro Agnew's derogatory name for antiwar protesters

Carmichael

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

How was Reagan's economic policy both a failure and a victory?

Supply-side economics claimed that cutting taxes would actually increase government revenue, but instead, during his eight years in office, Reagan accumulated a $2 trillion debt—more than all his presidential predecessors combined.

Election of 1912 Campaign

Taft little popularity, Debs too radical, became competition between Roosevelt and Wilson, New Nationalism v. New Freedom

Taft Trust-Busting and Conservation

Taft ordered prosecution of twice as many antitrust cases, declined US Steel merger started by Roosevelt, Bureau of Mines, added tracts to Appalachians as national forest reserves, etc.

Joe Cannon

Taft refused to support Progressives' efforts to reduce the dictatorial power of Congress' Speaker of the House

Midterm Elections

Taft supported conservative candidates for Congress, Progressivism easily defeated candidates endorsed by Taft, Republican party split into conservative Taft faction and Progressive faction

William Howard Taft's Presidency

Taft was a subtle &moderate. Taft would end presidency w/a divided party &govt in hands of Dems. He had the Children's Bureau. He couldn't match Roosevelt &couldn't please conservatives &progressives at same time, leaning to conservatives. The Payne-Aldrich Tariff barley reduced rates and sometimes raised them. Progressives were angry. Taft made enemies with progressives in Glavis-Ballinger scandal. He was nominated by Repubs in 1912 election but lost to Wilson.

Election of 1912 Candidates

Taft was renominated by Republicans, Roosevelt under Bull-Moose Party, Wilson for Democrats, Debs for Socialists

Triple Wall of Privilege

Tariffs, Banking, Trusts

How did the Supreme Court decisions in Webster and Casey curtail Roe v Wade?

The 1973 case of Roe v. Wade had basically legalized abortion, but the 1989 case of Webster v. Reproductive Health Services seriously compromised protection of abortion rights.

cultural conflict

The 20's was a time of intense _______ _______.

Twenty-third Amendment

The 23rd Amendment gave residents in the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.) the right to vote in presidential elections.

Twenty-fourth Amendment

The 24th Amendment prohibited the use of the poll tax or any tax that denied the vote. The amendment gave Congress the power to enforce it with legislation.

Alliance for Progress

The Alliance was a "Marshall Plan" for Latin America. Its purpose was to strengthen democracy and give economic aid to help the region resist communism. • The program, which provided loans and aid from the United States and the international financial community, built some schools and hospitals, but by the early 1970s it was widely viewed as a failure.

ACLU

The American Civil Liberties Union. It defends and preserves the individual rights and liberties that the Constitution and laws of the United States guarantee everyone in this country. Represented anyone for free anyone who would challenge the Tenn law

Civil Rights Act

The Civil Rights Act of 1968 barred discrimination in housing sales or rentals. This act was a part of a series of new legislation that encouraged desegregation of blacks in America. • It was a key piece of legislation which ensured blacks more equal rights

Detroit Race Riot

The Detroit riot was the largest riot in a year in which the United States saw eight major riots. • The riot began when police raided an illegal after-hours drinking club and drew an angry, frustrated crowd that turned hostile. Relations between blacks and the police were hostile to start with since the Detroit police force was 95% white and had a reputation for racism. • Forty-three people were killed during the violence

How conservative was Pres. Nixon? Explain

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was also created to protect nature, as well as OSHA, or the Occupational Health and Safety Administration.

INF treaty

Reagan and Gorbachev signed this treaty, which provided for the dismantling of all intermediate range nuclear weapons in Russia and all of Europe

What were Reagan's attitude, strategy, and rationale toward negoiating with the Soviets?

Reagan took a get-tough stance against the USSR, especially when they continued to invade Afghanistan, and his plan to defeat the Soviets was to wage a super-expensive arms race that would eventually force the Soviets into bankruptcy and render them powerless.

What pratices contributed to federal budget deficits under Reagan's administration?

Reagan's budget was $695 billion with a $38 billion deficit. He planned cuts, and vast majority of budget cuts fell upon social programs, not on defense, but there were also sweeping tax cuts of 25% over three years.

Star Wars/SDI

Reagan's defensive program; laser beams and satellites would shoot down USSR missiles

"contra rebels"

Rebellion group opposing Nicaragua's FSLN following the overthrow of Anastasio Debayle

-Thousands of AAs from rural south moved to Northen industrial cities. -Escape racism and poverty for more factory jobs in cities. -Wanted to live in a more peaceful place -Growth in black communities some rubbed with white communities producing race riots.

What was the Great Migration? What was its impact?

reaction to progressivism

What was this era a reaction to?

showed that wars will get even more deadly

What were the implications for wars to come?

-Congress was going to get their righ to declare war taken away, some thought it was unneccessary

What were the major arguments against ratifying the treaty?

The International Monetary Fund

set up in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference to stabilize the value of currencies and provide a predictable environment for trade

the 1954 Geneva Accords

signed by France and Ho's Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1954; created the 17th parallel, giving the northern half to Ho and the southern half to Bao Dai

Boston Police Strike

the Police Force in Boston, MA went on a strike, and in fear of communism, President Coolidge (then governor at the time) fired them and called in the militia to be the police force

"yuppies"

young, urban professionals who wore ostentatious gear such Rolex watches or BMW cars. They came to symbolize the increased pursuit of wealth and materialism of Americans in the 1980s.

The New Woman

-19th Amendment gave women the federal vote -Alice Paul pressed on his era -after 1920, social circumstances changed too as more women worked outside the home -and more women went to college and clamoured to join the professions -women didnt want to sacrifice war-gains ammounted to a social revolt

Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy

Ballinger opened public lands in Alaska for private development, when Pinchot criticized him, Taft fired him, Progressives protested

Australian (Secret) Ballot

1888 Massachusetts adopted system of issuing ballots printed by the state and requiring voters to mark their choices within the privacy of a curtained booth

Anthracite Coal Strike

1902 coal workers went on strike, Americans feared no col during winter would lead to freezing, Roosevelt called a union leader and coal mine operators to White House, he threatened to have the army take over mines, owners agreed to 10 percent wage increase and 9 hour work day

Elkins Act

1903 strengthened the ICC by giving greater authority to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored customers

The "Square Deal"

1904- Teddy Roosevelt runs for re-election *Each group (consumers, workers, farmers, and business owners) gets an equal chance to succeed Teddy Roosevelt wins by a landslide

Hepburn Act

1906 commission could fix "just and reasonable" rates for railroads

NAACP

1908 organization founded by Du Bois and others, mission was to abolish all forms of segregation and to increase educational opportunities for African-American children, nation's largest civil rights organization

Federal Reserve Act

1914 Wilson believed money supply was too inflexible, banks were too influenced by Wall Street, national banking system with 12 district banks supervised by a Federal Board

Federal Farm Loan Act

1916 federal farm loan banks were established to provide farm loans at low interest rates

Quota System

1921 an arrangement placing a limit on the number of immigrants from each country.

National Origins Act

1924 Act which restricted immigration from any one nation to two percent of the number of people already in the U.S. of that national origin in 1890. Severely restricted immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, and excluded Asians entirely.

Gertrude Ederly

1926. became the first woman to swim across the english channel and was also a olympic gold medalist in the 1924 olympics. sig. she was a female role model and also gave rise to the american sports culture reminiscent of the 1920's.

the National Security Act

1947; As a response to the threat of the Soviets, in order to improve the defense of America. The act created the Department of Defense and the National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency.

The Formosa Resolution

1955; Authorized president to use force to defend Taiwan from PRC who was threatening invasion. Eisenhower threatened nukes.

ABM Treaty

1972-2001; political; treaty between the U.S and the Soviet Union on the limitation of the anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems used in defending areas against missile-delivered nuclear weapons

the Korean armistice

signed in July 1953; Stalin's death and new leaders in Moscow and Washington helped ease tensions; border between the Koreas was set near the 38th parallel (the prewar boundary) and a demilitarized zone was created between the two Koreas

Walter Lippmann

American journalist who opposed the containment doctrine, stating that it would spread US resources thin; instead, promoted emphasis on diplomacy

urban migration; rise of cities

An agric. depression contributed to ______ _______.

supply-side economics

An economic philosophy that holds the sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive people have to work, save, and invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, and more tax revenues for the government.

Sacco Vanzetti Trial

Anti-redism. Convicted 1921 of murder of Mass. paymaster and his guard. Jury and judge prejudiced because defendants were Italian, atheists, anarchist, draft dodgers, etc. Electrocuted 6 years later.

"ABC" movement

Anybody But Carter movement

Domino theory

small, weak, neighboring nations would fall to communism like a row of dominoes if they were not propped up by the US

Huey Long

As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, etc

What factors contributed to Reagan's victory in 1980?

As the Democrats dueled it out, the Republicans chose conservative former actor Ronald Reagan, signaling the return of conservatism, since the average American was older than during the stormy sixties and was more likely to favor the right (conservatives).

What changes in the Soviet Union contributed at the end of the Cold War?

At a summit meeting at Geneva in 1985, Gorbachev introduced the idea of ceasing the deployment of intermediate-range nuclear forces (INF). At a second meeting at Reykjavik, Iceland, in November 1985, there was stalemate. At the third one in Washington D.C., the treaty was finally signed, banning all INF's from Europe.

Volstead Act

Bill passed by Congress to enforce the language of the 18th Amendment. This bill made the manufacture and distribution of alcohol illegal within the borders of the United States.

Birmingham, August

Birmingham had the reputation of being one of the most segregated places in America and Martin Luther King, Jr. put together a nonviolent campaign to challenge segregation. • Network news footage of peaceful protesters being knocked down with fire hoses and attacked by police dogs did much to create additional support among Northerners and the world for civil rights. • Martin Luther King was arrested and wrote his famous "Letter from Birmingham Jail," in which he argued that people have the right to disobey unjust laws. • On September 15, 1963, a bomb exploded at the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, claiming the lives of four young black girls. Four members of the Ku Klux Klan were accused of the crime. Three men were eventually convicted. • Both the demonstrations and the bombing helped in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Watts Riot

Black anger over police brutality during a routine traffic stop sparked a week of violence in Los Angeles. • Close to 10,000 people took part in the violence. Thirty-four people died and over $200 million worth of property damage resulted. • The Watts Riot demonstrated to the nation that African-American grievances over racism were not confined to the South.

Newton

Black panther leader

Seale

Black panther leader

-Did not bring any Reps, did nott need to b/c he was the most important person needed in the negotiation

How did Wilson structure the American negotiating team in Paris?

It reflected the belief, rooted by Progressivism that the world was as capable of just and efficiency gov't as were individual nations.

How did the 14 points reflect the ideas of progressivism?

McGarry Haughlin Bill

Idea of parity.Farmers wanted the gov't to pay them back and make them up for the costs, gov;t would buy the surplus. Coolidge vetoes this b/c of his laissez-faire attitude. Bad for farmer's eary depression.

"Boll weevils"

southern conservative Democrats who supported Reagan

Planned Parenthood v Casey

states may regulate abortion as long as there is "no undue burden" on the mother; did not overturn Roe v. Wade but gave states mroe leeway in regulating abortion (parental consent for minors, 24 hour waiting period)

League of Nations

International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s.

Ayatollah Khomeini

Iranian religious leader of the Shiites

Saddam Hussein

Iraqi leader who waged war against Iran

Summarize Reagan's International policy in the Middle East an central/America caribbean, identifying which side the U.S. supported and which side it opposed.

Israel invaded Lebanon in 1982 to destroy guerilla bases, and the next year, Reagan sent U.S. forces as part of an international peace-keeping force. But, when a suicide bomber crashed a bomb-filled truck into U.S. Marine barracks on October 23, 1983 killing over 200 marines, Reagan had to withdraw the troops, though he miraculously suffered no political damage.

What did Cambodia have to do with the War Powers Act?

It was then discovered that there had been secret bombing raids of North Vietnamese forces in Cambodia that had occurred since March of 1969, despite federal assurances to the U.S. public that Cambodia's neutrality was being respected.

Lee Harvey Oswald

JFK Assassin

Flexible response

JFK's policy of "flexible response" called for the preparation of more conventional weapons versus atomic weapons. Kennedy felt that U.S needed both a strong military program and atomic weapons to combat the forces of communism. He reasoned conventional weapons were essential because atomic weapons were never used.

hepburn act (1906)

strengthened authority of the interstate commerce commssion, allowed them to regulate maximum railroad rates

Sedition Act of 1918

Made it a crime to speak anything bad or profane about the gov't, military or the war. Targeted those with opposite views. Stop anyone discouraging the war effort.

Selma, Alabama

Major demonstration for black voter registration. The demonstrators were brutally attacked by local police and the violence, just as in Birmingham, received detailed television coverage. • Southern police brutality of peaceful demonstrators in Selma and Birmingham outraged many Americans. The national outrage aided President Johnson in his decision to propose and win passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Malcolm X

Malcolm X was a Black Muslim minister in the Nation of Islam and an influential black leader who moved away from King's non-violent methods of civil disobedience. • Malcolm X converted to Islam while he was in prison. • He spilt with the Black Muslim movement and formed the Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU) which attracted thousands of young, urban blacks with its message of socialism and self-help. • He initially advocated nationalism, self-defense, and racial separation. • After a pilgrimage to Mecca, he began publicly accepting the idea of cooperation between blacks and whites. • Malcolm X was assassinated in 1965 while giving a speech in New York City. The assassins were said to be Black Muslims, although this was never proved.

Zimmerman Telegram

March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's promixity to the US). In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico.

Aid the families with dependent children

Nixon also expanded Great Society programs by increasing appropriations for Medicare and Medicaid, as well as Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), and created the Supplemental Security Income (SSI), which gave benefits to the indigent, aged, blind, and disabled, and he raised Social Security.

Liberal Establishment

Nixon believed this cast him into politial darkness for most of the 1960's

Southern Strategy

Nixon's plan to persuade conservative southern white voters away from the Democratic party

Spiro Agnew

Nixon's vice-president resigned and pleaded "no contest" to charges of tax evasion on payments made to him when he was governor of Maryland. He was replaced by Gerald R. Ford.

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

Robert La Follette

Progressive Wisconsin governor who attacked machine politics and pressured the state legislature to require each party to hold a direct primary

Socialist Influence

Progressives agreed with them on some issues, mostly wanted to distance themselves from radical views held by this other party, some socialist ideas were accepted later

Miranda

Prospero's daughter

Gamal Abdul Nasser

Pursued policy of non-alignment, claim neutrality but use cold war stand-off to advantage. Soviets aided Egypt in building Aswan High Dam. US withdraw aid. Nasser nationalized Suez Canal in 1956.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

SNCC was originally a student branch of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. It ended up breaking with SCLC president Martin Luther King Jr. over his insistence on nonviolence. • Stokely Carmichael, SNCC's new leader, told members they should seize power in those parts of the South where blacks outnumbered whites. • Carmichael was one among several African American leaders who called for "black power."

Third World neutralism

Secretary of State Dulles declared it a step on the road to communism; he and Eisenhower insisted that ever nation should take a side in the life-and-death Cold War struggle

Teapot Dome Scandal

Secretary of the Interior (Albert Fall) leased government land in California and at Teapot Dome, Wyoming to 2 oil executives- Fall became the first Cabinet official to be sent to prison during Harding Admin.

Clean Air Act

Set emission standards for cars, and limits for release of air pollutants

Rachel Carson

Silent Spring - Pesticides and DDC's

Tiananmen Square

Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life.

The long telegram

telegram sent by US ambassador to the USSR that stated that Soviet nationalism had grown so strong that only "toughness" could be used on the Soviets; spurred US nationalism and adoption of the Truman "tough method"

The Election of 1928

The Republicans still ruled throughout the 1920s. Herbert Hoover was elected in 1928. The group that favored him was the rural areas. That's because they were in an economic depression, and he promised "a chicken in every pot and a car in every garage."

United Nations Security Council

The Security Council is the United Nations' most powerful body. It has "primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security." Five powerful countries sit as "permanent members" along with ten other member states, elected for two-year terms.

Israel and Lebanon

Two countries in the Middle East

What factors contributed to ruin of the Savings and Loan Institutions?

The federal budget and the international trade deficit continued to soar while falling oil prices hurt housing values in the Southwest and damaged savings-and-loans institutions, forcing Reagan to order a $500 million rescue operation for the S&L institutions.

"Reaganomics"

The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth.

Camp David Accords

The first signed agreement between Israel and an Arab country, in which Egyptian president Anwar Sadat recognized Israel as a legitimate state and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin agreed to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt.

Iranian Hostage Release

The hostages were released on Reagan's Inauguration Day, January 20, 1981, after 444 days in captivity.

the Inchon landing

The landing of UN troops, by General Douglas MacArthur, behind enemy lines at Inchon in Korea. In order to push back the North Korean troops.

Progressivism

The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution.

"Teflon President"

term given to Reagan because of his ability to avoid blame even when things went wrong

Silent majority

that group of quiet honest hard-working middle class Americans who do their job, respect their country and support gov.; Nixon wants their votes in 1968 and 1972

Imperialism

To show dominance of power. Take over economicallly and politically. A-H wanted to extend into the Balkin peninsula.

March on Washington

Two motives lay behind this march of 200,000 civil rights supporters down the mall on Washington. First, to create support for the civil rights legislation introduced by President Kennedy and secondly, to demonstrate the power of the civil rights movement -I Have A Dream Speech

the Eisenhower Doctrine

US will use armed forces, upon request, to respond to actual or imminent agression to US *1st use in Lebanon, troops stabilize Lebanese Civil War (Meant to deter Soviet aggression in Middle East & reward those countries who opposed communism)

Charles Lindbergh

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974).

Henry Kissinger

United States diplomat who served under President Nixon and President Ford (born in 1923)

Alice Paul

United States feminist (1885-1977), head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking;, Marched with the suffragist in England , was jailed and went on a hunger strike all to help British woman win the vote. returned home to support the cause of the suffrage for American woman.

Douglas MacArthur

United States general who served as chief of staff and commanded Allied forces in the South Pacific during World War II

William Faulkner

United States novelist (originally Falkner) who wrote about people in the southern United States (1897-1962) Sound and Fury.

Sinclair Lewis

United States novelist who satirized middle-class America in his novel Main Street (1885-1951) and Babbit

Al Jolson

United States singer (born in Russia) who appeared in the first full-length talking film (1886-1950).

Nader

Unsafe at Any Speed - Safety of automobiles (crash test dummies)

What was Pres. Nixon's plan for getting the US out of Vietnam?

Upon taking office, President Richard Nixon urged American's to stop tearing each other apart and to cooperate. He was very skilled in foreign affairs, and to cope with the Vietnam dilemma, he used a policy called "Vietnamization" in which 540,000 American troops would be pulled out of the Southeast Asian nation and the war would be turned back over to the Vietnamese. The South Vietnamese would slowly fight their own war, and the U.S. would only supply arms and money but not American troops; this was called the "Nixon Doctrine."

Reverse Discrimination

Using race or sex to give preferential treatment to some people.

-wanted to return to normalcy -era of reform over for women, new era in America

What did the results of 1920 indicate about the mood of America?

-experienced a recession -economic boom followed by inflation

What happened tot the American economy in those years and why?

-Bombings by radical groups killing several and imposing communist beliefs. -Committment to 100% Americanism

What inspired the Red Scare of 1919 and 1920?

-Inflation of 1919 and recession caused this -Boston Police Strike -Laborers wanted recogniion of their unions -Once again laborers not compensated or helped -Waves of strikes a reflection of high expectations workers had in the aftermath of the war they believed had been fought to secure their rights

What inspired the labor unrest in 1919 and what did this reveal about the labor movement?

The Anglo-German rivalry. Germany wanted to establish itself as Britain's equal. The assassination of the archduke, germany quick to take sides as well as britain.

What may have been the most important underlying source of tension that led to WWI and what ultimately sparked the event?

-Reps captured majorities in both houses -Reps angry at him for balloting a referendum on war aims -Antagonized them by not appointing any Reps to negotiating team in Paris.

What obstacles did Wilson face at home getting American politics to agree?

-Leaders of allied powers prepared to resist him due to his tone of moral superiority wanted to punish Germany destroy them. -Did not like him for keeping his army seperate -European powers bitter at Germany not ready for peace

What obstacles did Wilson face in getting European leaders to accept his approach to peace?

Women and AAs allowed to enlist, AAs had segregated regiments, had live with racism that wwas put on them by other countries, women used as drivers and nurses.

What roles did women and AAs play in the military?

-Directed by Denver journalist George Creel -CPI attempted to distribute facts but then ended up doing lurid portayals of Germans. -#s of newspapers and posters plastered everywhere. -Accounted for the espionage act

What tactics did the Committee on Public Info employ to propagandize the American people into unquestioning support of the war effort?

sale of war bonds and taxes on excess profits of corporations

What two methods did the Wilson admin depend on to finance he war effort?

-blocked French plan to break up West Germany into smaller states. -created two new nations, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. -created a Leage of Nations

What victories for Wilson's ideals was he able to salvage?

advertising

What was a source of big business in the 1920s?

poisonous mustard gas

What was an example of indirect combat?

Why was Nixon unhappy with the Supreme Court?

When Earl Warren was appointed as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, he headed many controversial but important decisions.

James Meredith

When the Governor of Mississippi refused to enforce a federal court order ordering the University of Mississippi to enroll its first black student (James Meredith). Whites in Oxford, Mississippi rioted to protest the court order, President Kennedy sent federal troops to Mississippi to end the violence and enforce the court order. • In the early 1960s, the Kennedy administration was being forced, by events such as these, to involve itself in the civil rights movement.

Liberty Bonds

Where people bought bonds so the government could get that money now for war. The bonds increased in interest over time.

Germans and Irish sided with the central powers; the gov't sided with England the allies.

Which groups in America sided with which countries?

Britain, France, Russia (later US and Italy)

Which nations are referred to as the allies (Triple Entente)?

Germany, Austro Hungarian Empire, Italy (leaves later)

Which nations are referred to as the central powers (Triple Alliance)?

Japanese reconstruction

the Americanization of Japan through censorship and media propaganda; restoration of Japanese sovereignty and the Mutual Security Treaty follow

Republicans

Who controlled politics during this time.

Henry Cabot Lodge, wanted a series of amendments to the league of nations but Wilson refused.

Who was the leading opponent in the Senate to the Treaty?

-Congress did not want to join the League of Nations b/c they did want to be involved in wars they did not want to, took away their right to declare war

Why did Congress refuse to accept the Treaty of Versailles?

-organized crime, speakeasies, bootleggers were on the rise

Why was the 18th Amend. a difficult law to enforce?

Underwood Tariff

Wilson called special session to Congress to lower tariffs, addressed Congress directly, substantially lowered tariffs for first time in 50 years, increased income tax rate

1914

Wilson declares neutrality in _____.

Election of 1912 Results

Wilson won easily with 435 electoral votes, Democrats gained Congress, Wilson was a minority president, support for Progressive candidate ensured reforms would continue, failure of Progressive Party to win local office showed it would die out

Direct Primaries

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette introduced to his state a process of nominating party candidates by majority vote, by 1915 used in every state, limited success in overthrowing boss rule

Prop. 13

set maximum tax rate to 1%; 1978: roll back value of property at 1975; can only go up (assessed evaluation) 2% a year EXCEPT that when real estate is sold to new owner, then it is reassessed to full price; therefore, the older and longer you have a house, the cheaper the tax (when it changes owners, taxes go up); Younger people get SCREWED because they just bought the house; No incentive for old people to sell house; The higher the price, the higher the tax; Less houses on the market ;Became "third rail" of state taxes, legislators afraid to touch it

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson's program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912, the New Freedom emphasized business competition and small government. It sought to reign in federal authority, release individual energy, and restore competition. It echoed many of the progressive social-justice objectives while pushing for a free economy rather than a planned one.

the 38th parallel

official dividing line between North and South Korea

New Right

opposed ERA, focused on social, cultural, and moral problems, opposed gevernment paying for daycare

Ho Chi Minh

organized Vietnamese Communist Party and was Communist leader of Vietnam from 1945 through the Vietnam War

League of Women Voters

organized by Carrie Chapman Catt, civic organization dedicated to keeping voters informed about candidates and issues

Enemies List

people Nixon had something against or had done something to him

Muckrakers

people needed to be informed of the "dirty" realities of party politics and the scandalous conditions in factories and slums, middle-class readers loved to read about schemes in politics

"identity politics"

political activity and ideas based on the shared experiences of an ethnic, religious, or social group emphasizing gaining power and benefits for the group rather than pursuing ideological or universal or even statewide goals

Moral Majority

political organization of the United States which had an agenda of evangelical Christian-oriented political lobbying. Formed by Jerry Falwell. Organization made up of conservative Christian political action committees which campaigned on issues its personnel believed were important to maintaining its Christian conception of moral law. This group pressured for legislation that would ban abortion and ban the states' acceptance of homosexuality.

Moral majority

political organization of the United States which had an agenda of evangelical Christian-oriented political lobbying. Formed by Jerry Falwell. Organization made up of conservative Christian political action committees which campaigned on issues its personnel believed were important to maintaining its Christian conception of moral law. This group pressured for legislation that would ban abortion and ban the states' acceptance of homosexuality.

Decline of Muckraking

popularity of books began to decline, writers found it difficult to top the last story, publishers were expanding and facing economic pressures from advertisers to tone it down, corporations developed PR groups

the hydrogen bomb

powerful weapon designed by the United States; productio initialized by Truman after the Soviets successfully created an atomic bomb and US nuclear monopoly was destroyed; led to increased military budget/focus on military

The Baruch Plan

primarily a propaganda ploy; proposal made by Bernard Baruch to have the US abandon its nuclear monopoly if the world's fissionable materials were overseen by an international agency; spurs nuclear arms race between US and Soviets (who thought that the plan required them to shut down their nuclear bomb development and allowed US continuation of production)

eighteenth amendment (1919)

prohibition

Woodrow Wilson

promoted moral diplomacy and a world safe for democracy.

newlands act (1902)

provided for federal irrigation projects

Meat Inspection Act

provided that federal inspectors visit meatpacking plants to ensure that they met minimum standards of sanitation

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

raised the tariff on most imports, angered Progressives when Taft signed it, even publicly defnded it

Controlling Public Utilities

reform leaders sought to take these out of the hands of private companies, 2/3 of nation's cities owned their own water systems, operation of gas lines, power plants, etc.

People's Capitalism

religious freedom, well-paid workers, political democracy

Warren Berger

replaced Earl Warren in 1969; the Burger Court was supposed to reverse the liberal rulings of the Warren court

17th Amendment

required that all US senators be elected by popular vote, previously had been selected by state legislatures, Senate had become millionaires' club

Mohammed Mossadegh

rival of the Shah of Iran; was overthrown by the CIA in 1953

Saturday Evening Post

rural families, general-interest magazine that included printing popular fiction and romanticized American virtues through words and pictures / Norman Rockwell painted for this magazine.

Debunkers

savage ridicules of conformity of middle class life

The World Bank

set up in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference to provide loans for the development of third world countries

Russian Revolution

the revolution against the Czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917.

SALT II

the second treaty between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics resulting from the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

Fourteen Points

the war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.

Sabotage Act

these laws made it a crime to say or print or even write anything negative about the government

Bull-Moose Party

third party that ran Roosevelt in 1912, Roosevelt felt as strong as a "bull moose"

21st Amendment

this amendment repealed the 18th

the Pusan perimeter

tip of the Korean peninsula where the South Koreans were stuck before MacArthur came

Shah of Iran

title for the former hereditary monarch of Iran

The Warsaw Pact

treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania

Al Capone

virtually controlled Chicago in this pd.

Commission Plan

voters elected the heads of city departments as well as the mayor

Sputnik

was a Russian satellite sent up to space in 1957. The breakthrough of the Soviets destroyed the self-confidence of Americans and initiated the Space Race.

The kitchen debate

was a famous discussion between Richard Nixon and Nikita Khrushchev. It signaled that the U.S acknowledged their setback in technology since Nixon focused on technological luxuries.

Herbert Hoover

was the 31st president of the US, promoted partnerships between government and business under the rubric "economic modernization," Hoover tried to combat the ensueing Great Depression with volunteer efforts, none of whice produced economic recovery during his term.

Nikita Krushchev

was the Soviet Premier from 1953-1964. He dealt with the U.S during the 1950s and early 1960s.

African-Americans in Progressive Era

were ultimately ignored by Progressive leaders, thought only in terms of the white race, Wilson was a racist who acquiesced to demands of southern Democrats

Welfare Capitalism

when companies provide incentives to build better relationships with employees; health insurance, safety standards, buy stock in the company

recession of 1982

when employment reached 11%, relaxation of many rules & regulations, because of deregulation

peace without victory

wilsons motto after the war to have peace in Europe but not punish the Germans

Other Issues

women activists also campaigned for other things, like educational equality, liberalizing marriage and divorce laws, reducing discrimination in business, recognizing women's rights to property

flapper

women in the 1920's who bobbed their hair, wore short skirts, and defied the morals and restrictions of the earlier generations

"The Jungle"

written by Upton Sinclair, described the horrors of Chicago stockyards and meatpacking industry, public outcry led t new laws