module 2 - Oxygenation & perfusion questions
The nurse is caring for a client with shortness of breath who is receiving oxygen at 4 L/minute. Which assessment finding will demonstrate that oxygen therapy is effective?
An SpO2 at or above 90% is normal, reflecting that oxygen therapy is being effective. Clubbing, respirations greater than 26 breaths/minute, and a heart rate greater than 100 beat per minute may indicate that more oxygen is needed.
The newly hired nurse is caring for a client who had a tracheostomy four hours ago. Which action by the nurse would cause the charge nurse to intervene?
Care of a tracheostomy tube in a stable situation, such as long-term care and other community-based care settings, may be delegated to licensed practical/vocational nurses (LPN/LVN), but not in an acute instance. Adjusting the bed to a comfortable working position prevents back and muscle strain. Explanation alleviates fears; even if the client appears unconscious, the nurse should explain what is happening. When tracheostomy is new, pain medication may be needed before performing tracheostomy care.
A client with Type II diabetes has come for an annual wellness check-up with the healthcare provider. Which vaccine will the nurse discuss with the client?
Clients over the age of 65 years old or those who have a compromising chronic health condition should be offered Prevnar 13 ®, which reduces strains of streptococcal pnuemoniae. Other options are not appropriate for the scenario.
What is the action of codeine when used to treat a cough?
Codeine, which is an ingredient in many cough preparations, is generally considered to be the preferred cough suppressant ingredient.
A woman comes to the emergency room with her 2-year-old son. She states he woke up and had a loud barking cough. The child is suffering from:
Croup and epiglottitis are common in young children. The child has an obstruction of the upper airways, with swelling of the throat tissue. Atelectasis results when the lungs collapse as a result of the alveoli being unable to expand. Symptoms include difficulty breathing and discomfort. Pulmonary fibrosis is a condition in which the lung tissue becomes stiff and unable to expand appropriately. Asthma is a condition associated with bronchoconstriction. The symptoms include nonproductive cough, dyspnea, and wheezing.
When reviewing data collection on a client with a cardiac output of 2.5 L/minute, the nurse inspects the client for which symptom?
Normal cardiac output averages from 3.5 L/minute to 8.0 L/minute. With decreased cardiac output, there is a reduction in the amount of circulating blood that is available to deliver oxygen to the tissues. The body compensates by increasing respiratory rate to increase oxygen delivery to the tissues. The client with decreased cardiac output would gain weight, have decreased urine output, and display mental confusion.
What structural changes to the respiratory system should a nurse observe when caring for older adults?
One of the structural changes affecting the respiratory system that a nurse should observe in an older adult is respiratory muscles becoming weaker. The nurse should also observe other structural changes: the chest wall becomes stiffer as a result of calcification of the intercostals cartilage, kyphoscoliosis, and arthritic changes to costovertebral joints; the ribs and vertebrae lose calcium; the lungs become smaller and less elastic; alveoli enlarge; and alveolar walls become thinner. Diminished coughing and gag reflexes, increased use of accessory muscles for breathing, and increased mouth breathing and snoring are functional changes to the respiratory system in older adults.
A client receiving home oxygen calls the telehealth nurse to report that her caretaker removed her oxygen tank from the wheeled carrier. What is the appropriate telehealth nurse response?
Oxygen tanks are transported on a wheeled carrier to avoid accidental force. Accidental force could cause the tank to explode. The tank should not be carried, and taking it out of the carrier does not affect the flow of oxygen.
The obstetric nurse is assisting the birth of a preterm neonate. In preparing for the respiratory needs of the neonate, the nurse is aware that surfactant is formed in utero around:
Surfactant is formed in utero around 34 to 36 weeks. An infant born prior to 34 weeks may not have sufficient surfactant produced, leading to collapse of the alveoli and poor alveolar exchange. Synthetic surfactant can be given to the infant to help reopen the alveoli.
A client who was prescribed CPAP several months ago reports non-adherence to treatment. What is the appropriate priority nursing intervention?
The nurse must first assess the reasons that contribute to non-adherence; interventions cannot be determined without a thorough assessment. Other interventions take place after assessment.
A client has been put on oxygen therapy because of low oxygen saturation levels in the blood. What should the nurse use to regulate the amount of oxygen delivered to the client?
The nurse should use a flow meter to regulate the amount of oxygen delivered to the client. A flow meter is a gauge used to regulate the amount of oxygen delivered to the client and is attached to the source of oxygen. An oxygen analyzer is a device that measures the percentage of delivered oxygen to determine if the client is receiving the amount prescribed by the physician. An adhesive nasal strip increases the nasal diameter and promotes easier breathing. A nasal cannula is a hollow tube used for delivering a small concentration of oxygen. However, these devices are not used to regulate the amount of oxygen delivered to the client.
The nurse is talking with a patient about the benefits of smoking cessation. Which response by the patient indicates an understanding of the teaching?
Within 3 to 4 years of smoking cessation an individual will reduce their risk of cardiovascular disease to that of nonsmokers. Smoking cessation will reduce the risk of hypertension, and reduce both blood pressure and heart rate. The risk of cardiovascular disease will be reduced by 50% after cessation of smoking.