MKTG 482 Chapter 8
Diane Dowdy is an assistant project director at ABC Research. Diane has completed designing a questionnaire to be given to college students for a client and she is now in the process of coding the questionnaire. Two of the questions are: What is your classification? ___ Freshman ___ Sophomore ___ Junior ___ Senior Which on-campus activities would you say are your 'favorites?' (Check all that apply) ___ Varsity sports ___ Greek life ___ Stand-up comedy ___ Campus concerts How should Diane code the above two questions? A) 0,1; 1-4 B) 1-4; and 0,1 for each activity C) 1,2,3,4; and 1-4 for each activity D) a,b,c,d; and v,g,s,c E) None of the above, because coding should be done only AFTER data are collected.
1-4; and 0,1 for each activity
What happens immediately prior to client approval during the questionnaire development process? A) Data is gathered. B) Questions are formulated for the next section of the questionnaire. C) The questionnaire is revised. D) The questionnaire is finalized. E) A pretest is conducted.
A pretest is conducted.
Which of the following is true and should be remembered when developing questions? A) Once the client and researcher agree on what needs to be asked, wording a question is easy. B) As long as the question contains words we commonly use in speaking, there will be no bias. C) Respondents will not use literal interpretations to answer questions. D) A single word can make a difference in how respondents respond to a question. E) The word "anybody" is always safe to use in question development.
A single word can make a difference in how respondents respond to a question.
A typical computer-assisted questionnaire design program will assist the designer by offering computerized menus for design issues such as: A) the type of question format. B) the number of response categories. C) whether multiple responses are to be used. D) if skip questions are to be used. E) All of the above features are typically offered.
All of the above features are typically offered.
Which of the following is the wrong way to ask if someone has viewed an episode of Lost? A) Have you ever seen Lost? B) Do you always watch Lost? C) Have you never watched Lost? D) Have you ever watched and recorded an episode of Lost? E) All of the above should be avoided.
All of the above should be avoided.
Which of the following statements is most accurate in terms of the questionnaire development process? A) Clients will not be involved until there has been considerable development and evaluation by the researcher. B) Clients typically work with researchers on the initial drafts. C) Clients do not get involved with the questionnaire because it is the domain of the professional researcher. D) Clients typically devise questionnaires by themselves because they are closest to the research problem. E) Clients design each question, and then send it to the researcher for approval.
Clients will not be involved until there has been considerable development and evaluation by the researcher.
Tommy Cole was reviewing a new employee's work at MAXIM Research. Tommy had several years of experience in research and was regarded as the company expert in designing questionnaires. As Tommy read the questionnaire proposed by the new employee, he found the following question, which had been drafted to measure the occupational status of respondents: Check one of the following categories which describes your occupational status. ___ Full-time employment ___ Full-time student ___ Part-time student ___ Unemployed ___ Retired Which of the following best describes the appropriate action Tommy should take regarding this question? A) Approve it; this is a perfectly good question. B) Approve it; but break "retired" into categories such as "retired military," "retired government employee," and so on. C) Disapprove it; the question is "leading" in that it assumes all occupations are either full-time or part-time. D) Disapprove it; the question is "loaded" in that it assumes everyone should either be employed or a student. E) Disapprove it; the question is "double-barreled" in that someone could be retired and a full-time student.
Disapprove it; the question is "double-barreled" in that someone could be retired and a full-time student.
Which of the following questions shows poor wording? A) Do you always buy audio products from Bose? B) How often do you buy audio products from Bose? C) To what extent is price a concern for you? D) What other audio companies did you consider when you purchased your stereo? E) How often do you consult Consumer Reports when considering a major purchase?
Do you always buy audio products from Bose?
Which of the following is NOT a leading question? A) As a Cadillac owner, you are satisfied with your car, aren't you? B) Have you heard about the satellite radio system everyone is talking about? C) Don't you see any problems with using your credit card for online purchases? D) Wouldn't you like to purchase one of the new video games? E) Do you see any problems with carrying cash while on vacation?
Do you see any problems with carrying cash while on vacation?
Which of the following is an overstated question? A) How much would you pay for sunglasses that will protect your eyes? B) How much would you pay for shoes with a cushioning gel in them? C) How much would you pay for a child's swimsuit that has a built-in flotation device? D) How much do you think you would pay for a car with features that would save your life and possibly the lives of your family members, if you were in a car accident? E) How much would you pay for a PDA that also provides Internet access?
How much do you think you would pay for a car with features that would save your life and possibly the lives of your family members, if you were in a car accident?
Which of the following scale types best defines a scale measure in which respondents are asked to indicate their degree of agreement or disagreement on a symmetric continuum for each of a series of statements? A) semantic differential scale B) nominal scale C) Likert scale D) bipolar scale E) lifestyle inventory
Likert scale
Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the importance of the questionnaire in the research process? A) Relatively speaking, the questionnaire is unimportant in the marketing research process. B) Not only is the questionnaire a very important ingredient, but its design affects the quality of the data collected; even experienced interviewers cannot compensate for questionnaire defects. C) The questionnaire is tied with the written report as being the most important item in the marketing research process. D) Not only is the questionnaire a very important ingredient, but its design affects the quality of the data collected, though experienced interviewers often compensate for questionnaire defects. E) Questionnaire design is the most important step in the marketing research process.
Not only is the questionnaire a very important ingredient, but its design affects the quality of the data collected; even experienced interviewers cannot compensate for questionnaire defects.
In terms of locating types of questions on the questionnaire, which of the following is true? A) Warm-ups come first, followed by screens, followed by classification questions. B) Warm-ups are first, transitions are second, and classification questions are last. C) Screens are first, warm-ups second, and classification questions are last. D) Complicated and difficult to answer questions must be avoided altogether. E) Demographic questions should be avoided because they might offend respondents.
Screens are first, warm-ups second, and classification questions are last.
Which is true regarding questionnaire design and computer technology? A) There has been little progress toward integrating questionnaire design and new computer technology; the only advance has been achieved through word processing programs. B) The field is very advanced; no one designs questionnaires any longer without the aid of computer software designed for this purpose. C) Some companies have bridged the gap between basic word processing and the finished, polished questionnaire; their products are referred to as computer-assisted questionnaire design programs. D) Very few computer-assisted questionnaire design programs allow for publication to the Internet. E) Computer-assisted questionnaire design is difficult and time consuming.
Some companies have bridged the gap between basic word processing and the finished, polished questionnaire; their products are referred to as computer-assisted questionnaire design programs.
Which of the following is most accurate regarding the pretest of the questionnaire? A) The client should always be present for the pretest. B) At least five pretests should be conducted. C) The pretest should be conducted on a small sample. D) The pretest should be conducted on a small and representative sample. E) As many respondents as possible should be used in a pretest.
The pretest should be conducted on a small and representative sample.
Which of the following statements is most accurate in terms of the questionnaire development process? A) There is no process; a questionnaire is simply prepared based upon the research objectives. B) The process is undertaken by the researcher, and the client does not view the questionnaire until after the collection of data to avoid biased questions. C) The process consists of several steps, but is an iterative process meaning that revisions occur often during the process. D) Once the process begins, there is no changing it. E) none of the above
The process consists of several steps, but is an iterative process meaning that revisions occur often during the process.
In terms of developing questions, your text identified several "shoulds" of question wording. Which of the following is NOT a "should"? A) The question should be focused on a single issue or topic. B) The question should be brief. C) The question should attempt to cover as many topics as possible in order to reduce the questionnaire's length. D) The question should be grammatically simple. E) The questions should be crystal clear.
The question should attempt to cover as many topics as possible in order to reduce the questionnaire's length.
Sandra Catrioni is a research analyst at Spellman Research Associates. She has just completed a study of customers for Brennan's, a department store in Tulsa, Oklahoma. She asked the question, "How much do you believe you spend on an average trip to a department store?" She realizes that the type of measurement scale is ratio. However, for her client's presentation, she wants to create categories of the answers and put them in a bar chart. The categories will be of unequal amounts. The first category will be "Less than $10" and the second category will be "$10 to $25," and so on. What effect will this have on the type of measurement scale she will be using with the new variable for the categories she created? A) Nothing; once a ratio scale, always a ratio scale. B) The ratio scale will now become an ordinal scale. C) The ratio scale will not become an interval scale. D) The ratio scale will become a nominal scale. E) The ratio scale will become a bar chart scale.
The ratio scale will now become an ordinal scale.
The question, "Because the Founding Fathers of the United States provided citizens the right to keep and bear arms in the Bill of Rights, shouldn't you be against gun control legislation?" is: A) a loaded question. B) a question that will trigger confusion. C) a double-barreled question. D) appropriate if you are "for" gun control legislation. E) appropriate if you are "against" gun control legislation.
a loaded question.
Validity is best illustrated by which of the following? A) accuracy or truthfulness of the measurement B) the extent to which the reliability coefficient approaches 1.0 C) the ability to repeat measurements D) tendency to respond in the same manner to different questions E) tendency to respond in the same manner to the same questions
accuracy or truthfulness of the measurement
Questionnaire organization has the potential to: A) affect the quality of the information gathered. B) motivate respondents to be conscientious. C) discourage respondents. D) cause respondents to stop answering questions. E) all of the above
all of the above
"All that apply" questions are questions that: A) ask respondents to pick more than one item from a list of possible responses. B) allow respondents to respond in any way they wish. C) ask respondents to apply ideas. D) encourage respondents to find connections between concepts. E) ask respondents to pick one item from a list of possible responses.
ask respondents to pick more than one item from a list of possible responses.
"What are the considerations that would come to your mind while you are confronted with the decision to have some type of repair done on the automatic icemaker in your refrigerator, assuming that you noticed it was not making ice cubes as well as it did when you first bought it?" violates which question wording guideline? A) focused B) brief C) general D) elaborate E) complete
brief
An incentive may be used to encourage respondent participation. This means that the respondent's name is known by the researcher but will not be divulged to a third party, namely the client: A) respondent/client indemnity. B) anonymity. C) confidentiality. D) "ghost respondent agreement." E) respondent protection.
confidentiality.
Which one of the following is NOT a function of a questionnaire? A) standardizes questions and response categories B) translates the research objectives into specific questions C) serves as a permanent record of the research D) fosters cooperation with respondents E) creates alpha levels to be used in conducting tests of statistical significance
creates alpha levels to be used in conducting tests of statistical significance
Which of the following is NOT included in the introduction part of the questionnaire? A) identification of the sponsor/researcher B) the purpose of the survey C) explanation of how the respondent was selected D) demographic questions E) request for participation
demographic questions
The major reason to disguise a survey is: A) to encourage response; if respondents don't think they are participating in a survey they are more likely to participate. B) dependent upon the research objectives; the identity of the sponsor may bias the results. C) that it takes time and respondents do not care. D) to violate the "Do not call" rule. E) to avoid providing incentives.
dependent upon the research objectives; the identity of the sponsor may bias the results.
Which single characteristic is unique to a nominal type of measurement? A) description B) order C) distance D) origin E) numbers
description
Screening questions are used to: A) increase reliability by screening out respondents with inconsistent answers. B) shield the true purpose of a question from a respondent. C) determine whether or not a potential respondent qualifies to take part in a survey based on certain selection criteria the researcher has deemed essential. D) increase response rates by screening out unlikely respondents. E) ensure that certain results will be achieved by choosing your respondents.
determine whether or not a potential respondent qualifies to take part in a survey based on certain selection criteria the researcher has deemed essential.
"Are you satisfied with the restaurant's food and service?" is an example of what kind of question? A) double-barreled B) overstated C) leading D) loaded E) focused
double-barreled
Which type of validity is concerned with the degree to which a measurement "looks like" it is measuring that which it is intended? A) face validity B) predictive validity C) convergent validity D) discriminant validity E) relative validity
face validity
If a question is designed to measure a construct, for example, "intentions to buy a new product," and the question appears to ask this in a straightforward manner, the measurement would be said to have: A) reliability. B) validity. C) face validity. D) appearance value. E) internal reliability.
face validity.
The halo effect is best avoided by: A) doing a couple of things wrong during the entire research project. B) flipping favorable and unfavorable endpoints on different scale items. C) flipping "bad" scales to the back of the survey to encourage a good response before the respondents get to the bad questions. D) using only percentage scales. E) using only closed-ended questions.
flipping favorable and unfavorable endpoints on different scale items.
Which of the following answers represents the four guidelines of question wording? A) focused, simple, complete, crystal clear B) general, simple, brief, crystal clear C) focused, simple, brief, crystal clear D) focused, elaborate, brief, crystal clear E) general, simple, complete, crystal clear
focused, simple, brief, crystal clear
A loaded question is a question that: A) asks the same thing over and over. B) places undue emphasis on some aspect of the topic. C) is two different questions posed as one. D) has buried word elements that make references to universal beliefs. E) uses words that most respondents would not understand.
has buried word elements that make references to universal beliefs.
Research questions do NOT measure which of the following? A) attitudes B) beliefs C) behaviors D) ideas E) demographics
ideas
Classification questions are: A) usually put in the middle of the questionnaire and are used to classify respondents into various groups for purposes of analysis. B) usually put at the beginning of the questionnaire and are used to classify respondents into various groups for purposes of analysis. C) usually put at the end of the questionnaire and are used to classify respondents into various groups for purposes of analysis. D) usually put at the end of the questionnaire and are used to classify the questions themselves, so that report writing is made easier after data collection and analysis are complete. E) usually put at the beginning of the questionnaire and are used to classify the questions themselves, so that report writing is made easier after data collection and analysis are complete.
usually put at the end of the questionnaire and are used to classify respondents into various groups for purposes of analysis.
Which of the following best illustrates the concept of reliability of measurement? A) the tendency to respond in the same manner to different questions B) the ability of the measurement to elicit an identical or very similar response from the same person with successive administrations C) the ability to repeat the same response time and again to different questions D) a measure that is truthful E) a measurement that is relative to what actually is
the ability of the measurement to elicit an identical or very similar response from the same person with successive administrations
Questionnaire organization refers to: A) the way questionnaires are organized in a filing system. B) the sequence of statements and questions that make up a questionnaire. C) organizations mainly existing to construct questionnaires. D) determining if the question looks right. E) the clarity of a question.
the sequence of statements and questions that make up a questionnaire.
The only time coding is NOT fairly straightforward is when: A) there are many questions on the questionnaire. B) any time scaled-response questions are used. C) there are questions for which there may be multiple responses. D) closed-ended questions are used. E) both open-ended and closed-ended questions are used.
there are questions for which there may be multiple responses.
"Now, for the next few questions, I want to ask about your family's TV viewing habits" is an example of a: A) screen. B) transition. C) demographic question. D) warm-up. E) complicated question.
transition.
If we were measuring age, income, height, number of bottles purchased, and so on, we would be measuring: A) objective properties. B) subjective properties. C) objective objects. D) subjective objects. E) objective subjects.
objective properties.
Rick Irizarry of Irizarry Insurance Company is conducting a survey of potential customers. Age is an important issue in determining life insurance premiums. Rick considers asking for age by asking the respondents to: Check appropriate category: ___ 16 to 19 ___ 20 to 25 ___ 26 to 35 ___ 36 to 50 ___ over 50 Rick should consider the type of the measurement scale to be: A) nominal. B) ordinal. C) interval. D) ratio. E) age-related.
ordinal.
Which characteristic is associated only with ratio scales? A) description B) order C) distance D) origin E) label
origin
In question development, face validity means that: A) the respondent can put a face on the interviewer. B) the interviewer can see the respondent to determine if the respondent is telling the truth. C) the respondent will answer the same way repeatedly. D) other researchers believe the question looks right. E) the question gives the respondent a bad feeling.
other researchers believe the question looks right.
An overstated question is one that: A) asks the same thing over and over. B) is two different questions posed as one. C) places undue emphasis on some aspect of the topic. D) cues the respondent how to answer. E) uses words that most respondents would not understand.
places undue emphasis on some aspect of the topic.
Coding questions refers to: A) placing numbers on the questionnaire to facilitate data entry after the survey has been conducted. B) predetermining the responses; this makes report writing easier because the report may be started early, although it is recognized that it will have to be modified once the true results are reported. C) coding is no longer used; it has been replaced totally by automated, computerized interviewing software. D) analysis methods for scaled-response questions only. E) conducting a dry run of the survey to see which questions "work".
placing numbers on the questionnaire to facilitate data entry after the survey has been conducted.
A double-barreled question is one that: A) achieves two objectives efficiently. B) has two subjects and two verbs. C) poses two different questions in one question and should be used whenever possible to save space. D) poses two different questions in one question and should be avoided. E) feels like an attack on the respondent.
poses two different questions in one question and should be avoided.
Age, income, gender, and interest in buying product X would all be considered ________ of the consumer, or object. A) descriptions B) properties C) subjective descriptors D) objectives descriptors E) commonalities
properties
Researchers measure: A) properties of objects. B) numbers of customers. C) objects of measurements. D) objects of properties. E) types of products.
properties of objects.
A question that asks how much you would be willing to pay in annual premium for a $100,000 life insurance policy would be scaled as: A) nominal. B) ordinal. C) interval. D) ratio. E) an origin.
ratio
A question that asks the age of a respondent in years would be scaled as: A) nominal. B) ordinal. C) interval. D) ratio. E) rank-order.
ratio
Which of the following refers to a scale having a true zero beginning point? A) nominal B) ordinal C) interval D) ratio E) neutral
ratio
Rick Irizarry of Irizarry Insurance Company is conducting a survey of potential customers. Age is an important issue in determining life insurance premiums. Rick considers asking for age in the following way: How old are you? ___ years Rick should consider the type of the measurement scale to be: A) nominal. B) ordinal. C) interval. D) ratio. E) categorical.
ratio.
Patrick Donaldson is using a research firm to better understand a potential target market for his company's new product, a pain medication. The research design proposed by the research firm includes randomly surveying consumers who are likely to take the medication (those older than 65 who have arthritis pains). Patrick views the questionnaire proposed by the research firm. Two of the questions are: (1) Are you older than 65? If "yes," continue to Question 2. (2) Do you experience pain from arthritis? If "yes," continue to Question 3. Questions 1 and 2 are considered to be: A) disguised questions. B) skip questions. C) screening questions. D) undisguised questions. E) classification questions
screening questions.
Which of the following scale measures is good for assessing store, company, or brand images because profiles may be generated to easily depict the image? A) constant sum scale B) lifestyle inventory C) semantic differential scale D) image analysis scale E) image profile scale
semantic differential scale
Which type of scale measure contains bipolar descriptors such as "hot-cold," "wet-dry," "convenient-inconvenient," and so on? A) constant sum scale B) lifestyle inventory C) semantic differential scale D) graphic intensity E) agreement scale
semantic differential scale
James Strubel is a young attorney who is reviewing a proposed research survey to be used in an upcoming trial. The case involves potential deceptive advertising claims made in a TV commercial advertising over-the-counter (i.e., nonprescription) medicine by the defendant firm. James is commissioning research to determine consumers' understanding of the claims after they have watched the TV commercial. James wants to separate respondents into two categories: (a) those who recall having actually seen the TV commercial and (b) those who do not recall having seen it. For those who do not recall having seen the commercial, they will be asked to view it before asking questions about their beliefs of the claims made. James views the questionnaire proposed by the research firm. One of the questions is: 3. Do you recall having watched a TV commercial featuring XYZ, a pain reliever for arthritis? If "yes," continue. If "no," go to Question 12. This question would be considered a(n): A) disguised question. B) skip question. C) screening question. D) undisguised question. E) classification question.
skip question.
Scale development is designing questions and response formats to measure: A) objective properties. B) subjective properties. C) objective characteristics. D) subjective objects. E) rank order of properties.
subjective properties.
Which is the best interpretation of question bias? A) the ability of a question's wording or format to influence respondents' answers B) the ability of a question's wording to change a research project's objectives C) questions being developed that have neither neutral nor positive positions D) when a respondent is biased against a particular question E) when a respondent is biased against a certain type of scale
the ability of a question's wording or format to influence respondents' answers
Erik Cartman just took a new position with Colorado Research, Inc. Erik's first customer, the president of a local bank, wanted a bank image study to be conducted measuring not only the client's bank's image, but that of his competitors as well. In designing the research project, Erik talked to several of his friends one night about how they viewed their banks. Erik charged the client for this and billed it as "Exploratory Research—Focus Group." The next day Erik tried to remember most of what his friends had told him. Some of the issues were "closeness to home" of branch locations, "cool online banking," and "friendly tellers." Erik took these issues, made up some of his own and put them into a semantic differential scale format. After the research study, Erik wrote a report and referred to the semantic differential scale he devised as a "Standard Marketing Research Scale to Measure the Construct of Bank Image." What Erik did was: A) correct; he used exploratory research to generate most of the items for his measurement of bank image. B) correct; although he used some of his own opinions, they were based upon experience and he did make use of a focus group. C) incorrect; the measurement of bank image was incorrect as bank image should be measured only by using Likert scales. D) incorrect; we do not know if the scale Mr. Cartman devised was valid or reliable, but he was unethical in presenting the measurement as "standard marketing research." E) correct; Erik saved considerable time and money by creating his own measurement of the construct.
incorrect; we do not know if the scale Mr. Cartman devised was valid or reliable, but he was unethical in presenting the measurement as "standard marketing research."
If the distance between 2 - 3 and 6 - 7 on a scale are equal, the scale would likely be at least: A) nominal. B) ordinal. C) interval. D) ratio. E) equal.
interval
When the intent is to measure psychological properties of consumers (such as attitudes, opinions, and so on) which exist on a continuum in the mind of the respondent, ________ is the most useful type of measure. A) ordinal scale B) nominal scale C) interval scale D) ratio scale E) unassumed interval scale
interval scale
Rick Irizarry of Irizarry Insurance Company is conducting a survey of potential customers. One of his questions asks how much customers would be willing to pay in annual premium for a $100,000 life insurance policy. Respondents are asked to: Check appropriate category: ___ $1 to $10 month ___ $11 to $20 month ___ $21 to $30 month ___ $31 to $40 month ___ $41 to $50 month Rick should consider the type of measurement scale to be: A) nominal. B) ordinal. C) interval. D) ratio. E) none of the above
interval.
A leading question is one that: A) is used to begin the questionnaire and must be carefully worded for ease of response and also for interest. B) is used to begin the questionnaire and should address the key issue of the research project in case respondents refuse to answer further questions. C) is worded in such a way that gives the respondent a clue as to how to answer and should be avoided. D) is worded in such a way that gives the respondent a clue as to how to answer and should be used to help the researcher achieve the desired results. E) all of the above
is worded in such a way that gives the respondent a clue as to how to answer and should be avoided.
Some researchers believe that a mid-point, or neutral position, should NOT be included in a scale question because: A) it violates the statistical assumption of symmetry. B) it creates an odd number. C) it allows respondents to dodge or hide their feelings. D) it creates a problem in trying to code the scale items. E) it creates a problem in terms of how you value the mid-point in the calculation of statistics.
it allows respondents to dodge or hide their feelings.
The question "Don't you see any problem with using your credit card online?" is a: A) clear and focused question. B) loaded question. C) leading question. D) double-barreled question. E) compound question.
leading question.
Which type of scale measure takes into account the values and personality traits of people as reflected in their unique activities, interests, and opinions toward their work, leisure time, and purchases? A) intensity series scale B) lifestyle inventory C) semantic differential scale D) AIO scale E) graphic intensity scale
lifestyle inventory
Which of the following is defined as determining if and how much of a property is possessed by an object? A) scale level B) attributes of properties C) subjective and objective properties D) measurement E) intensity determination
measurement
Agnes Montgomery is the director of marketing for Ideal Plastics, Inc. Ideal has distributors all over the world. Last year, Agnes developed a system for measuring the distributors' satisfaction levels with Ideal on 20 different dimensions. Each dimension of company service, such as "Return Policy" and "Ease of Placing an Order," was evaluated by the distributors on a semantic differential scale ranging from "Very Satisfied" to "Very Dissatisfied." Now, several months after implementing the system, Agnes has data to analyze. She noticed that the Asian countries seemed to have different means from the countries in the UK, United States, and Western Europe. Agnes looked carefully at the actual scores and saw that Asian distributors seemed to have much stronger feelings, either positively or negatively. Agnes should: A) immediately conduct some exploratory research within the Asian division to determine why the mean scores are so different. B) take aggressive action in the Asian division by changing the company's procedures on all the service dimensions having lower means than the other divisions. C) view the results between countries with major cultural differences cautiously because different cultural influences affect how individuals respond to scales. D) view the results among countries with similar cultures cautiously because differences in means on service dimensions are likely due to reference group influences instead of real differences in company performance. E) all of the above
view the results between countries with major cultural differences cautiously because different cultural influences affect how individuals respond to scales.
Regarding client approval of a questionnaire: A) it serves to let the client understand the technical aspects of the research. B) it serves as a check that the researcher is still in tune with the survey's objectives. C) when signed by the client, it means that the questionnaire should not be changed for any reason, even if it performs poorly in the pretest. D) client approval of the questionnaire is carried out at the original signing of the agreement to conduct research but it merely gives the researcher approval to use a questionnaire as clients should not be involved in approving the final questionnaire developed by expert researchers. E) client approval is merely a legal requirement, and researchers do not encourage clients to review a questionnaire prior to its approval.
when signed by the client, it means that the questionnaire should not be changed for any reason, even if it performs poorly in the pretest.
