Module 5.1

Which statement characterizes the fovea?​

It has the greatest perception of detail.

Light energy converts 11-cis-retinal to ____.​

all-trans-retinal

In comparison to cones, rods ____.​

are more sensitive to dim light

In the human retina, messages go from receptors at the back of the eye to ____.​

bipolar cells

The name of the point at which the optic nerve leaves the retina is called the ____.​

blind spot

Which receptors are responsible for the perception of color?​

cones only

The law of specific nerve energies states that ____.​

every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light

Bipolar cells send their messages to ____, which are located close to the center of the eye.​

ganglion cells

The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell?​

ganglion cells

____ modify the ____ sensitivity to different wavelengths of light.​

opsins; photopigments

____ are chemicals that release energy when struck by light.​

photopigments

Light enters the eye through an opening in the center of the iris called the ____. ​

pupil

Difficulty distinguishing between ____ and ____ is the most common form of color vision deficiency.​

red; green

In comparison to the rods, cones are more ____.​

sensitive to detail

Light from the right half of the world strikes which part of the retina?​

the left half

At the level of rods and cones, the ____ theory seems to fit best, while at the level of the bipolar cells, the ____ theory seems to fit best.​

trichromatic; opponent process

Why does the fovea provide the clearest, most detailed visual information?​

​It has tightly packed receptors.

Which statement is TRUE with regard to peripheral vision?​

​It is easier to recognize single objects in the periphery that are not surrounded by other objects.

Why do humans perceive faint light better in the periphery of the eye?​

​More receptors in the periphery than in the fovea funnel input to each ganglion cell.

According to the retinex theory, we perceive color by ____.​

​contrasting the activity in one area of the visual field with that of the others

The most common form of color vision deficiency is due to ____.​

​long- and medium-wavelength cones making the same photopigment

After you stare at a bright green object for a minute and look away, you see red. Which theory attempts to explain this finding?​

​opponent-process theory

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision ____.​

​our perception of color depends on the relative activity of three types of cones

Chemicals that release energy when struck by light are called ____.​

​photopigments

In what order does visual information pass through the retina?​

​receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

Color constancy is the ability to ____.​

​recognize the color of an object despite changes in lighting

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, the most important factor in determining the color we see is the ____.​

​relative activity of short, medium, and long wavelengths

Rods are to ____ as cones are to ____.​

​the periphery; the fovea

According to the law of specific nerve energies, the brain tells the difference between one sensory modality and another by ____.​

​which neurons are active