Missed Uworld Behavioral Science
C.long-term potentiation. When neurons are repeatedly stimulated, they demonstrate an increased firing rate, known as LTP. The increase in magnitude of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in the postsynaptic neurons in the experimental condition (Figure 1) reflects LTP.
The phenomenon induced by high-frequency stimulation (Figure 1) is referred to as: A.sensory adaptation. B.state-dependent memory. C.long-term potentiation. D.tonic stimulus response.
D.Central executive The central executive, responsible for attention and switching among various tasks, such as holding a conversation and driving, appears to be the aspect of working memory that is overloaded.**
Which aspect of working memory appears to be overloaded, according to the results of this study? (The results indicated that driving was impaired because of the cognitive overload produced by competing tasks and visual inattention) A.Phonological loop B.Visuospatial sketchpad C.Episodic buffer D.Central executive
A.Confirmation In other words, overweight Americans might look only at evidence confirming their belief that their own weight is normal, ignoring evidence that it is not. Therefore, a successful strategy for promoting weight loss would be to counteract confirmation bias.
Based on the information in the final paragraph, a successful strategy for promoting weight loss would be to counteract which cognitive bias? (overweight Americans may not realize they are overweight due to changing social norms about acceptable body size) A.Confirmation B.Self-serving C.Actor-observer D.Hindsight
B.composed of all females from the same university. Normative social influence describes when an individual conforms to fit in or avoid rejection by others**
Normative social influence is most likely to arise in the group: A.containing several members who have expertise regarding cancer. B.composed of all females from the same university. C.with an assigned group spokesperson. D.whose members are the most disparate in socioeconomic status
C.PET PET = Scanner detects radioactive tracer attached to a glucose analog
Which neuroimaging technique was most likely used in phase 3? (describes the injection of participants with a glucose analog containing a radioactive tracer an hour before brain activity measurement.) A.CT B.EEG C.PET D.fMRI
C.Optimism bias which describes the tendency for people to underestimate the probability that bad things (eg, cancer, car accident) will happen to them.
Which of the following cognitive biases is most analogous to the self-positivity bias? ( The self-positivity bias occurs when people believe that they are less vulnerable to negative outcomes than other people) A.Actor-observer bias B.Confirmation bias C.Optimism bias D.Overconfidence bias
B.Cultural relativism Cultural relativism, in which there are no "right" or "wrong" cultural practices, is most inclusive of cultural differences. Stereotype threat is less likely to occur in a health care situation that is culturally relativistic.**
Which of the following concepts is LEAST relevant to the processes described in the second paragraph? A.Self-concept B.Cultural relativism C.Autonomic arousal D.Self-fulfilling prophecy
A.Affinal Affinal = BASED ON MARRIAGE
Michael and his wife share what type of kinship? (On the other hand, Michael had earned a general equivalency diploma, was a general manager at a factory, was married with a biological son and adopted daughter, and owned a home in the suburb) A.Affinal B.Consanguineal C.Fictive D.Secondary
C.The relative location of each retina allows for different images of the object to be processed. Retinal disparity allows for integration of slightly different images from each retina.**
How does stereopsis contribute to the processing of two-dimensional retinal images into objects having three-dimensional depth? A.The presence of rods and cones allows for processing different types of light. B.Component attributes, such as color, motion, and form, are integrated in the occipital lobe. C.The relative location of each retina allows for different images of the object to be processed. D.The movement of ciliary muscles controlling the lens provides depth cues to the cortex
C. .greater internal validity but less external validity Internal validity measures the extent to which a causal relationship can be concluded from the study external validity measures the extent to which the study results can be generalized beyond the study. ***Typically, increases in internal validity result in decreases in external validity, and vice versa.**
Compared with the study described in the second paragraph, the proposed follow-up study should demonstrate: A.less internal and external validity. B.less internal validity but greater external validity. C.greater internal validity but less external validity D.greater internal and external validity.
B.negative reinforcement Sarah's cleaning rituals act as negative reinforcement because she experienced a reduction in anxiety (ie, removal of an undesirable stimulus) after performing cleaning rituals, leading her to perform the cleaning rituals more often (ie, behavior increases).
Before Sarah sought therapy, her cleaning rituals acted as: A.positive reinforcement. B.negative reinforcement. C.positive punishment. D.negative punishment
A.Lack of interest in activities previously enjoyed Lack of interest in activities previously enjoyed is a symptom that may be present in BD and depressive disorder, but is not characteristic of borderline personality disorder**
Which of the following symptoms, if present, would help a clinician diagnose bipolar disorder rather than borderline personality disorder? A.Lack of interest in activities previously enjoyed B.Impulsive or reckless behavior C.Fear of abandonment D.Suicidal ideation
B.systematic desensitization of traumatic triggers or memories. CBT = Various techniques (desensitization, self-talk) used to replace destructive thoughts/behaviors with healthy ones** (person centered = humanistic therapy)
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) would be most likely to address PTSD symptoms through: A.a person-centered approach focused on empathy. B.systematic desensitization of traumatic triggers or memories. C.uncovering unconscious memories associated with the trauma. D.examination of the initial cause of the trauma
C. Cultural Cultural capital describes all of the nonfinancial and nonsocial network assets that confer advantage in society. PD, which includes behaviors that allow individuals to get ahead in society, is a form of cultural capital. (Social capital = WHO YOU KNOW)
PD is an example of which type of capital that can be possessed by an individual? A.Economic B.Social C.Cultural D.Human
C.Life course since the passage describes the aging of baby boomers as having "social and historical significance" and describes the social and economic impacts of this aging cohort on society. Therefore, the description of the baby boomers in the second paragraph most closely aligns with the life course approach to aging.
The description of baby boomers in the second paragraph best aligns with which sociological approach to aging? (The passage describes the aging of baby boomers as having "social and historical significance" and describes the social and economic impacts of this aging cohort on society. ) A.Continuity B.Activity C.Life course D.Disengagement
A.Secularization secularization = reduced power of religion as religious involvement declines
Which concept is most relevant to the hypothesis described at the end of the fourth paragraph? A.Secularization B.Cultural transmission C.McDonaldization D.Social reproduction
A. Anhedonia anhedonia = lack of pleasure The nucleus accumbens is a structure that is part of the reward pathway in the brain. if you stimulate nucleus accumbens, can aleviate anhedonia (lack of pleasure)
Stimulation of the nucleus accumbens would be expected to alleviate which of the following symptoms of depression? A.Anhedonia B.Difficulty concentrating C.Fatigue D.Insomnia
A. dopamine antagonist. A positive correlation between the dose of a drug and the severity of Parkinson-like motor symptoms (ie, severity of side effect symptoms increases as drug dose increases) suggests that this drug is most likely a dopamine antagonist, which blocks or reduces the effects of dopamine. loss of dopamine = severe affects which is why antagonist
The graph below represents the relationship between the dose of a new drug and the severity of Parkinson-like motor symptoms, a suspected side effect. This drug is most likely a: A.dopamine antagonist. B.dopamine agonist. C.serotonin antagonist. D.serotonin agonist.
A.Absolute threshold The absolute threshold is the intensity value at which an individual is able to detect the stimulus 50% of the time.
Which psychophysiology concept determines how high the volume of the tone must be for participants to detect it roughly half the time? A.Absolute threshold B.Difference threshold C.Just noticeable difference D.Sensory adaptation
B.processed the pitch of the auditory stimuli in Study 2. Place theory explains the perception of sound pitch (how high or low a tone is)****
Place theory is most appropriate for explaining how infants: A.associated the red light with the auditory stimuli in Study 2. B.processed the pitch of the auditory stimuli in Study 2. C.distinguished the features of a human face in Study 1. D.perceived the distance of a visual stimulus in Study 1.
A.accepting the circumstances of their child's condition and pursuing personal growth. Humanistic psychology emphasizes the higher aspects of human nature, including the drive toward self-actualization (ie, achieving one's full potential) and personal growth.
The HP (humanistic psychotherapy) group peer mentor would have been most likely to have participants focus on: A.accepting the circumstances of their child's condition and pursuing personal growth. B.replacing negative, maladaptive thoughts with positive, adaptive thoughts. C.uncovering unconscious conflicts and feelings about their child's condition. D.treating underlying physiological causes of their depression before engaging in therapy.
D.socialization by primary and secondary groups The second paragraph describes the way members of primary and secondary groups ("close friends, coworkers, and family members") are socialized into accepting the new standards of what a normal body should look like.
The second paragraph describes: A.cultural diffusion within in-groups. B.cultural transmission between in-groups and out-groups. C.peer pressure caused by reference groups. D.socialization by primary and secondary groups
A.blocking dopaminergic pathways. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter associated with the experience of pleasure. Dopaminergic activity in the reward pathway contributes to the development and maintenance of addictive behaviors. Blocking the action of dopamine in the reward pathway is expected to decrease addictive behavior.
Self-administration of nicotine in animal models is most likely suppressed by means of: A.blocking dopaminergic pathways. B.blocking adrenergic pathways. C.enhancing dopaminergic pathways. D.enhancing adrenergic pathways
C.Group 3 arriving at a consensus in the shortest amount of time compared to Groups 2 and 4. Members of Group 3 arriving at a decision in the shortest amount of time suggests that members were not fully participating in the group process, which is indicative of social loafing. Spending little time debating suggests that group members were exerting minimal effort and passively accepting the group decision.**
Social loafing would be best demonstrated by members of: A.Group 1 arriving at their individual estimates after careful consideration. B.Group 2 spending the most time discussing compared to Groups 3 and 4. C.Group 3 arriving at a consensus in the shortest amount of time compared to Groups 2 and 4. D.Group 5 spending less time discussing compared to Groups 2, 3, and 4.
B.Strain theory Strain theory predicts that deviant behavior results from strain caused by a disconnect between socially acceptable goals and the means for obtaining those goals.
The first paragraph describes how certain villagers engaged in initial acts of positive deviance (PD) to nourish their children. This description of PD engaged in by these villagers is most applicable to which of the following? A.Differential association theory B.Strain theory C.Labeling theory D.Conflict theory
B.The toy objects presented at the beginning and the end of the sequence the serial position effect is most likely to occur when items are presented serially (one at a time). The images of the toy objects, which were presented serially would be most subject to serial position effects: The toy objects presented first and last would be the easiest to remember, and those presented in the middle the hardest to remember.
The recall of which of the following should be most subject to serial position effects? (Images of the toy objects were presented in a sequence, one at a time, for 5 seconds each; the 10 vocabulary definitions were listed on a sheet that students were allowed to study for 10 minutes. ) A.The vocabulary words presented at the beginning and the end of the list B.The toy objects presented at the beginning and the end of the sequence C.The vocabulary words that were the most familiar to the subjects D.The toy objects to which the subjects had a personal connection
D.spatial inequality. Some of the best examples of spatial inequality are low-income subsidized housing projects (where Jake and Michael grew up) because these typically concentrate large numbers of lower-income individuals into one area that is geographically separated or isolated from middle- and upper-income areas.
The type of environment in which Jake and Michael grew up is most directly defined by: A.gentrification. B.absolute poverty. C.institutional discrimination. D.spatial inequality.
A.actor-observer bias. actor-observer bias is an attributional bias that describes the tendency to attribute one's own actions to external factors but the actions of others to internal factors.***
To investigate attributions related to exercise, an experimenter interviewed primary care physicians (PCPs) about their own exercise habits and their patients' reported exercise habits. The experimenter found that PCPs were more likely to attribute their own lack of exercise to factors such as being too busy, but were more likely to attribute their patients' lack of exercise to factors such as laziness. These results best illustrate the: A.actor-observer bias. B.experimenter bias. C.fundamental attribution error. D.self-serving bias.
C.Social class, social status, and power Social stratification is the hierarchical organization of individuals in society based on their social class (eg, income), social status (eg, prestige), and power (ie, influence over others).
To produce an aggregate measure of social stratification (Paragraph 1), a researcher would be most likely to assess which of the following factors? A.Power, charismatic authority, and property B.Social role, social capital, and social networks C.Social class, social status, and power D.Social role, social identity, and social class
B.Basal ganglia DBS in portions of the basal ganglia has been shown to relieve some of these motor symptoms basal ganglia involved in the selection and execution of voluntary motor programs.* (D - The motor cortex sends motor commands from the brain to the muscles of the body. DBS of the motor cortex would likely cause disruptions in movement.)
Which of the following brain regions is likely the most effective DBS target for a Parkinson disease patient? A.Amygdala B.Basal ganglia C.Hippocampus D.Motor cortex
A.Individuals taking antidepressant drugs that profoundly suppress REM sleep show no learning disruptions. REM sleep is suppressed by several classes of antidepressants, yet these drugs do not appear to disrupt learning or memory processes. Therefore, this observation disconfirms the hypothesis that REM sleep is critical for memory consolidation. (Sleep-deprived individuals tend to perform worse on memory tasks than those who are not sleep deprived. However, this observation does not elucidate whether REM or NREM sleep is critical to memory consolidation, so it does not disconfirm this hypothesis.)
Which of the following observations disconfirms the hypothesis that REM sleep is critical for memory consolidation? A.Individuals taking antidepressant drugs that profoundly suppress REM sleep show no learning disruptions. B.Individuals deprived of REM sleep one night tend to exhibit REM rebound, more REM sleep than usual the next night. C.Individuals deprived of sleep tend to perform worse on memory tasks than those who are not deprived of sleep. D.Studies suggest that dreaming occurs during both REM and NREM sleep but is more common during REM sleep.
A."I don't think so; I've made my career decision carefully and I'm committed to my choice." *Identity achievement (high commitment, high exploration): People at this level have explored their options and typically feel confident about who they are and what they want to do in the future.
If Student 1 has progressed to identity achievement status, how would the student most likely respond to the question, "Would you change your career choice if a better option came along?" A."I don't think so; I've made my career decision carefully and I'm committed to my choice." B."My family is in agreement about my career path, so I already know where I am going." C."I haven't really thought about it that much because it makes no difference to me." D."You never know what the future holds, so if something better comes along I would consider it."
A.Representativeness heuristic most people have mental representations of "surgeons" and "nurses." When encountering someone in a medical setting, the characteristics normally associated with "surgeon" (male, white) and "nurse" (female) may cause people to make assumptions about those personnel that are not necessarily accurate.
Table 1 suggests that the patients' assumptions may have been influenced by which of the following? A.Representativeness heuristic B.Fundamental attribution error C.Cognitive dissonance D.Discrimination
C.semantic. semantic and procedural types of memory appear to remain relatively stable with age** memory that declines is: episodic, flashbulb, and source memory
Aging is associated with significant memory decline for all of the following types of memory EXCEPT: A.episodic. B.flashbulb. C.semantic. D.source.
C.Token economy A token economy uses tokens (eg, gold stars) as secondary reinforcers to encourage certain desired behaviors. Tokens can be exchanged for something the individual wants (eg, candy).****
At an inpatient psychiatric hospital, patients are encouraged to engage in certain behaviors through reinforcement. Each time a patient engages in a desired behavior, they are given a secondary reinforcer, which can be exchanged for more attractive rewards. This scenario illustrates which of the following? A.Modeling B.Classical conditioning C.Token economy D.Stimulus generalization
C.a conditioned stimulus. ***conditioned response would be FEAR
During the first condition, the cue is most likely to become: ( During the first (predictable) condition, participants were shown a cue (red box) at random times while gazing through a viewing apparatus. The cue signaled the imminent presentation of various loud noises such as thunder or screaming, meant to induce fear. ) A.an unconditioned stimulus.[9%] B.an unconditioned response.[0%] C.a conditioned stimulus. D.a conditioned response
C.sensory adaptation. Sensory adaptation occurs when the neural response to an unchanging stimulus is dampened and the perception of that stimulus either disappears or is diminished. Sensory adaptation can occur with vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch.
If you fixate on the black plus sign in the middle of this image without moving your eyes, the grey circle around the plus sign eventually disappears. Known as the Troxler effect, this occurs because of: A.opponent processing. B.interposition. C.sensory adaptation. D.the blind spot.
B.Cancer diagnosis; personal life event war = catastrophe
Which of the following examples is correctly paired with the type of stressor it most exemplifies? A.Serious car accident; daily hassle B.Cancer diagnosis; personal life event C.Death of a spouse; catastrophe D.War; environmental
C.with several friends who have hepatitis C. According to social cognitive theory, people would be least susceptible to the self-positivity bias (the belief that they are immune to negative outcomes such as contracting hepatitis C) if they had friends with the disease*** People tend to share similar characteristics with and behave in ways similar to those of their friends. Therefore, individuals who have friends with hepatitis C would have already observed the behaviors associated with contracting it and so would be less inclined to assume they are immune to the disease.
A proponent of social cognitive theory would suggest that the self-positivity bias is unlikely to influence an individual: A.with hepatitis A. B.studying hepatitis C in a liver cell line. C.with several friends who have hepatitis C. D.who has never heard of hepatitis C
C.with the best comprehension scores can manipulate concrete concepts mentally.
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the children in the group: A.age 4-6 are currently unable to think symbolically using language. B.age 7-9 are currently unable to grasp the concept of conservation. C.with the best comprehension scores can manipulate concrete concepts mentally. D.with the poorest comprehension scores have yet to achieve object permanence
C.abnormalities in various neurotransmitters cause depressive symptoms. The monoamine hypothesis states that a depletion of monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine) in the central nervous system causes depression symptoms.****
According to the monoamine hypothesis: A.abnormally high serum cortisol levels underlie most depressive symptoms. B.abnormalities in a single neurotransmitter cause most depressive symptoms. C.abnormalities in various neurotransmitters cause depressive symptoms. D.DBS would be an ineffective treatment for depressive symptoms.
B.No, because all the children studied were likely still within the critical period of language development critical period = up until age 12
Does the concept of the critical period of language development help explain the differences between the age groups seen in this study? A.Yes, because only the youngest age group was still within the critical period of language development B.No, because all the children studied were likely still within the critical period of language development C.Yes, because older children demonstrated greater brain volume activation than younger children D.No, because there does not appear to be a connection between brain volume activation and language comprehension
C.ability to overcome culture shock. The fact that immigrant youths tend to adapt extremely well to their new culture (Paragraph 2) reflects their ability to overcome culture shock.
The findings on immigrant youths' overall adjustment to their new surroundings (Paragraph 2) best reflects immigrant youths': (The fact that immigrant youths tend to adapt extremely well to their new culture (Paragraph 2) ) A.inability to culturally assimilate. B.avoidance of cultural lag. C.ability to overcome culture shock. D.susceptibility to ethnocentrism.
C.Animals trained to perform a specific behavior will often lose that behavior in favor of innate behaviors, even when reinforcement is present. Instinctive (or instinctual) drift describes an animal's innate behaviors overshadowing a learned behavior.
Which of the following best exemplifies instinctive drift? A.Children are born with a biological predisposition to prefer sweet foods and to dislike bitter foods, which are more likely to be toxic. B.In humans, it is easier to condition a fear response to innately dangerous stimuli, such as snakes, than to harmless stimuli, such as rabbits. C.Animals trained to perform a specific behavior will often lose that behavior in favor of innate behaviors, even when reinforcement is present. D.Animals who become ill after one exposure to a noxious stimulus will quickly learn to avoid that stimulus in the future.
C. whether one coping strategy resulted in lower distress than the other depended on the future expectancy appraisal of the event
Based on Figure 2, the most accurate conclusion is that: A.parents of children with disabilities reported less distress overall when they viewed the future expectancy appraisal of an event as "changeable." B.for either type of future expectancy appraisal, problem-focused coping resulted in lower levels of distress than emotion-focused coping. C.whether one coping strategy resulted in lower distress than the other depended on the future expectancy appraisal of the event. D.using a problem-focused coping strategy for an "unchangeable" future expectancy appraisal resulted in increased levels of distress compared to baseline.
D.after agreeing to participate in Study 2, individuals would be more likely to agree to a request to take a hepatitis C blood test. foot-in-the-door = small favor --YES---> big favor individual is more likely to agree to a bigger request *after agreeing to a smaller request** (B = door-in-face, where individual is more likely to agree to a smaller request after rejecting a larger one)
The foot-in-the-door phenomenon predicts that: A.individuals who have just taken a hepatitis C blood test would be the most likely to agree to participate in Study 2. B.if the Study 2 researchers first ask individuals to take a hepatitis C blood test, those who decline will be more likely to participate in the research study. C.more participants in Study 2 would be willing to take a hepatitis C blood test than participants in Study 1. D.after agreeing to participate in Study 2, individuals would be more likely to agree to a request to take a hepatitis C blood test.
D.No, because Weber's law is based on a ratio Weber's law, which states that the RATIO of the size of the JND to the original stimulus intensity remains constant ( The absolute threshold is the intensity value at which an individual can detect a stimulus 50% of the time; 0.2 g represents the just noticable difference threshold, or the smallest difference between two stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time, not the absolute threshold. - C)
A pharmaceutical company is testing how much sugar should be added to a pediatric oral liquid suspension to make the medication more palatable. Researchers determine that adding 0.2 g of sugar to 20 mL of oral suspension Z results in children detecting a just noticeable difference in taste. Based on Weber's law, should the addition of 0.2 g of sugar to 50 mL of oral suspension Z be detectable 50% of the time? A.Yes, because 0.2 g sugar is the just noticeable difference B.Yes, because Weber's law is based on a constant value C.No, because 0.2 g is below the absolute threshold D.No, because Weber's law is based on a ratio
A.No, because races in which individuals are being timed do not impair personal responsibility
A researcher in Study 1 believes the results are due to deindividuation. Is this conclusion justified? A.No, because races in which individuals are being timed do not impair personal responsibility. B.No, because bicycle races do not involve groups that are large enough to influence behavior. C.Yes, because large bicycle races induce feelings of anonymity among competitors. D.Yes, because team competition reduces one's sense of personal identity
D.anxiety about bodily symptoms increases as emotional stability scores decrease Neuroticism, or emotional instability, is one of the "big five" personality traits. Neuroticism is characterized by a tendency to experience or express negative emotions (anxiety, anger, fear, sadness).
A researcher interested in whether there is a correlation between the personality trait of neuroticism and somatic symptom disorder is most likely to assess if: A.delusions increase as agreeableness scores increase. B.delusions increase as emotional stability scores decrease. C.anxiety about illness increases as agreeableness scores decrease. D.anxiety about bodily symptoms increases as emotional stability scores decrease
B.Bystander effect; number of onlookers The bystander effect predicts that as the number of onlookers increases, the probability of an onlooker helping someone in need decreases
A social psychologist employs a confederate to pretend to have a heart attack in a crowded train station, then measures how long it takes for the confederate to receive help. The study procedure is repeated over multiple trials throughout the day. This experiment is most likely evaluating which phenomenon and with what independent variable, respectively? A.Bystander effect; amount of time until someone attempts to help the confederate B.Bystander effect; number of onlookers C.Hawthorne effect; amount of time until someone attempts to help the confederate D.Hawthorne effect; number of onlookers
A.Intersectionality and racialization The hypothesis that implicit and explicit negative messages about outsider status as both a racial "minority" and an "immigrant" have a cumulative impact on health is related to intersectionality (cumulative effects of racial "minority" and "immigrant" statuses) and racialization (implicit and explicit messages about one's racial "minority" status). (Stereotype threat occurs when task performance suffers as a result of being made aware before the task of a negative stereotype about a group to which one belongs (eg, awareness of the stereotype "women are bad at math" before a math task hinders women's performance). The researchers' hypothesis is unrelated to negatively impacted task performance.) (Cultural transmission, which describes the passing of cultural information (eg, behaviors, beliefs, objects) from one generation to the next, is not related to the researchers' hypothesis.)
A study found that over time, compared to white immigrants, immigrants of color experience poorer health overall. The researchers hypothesized that these immigrants, while living in the United States, are confronted with implicit and explicit negative messages about their outsider status as both a racial "minority" and as "immigrants," which have a cumulative impact on health. This hypothesis is most related to which pair of factors? A.Intersectionality and racialization B.Cultural transmission and racialization C.Intersectionality and stereotype threat D.Cultural transmission and stereotype threat
B.Looking-glass self concept The looking-glass self is a symbolic interactionist concept that suggests that our interpretation of how we are perceived by others impacts our self-concept (beliefs about ourselves). The concept of the looking-glass self best explains the business owner's shift in self-concept (ie, doubting his ability to run his business) as a result of his interpretation of the perceptions of others after his accident.***
A successful business owner has a motor vehicle collision, leaving him paralyzed and in a wheelchair. He perceives that his colleagues and clients begin to treat him as though he is less capable. He starts to doubt his ability to successfully run his business. This reaction is best explained by which of the following? A.Strain theory B.Looking-glass self concept C.Dramaturgical approach D.Psychosexual theory of development
C.accept her doctor's diagnosis while maintaining her own opposition to medical intervention. cognitive dissonance theory predicts that she will alter her attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors to reduce the resulting discomfort. The only course of action that will not reduce the discomfort would be accepting her doctor's diagnosis and maintaining her stance against medical intervention. This course of action would maintain the dissonance, which is not consistent with the central tenet of cognitive dissonance theory.
A woman who wants a baby but is opposed to using medical intervention to become pregnant is informed by her doctor that she will never conceive without medical intervention. Cognitive dissonance theory predicts that this woman is most likely to do all of the following, EXCEPT: A.seek a second opinion from another doctor. B.change her attitude about using medical intervention to become pregnant. C.accept her doctor's diagnosis while maintaining her own opposition to medical intervention. D.decide that she does not want to have a baby
C.an attractive celebrity using a catchy phrase to summarize the main hepatitis C risk factors. According to the elaboration likelihood model, the most persuasive strategy for people who have low motivation and/or ability to process the message (such as the uncommon behaviors groups in Study 2) is to use the peripheral route of processing. Therefore, a television commercial with an attractive celebrity using a catchy phrase to summarize the main hepatitis C risk factors would be the best way to structure a persuasive health message about hepatitis C to this group.
According to the elaboration likelihood model, which of the following should generate the most concern about the risks of contracting hepatitis C in the two-uncommon-behaviors group from Study 2? A television commercial showing: A.text detailing the scientific facts about contracting hepatitis C. B.actual drug addicts sharing needles. C.an attractive celebrity using a catchy phrase to summarize the main hepatitis C risk factors. D.a medical expert from a prestigious university summarizing the main hepatitis C risk factors
A.Source monitoring error source monitoring errors, which occur when a memory is attributed to the wrong source A scenario in which an individual remembers hearing something from her physician (when in fact the source of the information was a pharmaceutical advertisement) illustrates a source monitoring error.
An older individual learns about the potential side effects of a drug she is currently taking from a pharmaceutical advertisement she sees on television. When she recalls the information later, she remembers hearing about those potential side effects from her physician, not the advertisement. This scenario illustrates which of the following? A.Source monitoring error B.Fundamental attribution error C.Negative priming D.Hindsight bias
D.competition between generations for the allocation of resources. Social significance of aging describes how age is treated and defined in society, and expectations associated with age. Conflict theory is a macro-sociological perspective focusing on how the unequal distribution of resources in society leads to conflict between groups.
Based on the information in the passage, a conflict theorist would suggest that the social significance of aging in America is best demonstrated by: A.changing conceptions of "old age" as people live longer. B.the relationship between doctors and their aging patients. C.medicalization of aging by the medical and insurance industries. D.competition between generations for the allocation of resources.
C.Individuals create meaning through serving others in faith-based mission work. symbolic interactionist perspective concerned is with the interpersonal interactions through which the subjective meanings that shape social reality are developed. Under the symbolic interactionist perspective, mission work may become a meaningful expression and symbol of a believer's faith.
Based on the passage, which statement is most consistent with a symbolic interactionist perspective? A.The definition for what is sacred may differ depending on the religion. B.Dynamic equilibrium is maintained when social control gradually shifts from religion to medicine. C.Individuals create meaning through serving others in faith-based mission work. D.Some religious groups attempt to reduce health care disparities that stem from class inequalities.
A.positively correlated with social class in adulthood. The investigators would most likely conclude that resilience is positively correlated with social class in adulthood because despite similar circumstances, Michael (high resilience) advanced to a middle-class lifestyle whereas Jake (low resilience) remained in the lower class. * (Social reproduction refers to the fact that successive generations tend to occupy the same social class. In other words, children born into lower-class families tend to remain lower class as adults. Michael's trajectory defies social reproduction as he advanced his social class. Therefore, social reproduction appears to be negatively correlated with resilience)
Based on the stories of Jake and Michael, the investigators might conclude that resilience is: A.positively correlated with social class in adulthood. B.positively correlated with social reproduction in adulthood. C.negatively correlated with social privilege in childhood. D.negatively correlated with social stratum in adulthood
B.Increased activation of the sympathetic nervous system and decreased function of the immune system Chronic sleep deprivation, which acts as a physiological stressor according to the second paragraph, would activate the sympathetic nervous system, resulting in fatigue, anxiety, cardiovascular disease, and a decrease in reproductive function. Chronic exposure to stress hormones (eg, cortisol) can also inhibit immune function and wound healing.***
Chronic sleep deprivation is expected to have which of the following effects on the body? A.Increased activation of the parasympathetic nervous system and decreased function of the reproductive system B.Increased activation of the sympathetic nervous system and decreased function of the immune system C.Increased activation of the parasympathetic nervous system and increased stimulation of the cardiovascular system D.Increased activation of the sympathetic nervous system and increased stimulation of the digestive system
B.No, the threshold described in the passage is based on a comparison that is relative to others within a given country The first paragraph describes poverty thresholds defined as 50% of the median household income in a given country, which is a measure of relative (not absolute) poverty. Absolute poverty is the inability to secure the basic necessities of life, such as food, clean water, and shelter
Does the passage provide a threshold for absolute poverty? A.No, there is no standardized definition of absolute poverty B.No, the threshold described in the passage is based on a comparison that is relative to others within a given country C.Yes, the passage describes a threshold below which individuals are unable to meet their basic needs D.Yes, the threshold described in the passage is based on a global standard that can be applied to any given country
A.Structural functionalism This theory proposes that, like the various organ systems attempting to maintain homeostasis in an organism, all aspects of society work together to maintain dynamic equilibrium (societal balance). For example, the heath care system functions to keep people optimally healthy so that they can work and contribute to society, and the education system functions to teach and train people who will in turn contribute to society. Émile Durkheim is the theorist most often associated with structural functionalism.
Durkheim is most often associated with which sociological theory? A.Structural functionalism B.Conflict theory C.Social constructionism D.Symbolic interactionism
A.Autocommunication Altruism is behavior that is carried out for the benefit of others at a cost or risk to the individual. Altruism can be explained by the theory of inclusive fitness, which states that an individual's overall genetic success is partially derived from the success of genetic relatives, and by game theory, which evaluates the relative successes of particular behavioral phenotypes, such as altruistic alarm calls, over time. (Autocommunication: occurs when a message sender is also the receiver. For example, dolphins echolocate by perceiving how the click sounds they have emitted echo back to them. Predator warning calls, communication that alerts other group members (not the individual making the call), is NOT relevant to autocommunication.)
Female S. beldingi ground squirrels tend to remain near their birthplace and kin for life. S. beldingi females are also more likely than males to give alarm calls when they spot a predator, even though this behavior draws the predator's attention to the individual who produced the alarm. Which concept is LEAST relevant to this phenomenon? A.Autocommunication B.Altruism C.Indirect fitness D.Evolutionary game theory
D.The patient believes that she failed because the physician would not increase her medication The patient's blaming the physician for her failure to lose weight (an external factor) best exemplifies the self-serving bias.
If the patient has not lost any weight after a month, which of the following most reflects self-serving bias? A.The physician believes that the patient is lazy and dishonest about her efforts. B.The physician believes that he has done everything possible to help this patient. C.The patient believes that she actually has lost weight, but that the scale is wrong. D.The patient believes that she failed because the physician would not increase her medication
B.show the faces to all participants in one room, then move half of the participants in each group to a new room to identify faces. Context-dependent memory is the process whereby information is more easily recalled when an individual is in the same context (eg, room, setting) where he or she first learned the information ROOM difference could be context-dependent
If the researchers in the third study wanted to test the influence of aging on context-dependent memory effects, they could: A.show the faces to the older adult participants in one room, then move half of these participants to a new room to identify faces. B.show the faces to all participants in one room, then move half of the participants in each group to a new room to identify faces. C.provide background information about the faces to half of the older adult participants while faces are being memorized. D.provide background information about the faces to half of participants in each age group while faces are being memorized
A.feature detection. Feature detection involves feature detector neurons that preferentially fire in response to specific stimuli (eg, a right angle causes feature detectors in the visual system to respond).** (parallel processes = processing describes the brain's ability to simultaneously process various components (eg, color, motion) of a visual stimulus.)
In an experiment, researchers find that certain neurons in the visual cortex preferentially fire in response to a bar of light that is oriented at a specific angle, and that different neurons similarly respond to bars of light oriented at different angles. This finding provides the strongest evidence for: A.feature detection. B.parallel processing. C.spreading activation. D.sensory adaptation
B.influence of environment on cognitive development. Subjects may be matched for biological factors (eg, age, gender, IQ), but it is harder to control for environmental factors, such as stress, chemicals, and social factors***
Matching the healthy control group in terms of age, gender, and premorbid IQ was meant to account for all of the following, EXCEPT for the: A.biological factors that affect cognition. B.influence of environment on cognitive development. C.cognitive changes that occur in late adulthood. D.correlation between types of intelligence
D.I, II, and III Located in various areas of the brain, mirror neurons are specialized neurons that fire both while observing and performing a behavior. Mirror neurons are hypothesized to play a central role in observational learning. Observational learning (also called modeling) describes when an individual learns how to perform a behavior by watching someone else perform that behavior. Watching and replicating movements, such as during the Corsi block-tapping task, is a form of observational learning, which is thought to utilize the mirror neuron system.
Performance of which of the following study tasks utilizes the mirror neuron system? I. Immediate recall task II. Delayed recall task III. Distractor task A.I only B.III only C.II and III only D.I, II, and III
B.Linear perspective Linear perspective: Distances between parallel lines appear narrower as they become further away.
Pilots who experienced perceptual distortions while landing on an unusually wide runway were most likely affected by which type of monocular depth cue? A.Interposition B.Linear perspective C.Light and shadow D.Texture gradient
C.stronger egos than participants who are not able. According to psychoanalytic theory, personality change is possible when a person has a strong ego that can successfully mediate between one's impulsive, pleasure-seeking id and the goals of the idealistic superego. (Defense mechanisms by ego help alleviate anxiety or other suffering. The superego does not engage in defense mechanisms.***)
Psychoanalytic theory would most likely suggest that experimental group participants who are able to alter their personality traits have: A.superegos that overcome defense mechanisms. B.ids that contain an intact reality principle. C.stronger egos than participants who are not able. D.more rational ids than participants who are not able
B.individuals' recollections are extremely accurate 10 years after the attacks. studies suggest that flashbulb memories may be less accurate/consistent than individuals believe.
Researchers asked 100 Americans to describe their recollections of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks at two time points: 2 days and 10 years after the attacks. Comparing the descriptions for each individual, researchers are LEAST likely to find that: A.individuals are extremely confident in their memories, even 10 years after the attacks. B.individuals' recollections are extremely accurate 10 years after the attacks. C.individuals vividly recall seemingly insignificant details from the day of the attacks. D.individuals vividly recall their emotional reactions to the events of that day
A.task dissimilarity. Driving, which requires visual attention, is easier to do while engaging in a hands-free call (auditory attention) than while texting, because both texting and driving require visual attention**
Researchers designed the two distraction conditions to require multitasking and predicted that the hands-free conversation condition would be less distracting than the texting condition because of: A.task dissimilarity. B.the cocktail party effect. C.the interference effect. D.speech shadowing
B.Individuals in this age range would be older than the typical age of first active symptom onset in schizophrenia. The age range corresponding to Erikson's generativity vs. stagnation stage is middle adulthood, or approximately 40-65. Because the study aimed to test the ability of two different models to predict the future development of psychosis, a major component of schizophrenia, researchers did not recruit individuals in the age range corresponding to generativity vs. stagnation, as they would be older than the typical age of first active psychotic symptom onset in schizophrenia.
Researchers did not recruit individuals in the age range that corresponds to the generativity vs. stagnation conflict in Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. Which statement provides the most likely explanation for the researchers' decision? A.The elderly have an increased risk of comorbid diagnoses, such as dementia, which complicate psychiatric diagnoses. B.Individuals in this age range would be older than the typical age of first active symptom onset in schizophrenia. C.Language and cognition typically merge in this age range, which could present a confounding variable. D.Interindividual variability in the progression of schizophrenia would limit the generalizability of the findings.
D.the life course approach to illness The life course approach to illness is holistic and multidisciplinary, examining the cumulative effect of psychological, biological, and sociocultural factors across a lifetime on health outcomes.
Researchers have identified a set of factors associated with an increased risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, including low birth weight, respiratory infections before age 2, low socioeconomic status in childhood, adolescent smoking, and occupational exposure to airborne irritants as an adult. This finding best reflects: A.the sick role theory approach. B.the illness experience perspective. C.the social construction of chronic disease. D.the life course approach to illness
A.organ of Corti. (The organ of Corti is located within the cochlea of the inner ear. Unlike the vestibular organs, the cochlea is not directly involved in processing spatial information. ***))
Spatial disorientation experienced by pilots and divers would be LEAST affected by information processed by the: A.organ of Corti. B.otolith organs. C.semicircular canals. D.somatosensory system.
C.develop a long-lasting aversion to the specific candy bars she consumed. taste aversion = a specific and powerful type of classical conditioning that occurs after just one instance of becoming ill following the consumption of something. Taste aversions can develop despite many hours passing between consumption and illness and are LONG LASTING.
Suppose one of the participants in Study 1 earned several candy bars and became very ill after consuming them. This participant would most likely: A.avoid participating in any future research studies. B.avoid playing computer games for awhile until she feels better. C.develop a long-lasting aversion to the specific candy bars she consumed. D.develop a short-term aversion to the candy bars available during the study.
C.nonverbal communication between patient and physician is a better predictor of patient outcomes than verbal communication. Nonverbal communication includes all of the wordless cues meant to convey meaning, such as vocal inflections, volume, body language, and facial expressions.
The assertion made in the first paragraph of the passage would be best supported by a study demonstrating that: A.positive impression management strategies implemented by physicians correspond to increased patient trust. B.front- and backstage behaviors of hospital patients do not correlate with length of hospital stay. C.nonverbal communication between patient and physician is a better predictor of patient outcomes than verbal communication. D.patients are more likely to make assumptions about their physicians based on salient social roles than on attire
A.require each group member to defend an alternative estimate during discussion Groupthink is more likely to occur in groups that are cohesive, homogenous, and insulated from outside opinions; have biased leadership; and are experiencing stress.***** Requiring each group member to defend one alternative estimate during discussion would be the best way for experimenters to prevent groupthink because it would compel each group member to participate during discussion (instead of passively agreeing with others) and force the group to listen to alternatives.
To prevent groupthink in Groups 2, 3, and 4, experimenters could: A.require each group member to defend an alternative estimate during discussion. B.reward groups that reach a consensus quickly C.have groups participate in 15 minutes of team-building activities before discussion. D.ask the groups to agree on a team leader.
D.their adoptive siblings (Adopted twins do not share a home environment with their biological parents, biological siblings, or the general population. Therefore, the hypothetical finding that includes a comparison to adoptive siblings (with whom they have a shared environment) provides the strongest evidence against the passage's conclusion that language (an environmental factor) influences color perception abilities.) Twin adoption studies are a rare but powerful tool for elucidating the role of genes versus the environment for specific traits.***
Which hypothetical result from a study on tetrachromatic monozygotic (MZ) twins separated at birth and raised by different parents would provide the strongest evidence contradicting the conclusion in the final paragraph of the passage? Tetrachromatic MZ twins' color discrimination abilities are more similar to each other than to: A.the general population. B.their biological siblings. C.their biological parents. D.their adoptive siblings
D.Obsession with losing weight compulsions = are excessive, repetitive behaviors that reduce anxiety (B & C) obsessions: which induce anxiety and are Persistent, intrusive, and repetitive thoughts or urges (A) therefore D is correct
Which is least applicable to a diagnosis of MD? (MD = under the umbrella of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and MD involves an "obsession with a larger and more muscular body") A.Persistent, intrusive, and repetitive thoughts or urges B.Physical behaviors that help reduce anxiety C.Excessive, repetitive behaviors D.Obsession with losing weight
B.The difference in task improvement between the "lucid practice" group and the "no practice" group was statistically significant. **go over with chris
Which of the following conclusions is most supported by Figure 1? A.An individual from the "lucid practice" group demonstrated the lowest improvement of all members. B.The difference in task improvement between the "lucid practice" group and the "no practice" group was statistically significant. C.The "lucid practice" group's lowest quartile improved more on the task than the "no practice" group's highest quartile. D.The mean score for the "waking practice" group was higher than the mode scores for the other two groups
A.Cerebellum; motor learning The cerebellum is critical for motor learning, which occurs whenever an organism repeatedly practices a motor task, such as swimming, driving, or speaking. Motor learning is the foundation for procedural memory, the acquisition of which relies heavily on the cerebellum. Because the mice were tested in the Morris Water Maze each day for one week, the cerebellum would be involved in motor learning of this skill. The cerebellum does not initiate voluntary movement, which occurs in the primary motor cortex of the frontal lobe; however, the cerebellum is critical for most other aspects of motor planning and execution
Which of the following correctly pairs a brain area vital for learning in the Morris Water Maze with its appropriate function? A.Cerebellum; motor learning B.Frontal lobe; motor coordination C.Occipital lobe; spatial processing D.Hypothalamus; sensory relay
D.Individuals meeting diagnostic criteria for MD were more likely to abuse anabolic steroids than those meeting diagnostic criteria for any other eating disorder. **analyzing graph mistake** READ EACH ANSWER MORE CAREFULLY
Which of the following hypothetical findings from a follow-up study evaluating eating disorders in males is most consistent with the data presented in Table 1? A.The proportion of males diagnosed with MD was roughly equivalent to the proportion of females diagnosed with AN. B.Half of the individuals who met the diagnostic criteria for BED also met the criteria for BN within the past year. C.Individuals diagnosed with BED were less likely to also meet criteria for depression than individuals diagnosed with AN. D.Individuals meeting diagnostic criteria for MD were more likely to abuse anabolic steroids than those meeting diagnostic criteria for any other eating disorder.
C.MAOIs decrease the breakdown of serotonin within the pre-synaptic neuron. (B - wrong Reuptake inhibitors such as SSRIs block the uptake of neurotransmitters into the pre-synaptic cleft, where they were originally synthesized and release)
Which of the following is true regarding two classes of drugs commonly used to treat depression, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)? A.Both classes of drugs stimulate the release of serotonin into the synaptic cleft. B.SSRIs block uptake of serotonin into the post-synaptic neuron. C.MAOIs decrease the breakdown of serotonin within the pre-synaptic neuron. D.MAOIs promote uptake of serotonin into the pre-synaptic neuron
A.The "me" is the aspect of self that is formed through interactions with others. **Game stage: School-age children become aware of their position/role in relation to others. They begin to see themselves from the perspective of the more abstract generalized other, further developing the "me" to incorporate the values and rules of the society in which they live.
Which of the following is true, according to the Mead theory of identity development? A.The "me" is the aspect of self that is formed through interactions with others. B.The "I" is the aspect of self that is formed during the game stage. C.The "looking-glass self" results from an individual's cumulative lifetime of interactions with others. D.The "front-stage self" involves behaving in ways that align with social norms and expectations
A.Motion parallax **Motion parallax (or relative motion) is a monocular cue whereby objects in the foreground are perceived as moving faster than objects in the background. Motion parallax is a perceptual process that would not require three-dimensional depth but would still allow subjects to perceive both depth and motion.
Which of the following processes assists in the perception of depth and motion required during the driving simulation? A.Motion parallax B.Retinal disparity C.Convergence D.Phi phenomenon
C.experience tension between their expectations as a parent and as a spouse. Social roles encompass the behavior expected of individuals in social situations. Role conflict occurs when expectations for two or more roles simultaneously held by an individual are in competition, producing tension. The tension that parents experience between their expectations as a parent (eg, parental role) and as a spouse (eg, spousal role) is a potential explanation for the increased risk for divorce based on the concept of role conflict
Which of the following provides a potential explanation for the increased risk for divorce (first paragraph) that is based on the concept of role conflict? Parents of children with disabilities: A.struggle to fulfill the numerous, competing duties of parenting a child with a disability. B.are exempted from societal roles and expectations if they have depression and/or anxiety. C.experience tension between their expectations as a parent and as a spouse. D.internalize perceived prejudice from others, leading to feelings of inadequacy in their role as parent.
B.When a medical student is expelled, she spends her days watching cartoons and becomes attached to a childhood teddy bear. Regression involves unconsciously acting much younger, often reverting to behaviors one hasn't engaged in for years (eg, thumb sucking) to avoid dealing with a stressor. An individual who experiences a distressing event (eg, expulsion from medical school) is exhibiting regression by spending her days watching cartoons and becoming attached to a childhood toy.****
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the psychoanalytic concept of regression? A.When a medical student receives a failing grade in his medical ethics class, he says that the instructor was "unprepared" and "incompetent." B.When a medical student is expelled, she spends her days watching cartoons and becomes attached to a childhood teddy bear. C.When a medical student finds out that he has failed his licensing exam, he becomes angry and throws his laptop on the ground. D.When a medical student struggles with a difficult rotation, she starts taking martial arts classes to channel her frustration
B.A cardiologist loses her medical license and struggles to find a new job. A cardiologist who loses her medical license and struggles to find a new job is an example of both intragenerational mobility, as this shift occurs within her own lifetime, and vertical (downward) mobility, because her social status decreases
Which of the following scenarios best represents intragenerational vertical mobility? A.An hourly wage employee has a son who becomes a neurosurgeon. B.A cardiologist loses her medical license and struggles to find a new job. C.A general surgeon in Denver moves his surgical practice to Dallas. D.A dentist inherits his mother's dental practice
A.Fantasizing about positive aspects of losing weight The affective component relates to how a person feels about something, including positive or negative evaluations or emotions (eg, anger, excitement). *****
Which of the following study procedures described in the passage is most likely measuring or attempting to evoke the affective component of attitude? A.Fantasizing about positive aspects of losing weight B.Reflecting on past failed weight loss attempts C.Rating predicted success at losing weight D.Participating in proactive weight loss strategies
D.Some participants did not disclose that they stayed out past 10 pm the night of the experiment Participants who had stayed out past the time they reported going to sleep would be responding so as to seem like ideal participants, which would be an example of possible social desirability bias in this study. (B = selection bias)
Which of the following, had it occurred, would be the best example of the social desirability bias in this study? A.Researchers subconsciously allowed Group II to view the toys slightly longer than the other groups B.Researchers selected only college students with regular 10 pm-6 am sleep schedules to participate. C.Some participants reported using their typical strategy for vocabulary memorization in this task. D.Some participants did not disclose that they stayed out past 10 pm the night of the experiment
D.no longer noticed the beeping from medical monitors before vacation but notices it again upon returning to work Habituation is characterized by a decrease in a response after repeated exposure to a stimulus. Dishabituation occurs when a previously habituated stimulus produces a response again.****** (B = habituation) (C= selective attention) (A= sensitization)
Which scenario best illustrates dishabituation? An intensive care unit nurse: A.finds the beeping from medical monitors increasingly annoying over time. B.no longer notices the beeping from medical monitors over time. C.ignores the background noise of medical monitors beeping but notices and responds to a critical alarm. D.no longer noticed the beeping from medical monitors before vacation but notices it again upon returning to work
A.Popular culture likely reflects changing attitudes about obesity. Therefore, changing attitudes and beliefs about obesity are likely reflected in popular culture. In other words, people's beliefs, behaviors, and consumer habits (ie, aspects of popular culture) reflect changing attitudes about obesity.
Which statement about obesity is most consistent with the epidemiologists' argument in the second paragraph? (The epidemiologists' argument in the second paragraph is that mainstream attitudes and beliefs regarding what is considered a healthy weight are changing as people gradually become heavier.) A.Popular culture likely reflects changing attitudes about obesity. B.Obesity is an American fad. C.Mass media is responsible for normalizing obesity. D.Obesity is a new counterculture in America.