Modern Global History HY 104 (A) Exam #3 Review
What are current trends in the US concerning unionization?
- 10% of America's workforce is unionized - Collective bargaining in the U.S. has weakened in last 50+ years/Less people are in unions - Starting to return to the ways of 19th century capitalist industrialization (Amazon factories, China, child labor)
Nationalism
- A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country/a sense of identity/consciousness of being part of a nation - a nation/community with common language, institutions, languages, and customs
Who was Napoleon Bonaparte?
- French soldier who rose through the ranks to become emperor during the French Revolution - A famous general who conquered much of Europe in the early 1800's
Why are nationalism and citizenship interrelated? As in, why is being a citizen of a nation-state, on average, increase nationalistic feelings?
- If you're nationalistic you identify in your country. - if you are a citizen of a nation-state (have a right to vote, have a say in who's president) you have rights, you obviously have more nationalistic feelings - you are HAPPY to be in that nation, a nation that treats their nation well, will have more "patriotism"
What two major new economic classes emerged with capitalist industrialization in the 19th century?
- Industrial Working Class (people working in factories) - Industrial Upper Class (owners of those factories) - created class conflict
Why did the White Man's Burden reinforce and support European Imperialism in the 19th and early 20th centuries?
- It is a burden to enlighten those people that are less civilized (slaves) - Just like European Imperialism was enlightening Africa and Asia, takes over all this land, needed a narrative just like slavery - Those inferior to European whites, need to be enlightened
Political Liberalism - Main ideas and goals?
- Lockean tradition of negative rights, natural rights (opposed to Hobbsean) - What is the role of the state? Hobbes says humans are unreliable, need a centralized authority (advocated for monarchy) -Locke says the role of gov't is to protect natural born rights (humans are trustworthy/rational/reasonable) - don't need that centralized authority to function (limit it) -Emphasis is on individual rights, civil rights and political freedom, suffrage and the right to vote, election, constitutional government, representative govt, popular sovereignty, majority rule, the rule of law, separation of power, limited govt, minority rights, and accountability. (a.k.a Democracy, Democratic Government) - can overthrow gov't if they aren't giving you negative/natural rights
Main ideas and goals of Marxism?
- OVERTHROW CAPITALISM - also doesn't like nationalism - keep the benefits of industrialization but remove the profit motive (capitalist system) - class lens (the picture in class)
Why is capitalism inherently unstable?
- The growth of inequality - The periods of overproduction and underconsumption, growth stalls - This is when you go into recessions, then depressions if it gets really bad
In what ways were the French Revolution and its results consistent with Enlightenment thinking?
- overthrow monarchy - equality in rights - freedom - religious skepticism (outlaws Catholic church)
Karl Marx - Historical relevance?
- produced Marxism - was very critical of capitalist industrialization - called for working class identity (see world through a class lens, rather than nationalist lens) - "Workers of the world unite, you have nothing to lose but your chains!"
Why is Napoleon historically significant?
-Brings the Napoleonic Code (merit-based, citizen soldiers) -Advocated for merit, transparency, rule of law (everyone has the same rules) -he enlarged France's power before ultimately being defeated in the War of Liberation, and restored monarchy (limited) in France
Capitalism - Efficiency vs. Inequality
-Capitalism has produced way more efficiency (more stuff at lower costs) -Inequality can undermine efficiency, eating pizza is a good thing (no societal breakdown), hedge fund manager makes billions of dollars off bankrupting a country (undermining society in the name of making money) -Capitalism produces good and bad inequality
Who were some prominent 19th century feminists?
-Elizabeth Cady Stanton -Susan B. Anthony
Who were some of the prominent abolitionists?
-John Brown (white man) - organized slave uprisings, executed in 1859 -Harriet Tubman - former slave, helped slaves escape to north via the Underground Railroad -Fredrick Douglas - former slave, created North Star- anti-slavery newspaper, and was leading advocate for the abolitionist movement -Sojourner Truth - served as a spy in the civil war, another advocate for abolitionist movement, and women's suffrage
What were the major outcomes of the French Revolution?
-Monarchy eliminated -Napoleon and his authoritarian rule (merit) -Catholic Church severely weakened -Citizen Army created -Challenged social roles (gender) -Outlawed slavery
Civil War - Relevance of 13th Amendment?
13th Amendment outlaws slavery (14th says if you're born on US soil, you're a citizen)
When was the French Revolution?
1789 - after American Revolution
When was the Haitian Revolution?
1791-1804
When did Napoleon rule France?
1804-1814 - 1815: Congress of Vienna
When were the Latin American Revolutions?
1810-1830 (these countries are almost as old as the U.S.)
Conservatism - Main ideas and goals?
19th century Edmund Burkean version was restoration of religion as central to life, skeptical of too much democracy (leaned towards maybe even having monarchy again), skepticism of radical change in society -The Republican Party advocates for more religion which is consistent with 19th century Burkean Conservatism SUPPORTS: more gov't national security
Who was Simón Bolivar (1783-1830)? Historical significance?
A Venezuelan revolutionary leader who led Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia to independence. - Known as "the Liberator" (el Libertador) in Latin America - Remains highly popular in Latin America today as symbol of independence and regional self-determination
Realism - Approximately when? Values it rejects? Values it supports?
A new movement that rejects romanticism - roughly around 1850 REJECTS: emotionalism and the exotics (nature) SUPPORTS: The everyday life of ordinary people and 'Real' depictions of what the eye sees Ex. picture of working-class people working
Socialism/Social democracy - Main ideas and goals?
A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production. - Capitalism limits the human experience and should be challenged
What is the relationship between the abolitionism and the US Civil War?
Abolitionism advocated for the end of slavery which raised consciousness about slavery in the U.S. (causing tensions between the North (Union) and South (Confederates) - ultimately leading to the dynamics of the Civil War
Economic Liberalism - Connection to Adam Smith?
Adam Smith is the father of capitalist economics -gov't should provide highways, transportation -gov't shouldn't be involved in minimum wage, progressive taxation, environmental regulation
What is a union?
An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages.
In what ways were the French Revolution and its results in contradiction with Enlightenment thinking?
Because despite overthrowing monarchy, years later Napoleon and the French use an authoritarian regime - end up with a non-Democratic leader, even though you overthrow an authoritarian regime
Why did Social Darwinism reinforce racism and White Supremacy in the US and Europe?
Because due to high educated people (Scientists) stating that white people have advantages over slaves because it's just proving/strengthening racist/white supremacy notions of slaves
Why, in comparison to the American Revolution, is the French Revolution considered radical?
Because it had more of a focus towards women's rights and it outlawed slavery, whereas the A.R. still had slavery after the revolution and women couldn't vote/didn't have equal rights
Why was the Haitian Revolution a threat to the institution of slavery in the US?
Because once the U.S. got word of how slavery was overthrown in Haiti, it inspired the abolitionist movement to try and abolish slavery in the U.S.
Why does capitalism inherently produce inequality?
Because those who own more just get richer and richer - Bezos, Jobs, Gates
What European countries were involved in colonial expansion and subsequent control of Africa and part of Asia between 1870 and 1914?
Belgium, France, Great Britain, Spain, Italy, Germany, Netherlands (Dutch), Portugal, Russia
Examples of socialist or social democratic parties or politicians today?
Bernie Sanders, Socialist Party USA, Socialist Workers Party
What is the difference between conservative nationalism and liberal/civic nationalism?
CONSERVATIVE: it's nationalism that does not take nationalism and tie it to Enlightenment Values. - it's a nationalism based on the language you use, your religious/racial/ethnic background, categorizes nationalism around those things LIBERAL/CIVIC: it's nationalism tied to Enlightenment Values (freedom, democracy, equality, rights, limited. gov't) --Conservative Nationalism can go in a more dangerous direction more easily than Civic Nationalism EX: Nazi, Germany was an outgrowth of very conservative nationalism. To be German is that I'm pure German, I have a certain genetic makeup - if all nationalism, was civic, that'd be a very good thing
Economic Liberalism - Connection to capitalism?
Can't do capitalism without the protection of private property - Economic Liberalism says the role of the state is to protect private property and back off from economy - It should be fair
In the 19th century, capitalist industrialization decreased poverty, but increased inequality. Explain.
Capitalist Industrialization decreases poverty just because of how much stuff was being made (more efficient), but it increased inequality because the rich got richer - Capitalism produces more inequality, they make so much stuff, are efficient, specialized/order, - the output is so huge, but for every unit of stuff made, lots of labor is getting into stuff and the upper class is earning most of the profit - You own their labor, and are making so much product than they are getting paid for (surplus value extraction) - Owners are extracting your surplus-value because your labor is making the stuff I'm selling, I'm not making it, and I'm getting most of the profit (massive scale) - Prior to capitalist industrialization there was inequality, but capitalism was seemingly producing more inequality
Conservatism - Connection to the French Revolution?
Conservatism is a REACTION to the F.R. - 19th century Conservative Movement is a critique of everything the F.R. has to offer, particularly the most radical conceptions
Civil Liberties
Constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens - say what i want, think what i want (1st AMENDMENT) -not POSITIVE RIGHTS (healthcare, education)
In US politics in 2019, what political party is described as liberal?
Democratic
What were the major outcomes of the Latin American Revolutions?
Due to no European intervention in Latin American wars of liberation from Spanish and Portuguese rule. Latin America gains independence from Spain and Portugal - all these countries try to be similar to the U.S. (put in constitution, have president)
In US politics, economic liberals are generally considered "conservative" in their beliefs. Explain.
Economic Liberals are generally considered "conservative" in their beliefs are more towards Republicans (pro-religion) -Are conservative because they went against the F.R. because FR advocated overthrowing religion and revolution
Economic Liberalism - Government regulation of markets?
Economic Liberals want LESS government regulation of markets
What policies do conservatives support?
Economically Liberal, BUT not Politically Liberal - Free-Market Capitalism, the state shouldn't intervene/intervene to redistribute - But they are supportive of the state intervening in SOCIAL ISSUES (listed below) - Traditional - What defines marriage? Can I abort a pregnancy? - Religion, Security, Conservative Nationalism, NO Pro-Choice - Conservatives believe marriage should be between a man and a woman (the way it has always been, tied to religious understanding), but the state shouldn't enforce that - St. Joes is more conservative, traditional ideas of marriage, not supportive of pro-choice
Conservatism - Connection to Edmund Burke?
Edmund Burke is the father of Conservatism
What nation-state was the strongest advocate for economic liberalism in the 19th century?
England
Where did the First Industrial Revolution start originally?
England, particularly central England
Why did Social Darwinism reinforce and support European Imperialism in the 19th and early 20th centuries?
European Imperialism was the movement where Europe takes over all the land in Africa and Asia. Social Darwinism reinforced/supported this because it uses pseudo-scientific evolutionary language (survival of the fittest) to say Europeans are superior, other cultures are below us. - We are SUPERIOR (European whites), therefore we have the right to take your land - It's scientific, oh it must be true (very DANGEROUS)
Is Marxism politically on the 'left' or the 'right'?
FAR TO THE LEFT - advocating for NO capitalism, he hates IT
Karl Marx (1818-1883)
FATHER OF COMMUNISM - 19th-century German-born philosopher and economist who's analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society. - says Capitalism doesn't fulfill human potential (hates capitalism!!)
What were the major causes of the French Revolution?
FIRST PHASE -Initial uprising against French Monarchy -Storming of the Bastille -National Assembly is formed -Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen -Constitutional Monarchy created RADICAL CAUSES -execute Louis XVI -Radicalization, Robespierre, and the Reign of Terror
Economic Liberalism - Free trade or protectionist?
FREE TRADE - against Mercantilism -Britain was economically liberal, so they espoused free trade (first country to really advocate it in 19th century) -US became pro-free trade after WW2
Civil War (1861-1865)
First Modern War and the deadliest war in American history; internal conflict between north (union) and south (confederacy). CAUSES: slavery is morally unethical, major push back to the union, what are new states gonna be? Confederates wanted to be their Own country OUTCOMES: More casualties than any other US war by far, Union wins and abolishes slavery in the US (1865) - created 13th&14th amendments, and allowed capitalist industrialization to spread to the south
Following the French and American Revolutions, why were these two countries outliers (not normal) in comparison to all other countries?
France and United States -they were different because they were ruled by non-monarchs (no king ruling them) -All other major countries/nation states had monarchs still running it
Political Liberalism - Role of government?
Government is designed to protect your negative/natural rights - Gov't should protect YOU from others who want to limit your rights
Economic Liberalism - Government should intervene to redistribute?
Government should NOT intervene to redistribute -Economic Liberals focus on growth and efficiency (don't advocate redistribution)
What were the major causes of the Latin American Revolutions?
Great Britain does not allow "principle of intervention" to apply in Americas -Principle of Intervention: protected fellow countries from being overthrown (product of F.R. and Napoleon) -monarchs can support other monarchs if someone challenges that monarch -GBR doesn't agree with that -wanted to overthrow Spanish and Portuguese monarchies
Major causes of the Haitian Revolution?
Haiti had slavery, and the slaves didn't like how they were being treated - leading to the overthrowing of slavery in Haiti
Political Liberalism - Individual rights over collective rights?
Individual Rights - 1st Amendment (gov't take away right to free speech, assembly, religion) - FOCUSED on YOUR right relative to an authority/state
Political Liberalism - Connection to John Locke, Immanuel Kant, and John Stuart Mill?
John Locke (1632-1704) - negative rights Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) - argue that nation-states should develop international institutions to help create and maintain peace. There is a logical connection between democratic nation-states and worldwide peace. - More democracies = less chance for war. John Stuart Mill (1806-1873): English Philosopher -On Liberty (1859) argues for: - Pro-Political Liberalism position - Unfettered freedom of the individual - Absolute freedom of opinion and speech - Protection of these freedoms from both government censorship and tyranny of the majority
Socialism/Social democracy - Politically on the 'left' or the 'right'?
LEFT - challenge/skeptical of capitalism (like Bernie)
Socialism/Social democracy - Less or more radical than Marxism?
Less radical than Marxism
Political Liberalism - In US politics in 2019, what does it mean to be liberal? What policies do 'liberals' support?
Liberal - make society more equal, tied to Democratic Party/Politically Liberal NOT ECONOMICALLY LIBERAL SUPPORTS: MORE laws to right past wrongs (race, gender discrimination), tax big corporations/businesses
In US politics, how are libertarians different than conservatives? liberals?
Libertarians are hardcore economic and political liberals (BOTH) - Ex. Rand Paul, Mike Lee - Would say the gov't shouldn't intervene in the economy (economically liberal) - Unlike a conservative, libertarians would also say the gov't shouldn't be looking at what I do online (too much intervention) - Want protection of private property (negative rights) - The gov't has no business telling me what I can do with my body (sex, drugs) - No big state power
Marxism - Relationship to 20th century communism (Marxist-Leninism) and communist states?
Marxism was very influential towards 20th century communism (Marxist-Leninism) and communists states because they agreed with Marx's critique of capitalism
Difference between authoritarian and monarch?
Monarchy=king Authoritarians aren't monarchical - China (not monarchy, still authoritarian) vs. Saudi Arabia (killed)
Left and Right
Outside of American Politics, someone on LEFT is skeptical of capitalism, someone on RIGHT is pro-capitalist -Adam Smith on right because he believes capitalism is great (ECONOMIC LIBERALS/Conservatives=RIGHT) -Marx on left because he hates capitalism (MARXISM=far LEFT) -Liberals/Democrats would be on left -Bernie doesn't call himself a democrat because he is FURTHER TO THE LEFT on economic things (dislikes capitalism) -Healthcare and Education shouldn't have profit motive driving it
Why did the American, French, Latin American, and Haitian Revolutions help lead to greater citizenship and nationalism?
Overthrowing monarchies, trying to move towards being citizens that have an effect on their government/country. - now people are no longer under a king's rule, they are a CITIZEN (it's our country, not a kings)
What is capitalism?
PRIVATE OWNERSHIP - an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
What is a primary role of the state in capitalist societies?
PROTECT PRIVATE PROPERTY
Political Liberalism - Connection to the rise of democracy and democracies in the 19th and 20th centuries?
Political Liberalism espouses negative rights, which becomes more popular and powerful - stands for more voting rights for people, due process (all equal before law), checks and balances, gov't doesn't have too much power MORE PEOPLE WANTED DEMOCRACY
Conservatism - Prioritizes order and security or individual rights?
Prioritizes order and security OVER individual rights - Reacts to 9/11, Conservatives say we should fight (gov't should intervene)
First Industrial Revolution - Major characteristics/technological changes?
RADICAL CHANGES - COAL - Enclosure movement: landowners start privatizing land which helps facilitate the rise of capitalism and more efficient agriculture (more food) TECH: Fossil fuels as source of power - weaving looms, fossil fuels, coal became a source of power to drive things - prior to this, all work was done by animals and humans
In what major ways did the factory system tied to capitalist industrialization change daily life? in regard to: - regimentation? - being monitored at work? - specialization? - control over one's time?
REGIMENTATION: people did the same thing every day, went by the same schedule daily (strict schedules over and over) BEING MONITORED: owners wanted increased efficiency so they had to make sure workers were doing their job (walking up and down the line) SPECIALIZATION: doing 1/2 things 1,000x a day (repetitive), became specialized in that job. Had to survive CONTROL OVER ONE'S TIME: had bells that would get you ready, all people in one place at one time to increase efficiency (CAN'T BE LATE)
What political party in the US is described as "conservative"?
Republican
In US politics in 2019, what does it mean to be conservative?
Republicans nowadays stand for.... - are ECONOMICALLY liberal - Post-WW2 Republican party before Trump was all for free-trade SUPPORTS: what's in Bible/religion, security, conservative nationalism, No pro-choice REJECTS: concepts of gay marriage, abortion, not worried about climate change (too much regulation), separation of church&state, pro-choice, taxing of big corporations in Wall Street
Why and how did White Supremacy express itself in the American South following the US Civil War?
Right after the civil war, the Union emancipates slaves and abolishes slavery. So, the White Supremacists create the KKK (1865-71)
What values of the Enlightenment did Napoleon support? What values of the Enlightenment did he reject?
SUPPORTED: religious toleration REJECTED: democracy
Major outcomes of the Haitian Revolution?
Slavery was abolished
Positive Rights
Something the gov't SHOULD give you as part of your rights Ex: health care
What is evidence is there that shows economic liberalism to be problematic?
The Great Depression -massive economic failure - we need more regulation -FDR comes up with "The New Deal", says I'm gonna regulate capitalism (pissed off economic liberals)
Social Darwinism
The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. -use scientific narrative to prove that certain races (European white) have advantages over other races -reproduces racist beliefs
What were the beliefs and goals of Early Feminism and Suffrage Movement?
The suffrage movement was the first wave of early feminism in the US and they both believed that women should have the same legal and political rights as men EX: Women having the right to vote
What were the goals of the abolitionist movement?
Their goals were to immediately abolish slavery as well as end the Transatlantic slave trade and discrimination/segregation.
Are US liberals economically liberal and politically liberal? Explain.
They are politically liberal, not economically liberal - ACLU also considered to be very liberal (defending 1st Amendment rights, minorities, right past wrongs)
Conservatism - Supportive or not supportive of religion?
Very supportive of religion
Why is private property, and its protection, essential for capitalism?
Without protection of private property, all businesses would be unsecured (couldn't keep money, no one is backing you up) - Protected by the state; your property is - Can't do capitalism without a nation-state backing you - People don't do it nowadays because people would go to jail due to the protection of P.P.
Economic Liberalism - Government should protect private property?
YES!!
Romanticism - Approximately when? Values it rejects? Values it supports?
a literary/artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason - Roughly from 1800-1850 REJECTS: Industrialization, Enlightenment Values, Aristocratic, upper-class norms, rationality and reason SUPPORTS: Emotion, Nature, irrationality, gothic art/medieval architecture, individuality, NON-CONFORMITY, sexuality
Why was the emergence of unions tied to capitalist industrialization?
because capitalist industrializations were only focused on maximizing profit, they didn't care about peoples labor
First Industrial Revolution
beginning in Great Britain/England in the 1780s, which gave rise to textiles, railroads, iron, and coal - spreads throughout Europe, and the US
When did the First Industrial Revolution start?
c. 1700-1870
Conservatism - Supportive of evolutionary, slow change or revolutionary change?
evolutionary, slow change RATHER than revolution
KKK (Ku Klux Klan)
organization that promotes hatred and discrimination against specific ethnic and religious groups -1st KKK - 1865-1871 -2nd KKK - 1915
Economic Liberalism - Main ideas and goals?
says you don't need centralized authority to run economies, economies work best when centralized authority doesn't have a lot of regulation - gov't SHOULD protect private property, but after that get out of the way, let markets run things (FREE MARKET) - capitalist industrial revolution is tied to economic liberalism (protection of P.P, let capitalism do its things) -capitalism at its most unregulated position created people saying maybe we need regulation) Ex: can't have kids work, no 15-hour shifts (that is insertion of gov't, NOT economically liberal
Negative Rights
something the gov't can't take away from you NATURAL: the right to life, liberty, property (from creator) - something above gov't (your creator) - you being born, gives you these rights
White Supremacy
the belief that whites are biologically different and superior to people of other races ANTI: Catholic, Jewish, Immigration, Blacks -Mad about the dismantling of slavery in the US GOALS: Through the use of terrorist tactics, undermine attempts to dismantle social structures of slavery in the American South.
White Man's Burden
the task that white colonizers believed they had to impose their civilization on the black inhabitants (less civilized) of their colonies.
What is the purpose of a union?
to secure better wages, benefits, working conditions as a collective
