Modern Asia Final

Emergency

Indira Gandhi's _____________ (1975-77) - key democratic things were suspended, she wanted to clear slums, nationalized industries, some of the aspects of the constitution were suspended, she launched a family plan she came up with the term of mixed economy — private & public — socialist & private economy

Cultural Revolution

It was the revitalization of the revolutionary feelings of the youth while, at the same time, it was used to oust opponents of Mao. The movement slowed production, closed schools, hurt the economy and most of all, made foreign nations sever their ties to China. Disorder was rampant throughout the country and especially in Wuhan in July 1967. The end result of the revolution was a generation without education and many farms lay unused for years

October 1, 1949

with the retreat of the KMT to Taiwan, Mao Zedong established the People's Republic of China.

Yuan Shikai

next ruler after Sun Yat sen; attempted to reinstate an imperial system with himself as emperor causing Sun to start one of China's first political parties, Kuomintang or KMT. Sun fought hard to establish a democracy but was largely unsuccessful until the 1920's; head of the armY) seized this opportunity to negotiate with the Qing — led to an agreement (beginning of 1912) last Qing ruler advocated

Manchurian (Mukden) Incident

1931 it happened in Mukden, Manchuria the Japanese staged an explosion on the railway and blamed it on the Chinese and used this to get all control of Manchuria their audience was mostly an international audience no doubt that the explosion was staged by the japanese army in 1932 the Japanese army set up an independent state which was whole under the thumbs of Japan — Manchukuo

Washington Treaty

922 arms reduction treaty signed between Japan, US, Britain set limit on the size of the navy 5-5-3 (US, Britain, Japan) — keep the size of their military powers at this ratio

B. R. Ambedkar

Chief Author of the Constitution and Dalit Leader came from the very bottom of the caste system; campaigned against social discrimination

Red Guards

In 1966, a group of middle school students in Beijing named themselves "Chairman Mao's R_____ _____s." Mao's support for them led to the name "R______ ________" being adopted by groups who were sanctioned by Mao and his supporters to "rebel against the system" all over China.

Article 9

Japan has no militia forces — however, US will defend Japan — expensive proposition

States Reorganization Act

a major reform of the boundaries of India's states and territories, organising them along linguistic lines.

Hirohito

aka Showa Emperor — took over in 1926; Emperor Shōwa was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession, reigning from December 25, 1926, until his death on January 7, 1989. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Akihito, upon his death

bureaucratization

to divide an administrative agency or office into bureaus. to increase the number of government or business bureaus. 3. to cause to become bureaucratic or to resemble a bureaucracy: to bureaucratize a city's social services.

land reform

to hand land over to the peasants from the landlords.

May 4 movement

took place in which students demonstrated in protest of the Treaty of Versailles. The Movement helped the Chinese by promoting science and making Chinese adopt a new easier form of writing. Moreover, the movement was the foundation for the forming of the Communist Party of China (CCP).

Pakistan

two areas divided from India bc of their muslim population

electoral democracy

type of representative democracy based on election, on electoral vote, as modern occidental or liberal democracies.

Hiroshima

The United States, at the order of President Harry S. Truman, dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively, during the final stage of World War II.

Diet

Japanese Parliament why was there conflict? it is a sign of Japan's dependence on the US Japanese acceptance of this new order after the World War the real question — is Japan really going to be an independent country? or was the trauma so great that they are going to have to accept a world order; for the first time the elected delegates of the diet came in to charge to try to settle the unrest caused by the rice riots

Pearl Harbor

The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Territory, on the morning of December 7, 1941.

Democracy Movement

These protests were put down by government troops on June 4, 1989. In response, a number of pro-democracy organizations were formed by overseas Chinese student activists, and there was considerable sympathy for the movement among Westerners, who formed the China Support Network (CSN).

compensatory discrimination

Transforming Society through Law; Scheduled Castes (Dalits), Scheduled Tribes, and the Law; is a term coined for the policy or programs that give preference to a group or groups of people with a stated goal of countering and compensating the past or ongoing atrocities, excesses, injustice, or discrimination of any sort against them.

warlords

Warlord Period 1916-27 ^ this fragmentation the capital in Beijing turned into just a government run by the warlord for that area the implications — the warlords vary, the warlords in general depending on military mobilization were constantly in need of money —> more taxes from the people, there were the constant issue of security ("when elephants fight, the grass gets trampled" — grass=peasants)

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

a lawyer, politician, the founder of Pakistan and regarded by many as one of the most influential political leaders and reformists of the 20th Century

dalits

a member of the lowest caste.

Self Defense Forces

are the unified military forces of Japan that were established in 1954, and are controlled by the Ministry of Defense.

"lost decade"

is the time after the Japanese asset price bubble's collapse within the Japanese economy.

Hindi

one of the most popular languages in India -- about 40% people spoke it

satyagraha

a policy of passive political resistance, especially that advocated by Mahatma Gandhi against British rule in India; literally translated to "insistence on truth"

Salt March

also called Dandi March or Salt Satyagraha, major nonviolent protest action in India led by Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi in March-April 1930.

rice riots of 1918

for the first time the elected delegates of the diet came in to charge to try to settle the unrest caused by the rice riots; were a series of popular disturbances that erupted throughout Japan from July to September 1918, which brought about the collapse of the Terauchi Masatake administration.

Imperial Way faction

was a political faction in the Imperial Japanese Army, active in the 1920s and 1930s and largely supported by junior officers aiming to establish a military government that promoted totalitarian, militarist, and expansionist ideals. It was never an organized political party and had no official standing within the Army

Muslim League

was a political party established during the early years of the 20th century in the British Indian Empire; Its strong advocacy for the establishment of a separate Muslim-majority nation-state, Pakistan, successfully led to the partition of British India in 1947 by the British Empire

Kashmir

was a princely state; a majority of their population was Muslim (would think they would join Pakistan), however the ruler was Hindu — he tried to negotiate with both sides, riots broke out between Hindus and Muslims, Muslims got the worst of these riots

Manchukuo

was a puppet state in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia, which was governed under a form of constitutional monarchy. The area, collectively known as Manchuria by westerners and Japanese, was designated by China's erstwhile Qing Dynasty as the "homeland" of the ruling family's ethnic group, the Manchus.

permanent revolution

you can't let people become complacent; Mao's idea; a term within Marxist theory, established in usage by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels by at least 1850 but which has since become most closely associated with Leon Trotsky.

Taisho democracy

Taisho Era 1912-26 — named after the Taisho emperor;The Taishō period, or Taishō era, is a period in the history of Japan dating from July 30, 1912, to December 25, 1926, coinciding with the reign of the Emperor Taishō. The new emperor was a sickly man, which prompted the shift in political power from the old oligarchic group of elder statesmen to the Imperial Diet of Japan and the democratic parties.

khadi

or Khaddar is a term for handspun and hand-woven cloth from India, Bangladesh and Pakistan mainly made out of cotton. The cloth is usually woven from cotton and may also include silk, or wool, which are all spun into yarn on a spinning wheel called a charkha.

Control faction

takes over control the Imperial way takeover is thwarted and 1936 control faction takeovers they are not enamored with a moral change, or taking over Zaibatsu— they are interested in Japan's power

Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)

the dominant political party in Japan for the next 40 years; political party, operates with the constitution, contents elections, it's a fundamentally conservative party - dominated in an alliance w bureaucrats, companies, powerful people

kokutai

the essence of the system; sometimes translated as the policy; what it means to be a part of the Japanese government; meant loyalty

Jiangxi Soviet

the largest component territory of the Chinese Soviet Republic, an unrecognized state established in November 1931 by Mao Zedong and Zhu De during the Chinese civil war

secularism

the principle of separation of the state from religious institutions

Hong Kong

was British territory as a result of the Treaty of Nanking; became a part of China once again in 1997

Hara Kei

was a Japanese politician and the 10th Prime Minister of Japan from 29 September 1918 until his assassination on 4 November 1921.

reverse course

was a change in US government and Allied Occupation policy toward Japan during the post-World War II reconstruction. Beginning roughly between 1947 and 1948, it lasted until the end of the occupation in 1952. ... The Reverse Course changed such policies in favor of the containment policy.

Nanjing (Nanking) massacre

was a peace treaty which ended the First Opium War (1839-42) between the United Kingdom and the Qing dynasty of China on 29 August 1842. It was the first of what the Chinese later called the unequal treaties on the ground that Britain had no obligations in return.

collectivization

was a policy of forced consolidation of individual peasant households into collective farms called "kolkhozes" as carried out by the Soviet government in the late 1920's - early 1930's.

Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi)

went to Japan to study at the Military Staff College. During his time in Japan, he met Doctor Sun Yat-sen and took part in the Chinese Revolution of 1911 as a general. After the resignation of Sun in 1913, he helped in his revolutions in 1913 and 1917. In 1923, he was ordered by Sun to go to Moscow to study Soviet military and political institutions; By 1927, he established Nanking as the capital where he dismissed his soviet advisors due to his increased distrust in the forming communist party. He ruled with no real problems until in 1931 when he offered no resistance to the Japanese invasion of Manchuria.

Indira Gandhi

Nehru's daughter became prime minister in 1966(-1977, 1980-84); key democratic things were suspended, she wanted to clear slums, nationalized industries, some of the aspects of the constitution were suspended, she launched a family plan she came up with the term of mixed economy — private & public — socialist & private economy; Indira Gandhi lost in a landslide in election of 1977; Re-elected PM, 1980 Indira Gandhi was reelected as prime minister she developed a reputation of a political manipulator 1984 she was assassinated

Korea

On July 24, they concluded the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1907 to grasp domestic administration authority, and disbanded the army of the Korean Empire on August 1 immediately after that. Itō Hirobumi, who was the first prime minister of Japan and one of the elder statesmen and was Resident-General of Korea opposed to the annexation of Korea.[14] However, The power balance of the Japan domestic grew in favor of the annexation, because an influential statesmen group objecting to the early annexation disappeared due to the assassination of Ito Hirobumi by An Jung-geun in 1909. On August 22, 1910, annexing Korea by signing the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty.

San Francisco Treaty

Peace Treaty with Japan or commonly known as the Treaty of Peace with Japan, Peace Treaty of San Francisco, or San Francisco Peace Treaty, mostly between Japan and the Allied

Third Plenum (1978)

plenum: big meeting of congress;

liberalization

was aimed at ending the licence-permit raj by decreasing the government intervention in the business, thereby pushing economic growth through reforms. The policy opened up the country to global economy. It discouraged public sector monopoly and paved the way for competition in the market.

Gen. Douglas Macarthur

was an American five-star general and field marshal of the Philippine Army. He was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II.

Great East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere

was an imperial concept created and promulgated for occupied Asian populations during the first third of the Shōwa era by the government and military of the Empire of Japan.

rectification campaigns

was the first ideological mass movement initiated by the Chinese Communist Party

Mohandas K. Gandhi

was the leader of the Indian independence movement in British-ruled India. Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.

mixed economy

based on 3 sectors heavy industry: State Investment (Economy's "commanding heights") mixed industry (durables, transportation, etc.): State & Private consumer goods/agriculture: private

partition

(especially with reference to a country with separate areas of government) the action or state of dividing or being divided into parts; it (the partition) created problems it created conflict and hostility with its neighboring state due to the Partition, this leaves a legacy huge Muslim minority within India itself

baihua

(vernacular chinese/spoken chinese) - he started the first systematical attempt to infiltrate baihua, the problem: how to simplify, distribute, and unify all the characters - this comes to be known as Mandarin - creating this was a project

"Red no Expert"

Although party leaders spoke of the need to combine "redness" with expertise, they more often acted as if political rectitude and professional skill were mutually exclusive qualities.

zaibatsu

big integrated corporations manipulated the economy in a variety of ways one factor that played in the centralization of power and the growth of the military

linguistic states

The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 was a major reform of the boundaries of India's states and territories, organising them along linguistic lines.

Taiwan

China lost control of Taiwan in the first Sino-Japanese War of 1885-95. In 1895, Japan began to colonize the island and controlled it until the end of World War II when the Allies gave it back to China. That same year, the United Nation was formed with China on the UN Security Council. At the time, the KMT or nationalist party under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek ruled China. In 1945, a civil war broke out between the KMT and the CCP, which caused the KMT to flee to Taiwan completely in 1949. Even though nationalist China was based in Taiwan, the UN allowed it to stay on the Security Council and many nations did not recognize the communist government on Mainland China. The United States withheld military assistance to Taiwan until the 1954 when the United States was scared that Taiwan would turn communist. To help protect Taiwan, the United States signed the mutual security treaty of 1954. This treaty was important to the United States because it would prevent Russia from having an ally on the UN Security Council during the Korea War. US assistance to Taiwan continued until the election of President Richard Nixon. In 1970, Communist China showed increasing interest to discuss issues on a higher level and opens itself to the United States with the Ping Pong Diplomacy. Finally in July of 1971, Henry Kissinger met with Zhou Enlai establishing the first relationship between Communist China and the United States. Through Nixon's efforts, he opened up foreign relations with Communist China and helped Communist China gain entrance into the UN and the Security Council in October in Taiwan's place. In 1972, the Shanghai Communiqué formally stated that the United States believed that Taiwan was part of China and there was only one China however it did not state whether the CCP or KMT was the rightful government. On January 1, 1979, the United States ended diplomatic relations with Taiwan and recognized the People's Republic of China, but also in 1979, the US passed the Taiwan Relations Act. The act committed the US to resist force used against Taiwan. Taiwan remained silent until in 1987 when Taiwan ended its policy of martial law and elections were held in 1990. In 1996, Communist China tried to influence Taiwanese elections by using missiles. The incident brought US military vessels to the area. Finally, in the year 2000, the presidential election of Taiwan brought world attention. With three candidates running, independence from China became a major issue. On March 20, 2000, the Chinese in Taiwan elected a president that was pro-independence. Due to this, President Chen Shui-bian of the People's Republic of China threatened to use force to keep Taiwan part of China. Currently, Taiwan threatens to break away from China, but the Mainland Chinese are willing to fight to keep it part of the People's Republic. The problem is that other nations are choosing sides, creating a state of military readiness and maybe World War III.

Peace Preservation Law

of 1925 (治安維持法 Chian Iji Hō) was enacted on 12 May 1925, under the administration of Katō Takaaki, specifically against socialism and communism. It was one of the most significant laws of pre-war Japan.

Great Leap Forward

a program implemented by Mao in 1958. It was an extension of his second five-year plan that set up small backyard furnaces to increase steel production and to create communes out of the collective farms already established. The program ended in failure due to the population's reluctance to enter communes and that the steel produced was of low quality and quantity. To add to the underperformance of the program, three straight years of poor harvest left many of the people that had joined communes hungry or starving

Hundred Flowers campaign

after land reform Mau says we have to open ourselves to criticism the name is a reference back to the time of Confucius we have to let a lot of new ideas come about - let a hundred flowers bloom tells everyone criticize yourself, we have to do this in order to make the revolution work permanent revolution — you can't let people become complacent

Ayodhya

also known as Saket, is an ancient city of India, believed to be the birthplace of Rama and setting of the epic Ramayana. It is adjacent to Faizabad city in the central region of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh; regarded as one of the seven most important pilgrimage sites (Saptapuri) for Hindus

separate electorates

are that type of elections in which minorities select their own representatives separately, as opposed to Joint Electorates where people are selected collectively. When minorities fear that they would not get representation in state affairs and government then they demand separate electorates.

Peoples Republic of China

completely changed the culture and geography of the Chinese people. It implemented five-year plans that consisted of land reform, social reform, cultural reform, and economic planning. The changes lead to the Great Leap Forward and Great Proletarian Cultural Reform. In 1949, China also implemented a 30-year alliance with Russia against Japanese and Japanese allies, although tensions strained after the death of Joseph Stalin in 1955. Relations between the two countries remained strained until 1985.

Rajiv Gandhi

eldest son, her political successor PM 1984-89 was an airline pilot, was not involved in politics at all, married an Italian woman, went into politics after Sanjay died; his economic policy encouraged abandonment of "Mixed Economy," privatizing of some state-controlled industries, opening to greater foreign investment, increasing deregulation of economic activity

Jawaharlal Nehru

former prime minister (1947-64); very strongly emphasized that India needed to create an identity that stood above all the religions — reflects how the British tried to do that; stressed India becoming a secular state — a state which does not link its authority to religion but doesn't mean anti-religious in this context

Guomindang (Kuomintang)

nationalist party; we have to reorganize basic local branches to try to build a significant cultural movement;the political party founded in 1911 by Sun Yat-sen; it governed China under Chiang Kai-shek from 1928 until 1949 when the Communists took power and subsequently was the official ruling party of Taiwan. Kuomintang.

Sun Yat-sen (Sun Zhongshan)

had an extensive education in the United States and Hong Kong to become a medical doctor, however soon after graduation he turned to politics. His first major role in China was in 1895 where he helped stage the unsuccessful Canton uprising against the Emperor. He left China for 16 years to return in 1911 when the successful rebellion in Wuhan prompted other providences to rebel. He believed that the time was right to overthrow the emperor. To help with his effort, he strengthened the Kuomintang (KMT) or nationalist party that same year and proclaiming himself provisional president of a newly formed republic. However, he was forced to resign in 1913. During the next year he staged an unsuccessful revolution that caused him to leave China and to stage two more revolutions in 1917 and 1921. By 1923, he was able to lead a small band of a new regime and reorganized the KMT in the Soviet Union Communist model

Hindu nationalism

has been collectively referred to as the expressions of social and political thought, based on the native spiritual and cultural traditions of the Indian subcontinent.

Mao Zedong

he participated in the May Fourth Movement and realized that the Chinese revolutionaries were striving for a Marxist government. In 1921, Mao helped form the Chinese Communist Party or CCP. Two years later, he was enlightened and began to work his strategy to seize control of China. His plan was to appeal to the rural peasant class to gain control of the countryside and use them to surround the large urban centers. He would then take control of the entire government, but his hopes were shattered when Chiang Kai-shek was determined to rule China in 1925. However, this did not deter him from trying to set up the Chinese Soviet Republic in the Jiangxi Providence in November of 1931. In 1934, Mao was driven out of Jiangxi by the KMT army and thus began the Long March northward. Mao and the CCP may have been destroyed had it not been for the Japanese invasion of China in 1937. The KMT and CCP, believing that China should be ruled by Chinese, united to fight the Japanese and expel all foreigners from Chinese soil. After the war, the rivalry persisted and Mao formed the People's Liberation Army in 1946. A civil war persisted until in 1949, Mao took control of Mainland China. Mao became ruler of China with the formal title of Chairman of the People's Republic. He tried to implement such programs such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution. Mao remained leader of China for the rest of his life, although, near the end, he started to lose power to Zhou Enlai and Deng Ziaoping in the 1970's. With his death on September 9, 1976, he left a power vacuum for leadership of the country. Mao Zedong was great leader when it came to revolution and fighting for dominance, however once he came into power, he was a poor leader and politician due mostly to his inability to subdue his passion for revolution.

BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party)

hindu nationalist, linked to Sangh Parivar/ (Idea of "Hindutva"); business/free market orientation Indian National Congress; ostensibly "secular" pushes liberalization, but less business-friendly strong dynastic links to nationalist history/Nehru-Gandhi family

mass line

how the party thought about connecting itself with the "people" the "people" represent the poor, rural, oppressed population; is the political, organizational and leadership method developed by Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) during the Chinese revolution.

Shenzhen

in southeastern China, is a modern metropolis that links Hong Kong to China's mainland. It's known for its shopping destinations, including Luohu Commercial City, a massive mall with a vast array of wares, from tailors' custom clothing to faux designer bags. The city also features contemporary buildings, such as the 600m-tall skyscraper Ping An International Finance Centre, and a number of amusement parks.

Deng Xiaoping

in the last couple of years, has been the most visual and powerful person in the Chinese Communist Party. His belief in communism came at a young age when he moved to France and joined the communist party in 1922. He later moved to the Soviet Union to study Soviet communism before he returned to China as an underground organizer of the Chinese Communist Party in 1927. He became a personal adviser to Mao Zedong, but held no major positions in the party until 1952 when he was named vice-premier. He slowly gained power in the party until in 1962 when he began to play down Maoist policies.

Yasukuni shrine

is a Shinto shrine located in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. It was founded by Emperor Meiji in June 1869 and commemorates those who died in service of the Empire of Japan, which existed from the Meiji Restoration of 1869 until the nation was renamed during the Allied occupation in 1947.[1] The shrine's purpose has been expanded over the years to include those who died in the wars involving Japan spanning from the entire Meiji and Taishō period, and lesser part of the Shōwa period.[2]

Indian National Congress

is a broad-based political party in India. Founded in 1885, the Congress led India to independence from Great Britain, and powerfully influenced other anti-colonial nationalist movements in the British Empire.

Narendra Modi

is an Indian politician who is the 14th and current Prime Minister of India, in office since May 2014. He was the Chief Minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014, and is the Member of Parliament for Varanasi. Modi, a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), is a Hindu nationalist and member of the right-wing Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS).

Special Economic Zones (SEZ)

is an area in which business and trade laws are different from rest of the country. SEZs are located within a country's national borders, and their aims include: increased trade, increased investment, job creation and effective administration.

swadeshi

movement, part of the Indian independence movement and the developing Indian nationalism, was an economic strategy aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic conditions in India by following the principles of swadeshi (self-sufficiency; svadēśī), which had some success.

New Culture movement

n order to unify don't just need new political movement also need new culture "New Youth" — Beijing — founder Chen Duxiu — based at Beijing University — suggests that the Youth is going to change China