module 7 psych
High-imagery words
encoded both visually and semantically
proactive interference
During _____________, previously learned information interferes with the ability to learn new information.
conscious attention
Effortful processing refers to encoding information through _________________and effort. (Material that you study for a test requires effortful processing.)
decay
Emanuel read his psychology notes a few weeks ago, but he hasn't looked at the information since then. Now that it's time for his exam, he can only remember pieces of what he learned. This is an example of memory______________
interference
Felicia decided to take organic chemistry and biology at the same time. When she takes the chemistry exam, she gets confused because the concepts from biology are getting in the way. This is an example of____________
relearning
Gabe was essentially fluent in French in elementary school when he lived in Canada, but then moved away until he got a job offer to work in Paris during his 20s. He picks it up again surprisingly fast. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.
implicit
Hearing a French speaker and later noticing French food more often wherever you go:
memorize five states at a time—group the information into a more manageable size.
If you need to remember the names of all 50 states, the most recommended technique would be for you to
automatic
Information is encoded through ____________ or effortful processing.
explicit memory
an event that happened to you that you can express to another person is called
flashbulb memory
an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event
Atkinson and Shiffrin's model
based on the belief that we process memories in the same way that a computer processes information.
When questioning a victim about the perpetrator of a crime, the police should
be intentionally vague and provide opportunities for the victim to offer information.
concepts
believed to be arranged hierarchically in the mind
anterograde amnesia
cannot remember new information, although you can remember information and events that happened prior to your injury (hippocampus is usually affected).
suggestibility (:)
describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.
sensory memory
developed around brief sensory events, like smelling french fries as we pass by.
equipotentiality hypothesis
if part of one area of the brain involved in memory is damaged, another part of the same area can take over that memory function
Episodic memory
information about events we have personally experienced (usually reported as a story).
hippocampus
involved in memory, specifically normal recognition memory, spatial memory, projects information to cortical regions that give memories meaning and connects them with other memories. also plays a part in memory consolidation
relearning
involves learning information that you previously learned.
Semantic memory
knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts (usually reported as facts)
absentmindedness
lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else
short term memory
lasts 15 to 30 seconds
implicit memory
learned outside of our awareness and cannot be consciously recalled, but are demonstrated in the performance of some task
Implicit memories
long-term memories that are not part of our consciousness.
Retrograde amnesia
loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma.
The self-referencing effect refers to ________.
making the material that you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you
Mnemonic devices
memory aids that help us organize information for encoding (especially useful when we want to recall larger bits of information such as steps, stages, phases, and parts of a system).
Atkinson and Shiffrin
memory processing which described computer-like processing of information.
active rehearsal
you repeat (practice) the information to be remembered.
retrieval
The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness
engram
This physical trace of memory is known as the ________. Multiple Choice Question
blocking
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as ________.
blocking
when you can't access stored information
Misattribution
when you confuse the source of your information.
acrostic
when you make a phrase of all the first letters of the words.
pragmatic inferences
where there is one particular inference you're likely to make.
Suggestibility
where your false memory comes from someone else
recognition; recall
A multiple choice quiz question will test ________ while an open-ended question will test ________.
a traumatic life experience
According to a study by Yogo and Fujihara (2008), if you want to improve your short-term memory, you should spend time writing about ________.
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, name and describe the three stages of memory.
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, memory is processed in three stages. The first is sensory memory; this is very brief: 1-2 seconds. Anything not attended to is ignored. The stimuli we pay attention to then move into our short-term memory. Short-term memory can hold approximately 7 bits of information for around 20 seconds. Information here is either forgotten, or it is encoded into long-term memory through the process of rehearsal. Long-term memory is the permanent storage of information—its capacity is basically unlimited.
flashbulb memory
An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event is a (an) ________.
procedural memory.
Arianna was an accomplished gymnast in her youth but hasn't been to the gym for nearly 10 years. Despite this, with some prompting from her old coach, she's able to do almost her entire uneven bar routine. This is an example of
What might happen to your memory system if you sustained damage to your hippocampus?
Because your hippocampus seems to be more of a processing area for your explicit memories, injury to this area could leave you unable to process new declarative (explicit) memories; however, even with this loss, you would be able to create implicit memories (procedural memory, motor learning and classical conditioning).
retrograde; anterograde
Bryson remembers nothing before his concussion happened, meaning he has ________ amnesia. If he were unable to learn new things, he would have ________ amnesia.
implicit
Climbing a tree:
misattribution.
Confusing the source of information is called
forgetting curve
Due to storage decay, an average person will lose 50% of the memorized information after 20 minutes and 70% of the information after 24 hours
decay
During ___________, the memory trace becomes less activated over time, and the information is forgotten.
misattribution
Jazmin tells her best friend, Ella, about a time in middle school when she went to the mall and spilled an entire bottle of ketchup onto her lap. Ella is surprised at the story and says, "No, that didn't happen to you---that happened to me! We were there together, remember?" This is an example of when the source of the memory is confused. This is known as
encode; encoding
Julie was watching television while studying for her biology exam. Chances are, she will forget the information because she failed to__________it. This is an example of _______________ failure.
explicit
Knowing the capital of Texas:
explicit
Knowing the word for "flower" in Japanese:
explicit memories
Long-term memories you have to consciously think about are
anteretrograde
Many people with__________amnesia are unable to form new episodic or semantic memories, but are still able to form new procedural memories
peg-word
Martha needs 3 eggs from the store, so she thinks of a shoe filled with 3 eggs. This is an example the ________ technique.
transience
Mekayla loved her second grade teacher and remembers it being her favorite year of elementary school. When her niece asks her about her favorite part of second grade, Mekayla has a hard time remembering anything that actually happened during that year. This is an example of
mnemonic devices
Memory aids that help organize information for encoding are ________.
mnemonic devices.
Memory aids that help us organize information for encoding are called
sensory
Memory of brief events, like the smell of french fries you pass on the way to the corner store, are stored in ________ memory.
long term memories
Not all ___________ are strong memories, and some memories can only be recalled using prompts.
implicit
Opening a present:
retrograde amnesia
People with __________________ cannot remember some or even all of their past. They have difficulty remembering episodic memories.
visual
Raul can remember exactly where on the page in his textbook he saw a picture of a pie chart about the percentages of the U.S. population that say their favorite colors are either red, yellow, green, blue, or purple. This is an example of ________ encoding.
encode; stored; retrieval
Remembering something important requires us to _____________it well by attending to the information. After the information has made it into our awareness with some level of meaning, then we are tasked with rehearsing it long enough for it to be properly________________ . If all goes well, the information should be available for__________________ .
explicit
Remembering the time you fell out of a tree when you were five:
explicit
Remembering what present you bought for your aunt:
semantic
Samantha needs to remember a string of numbers, and does so by associating each set of numbers with the jersey numbers worn by her favorite football players. This is an example of ________ encoding.
personal experiences
Semantic networks differ depending on _________________.
Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin
Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory, and Long-Term Memory were proposed by _____________
anterograde
Shaquallah suffered a head injury in a soccer game and can remember everything from her past, but can no longer make new memories. What type of amnesia does she have?
explicit
Solving a geometry problem:
implicit
Speaking your native language:
participants estimated the speed of the vehicle involved in the crash to be higher.
Students were asked about the speed of cars involved in an accident. When the verb was changed from "contacted" to "smashed", ________.
hindsight bias
The "I knew it all along" phenomenon is known as
semantic encoding
The encoding of words and their meaning
construction
The formulation of new memories
construction; reconstruction
The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.
encoding specificity principle
The general principle that underlies the effectiveness of retrieval cues
What is the self-reference effect, and how can it help you study more effectively?
The self-reference effect is the tendency an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself than information that is not personally relevant. You can use the self-reference effect to relate the material to something you have already learned for another class, or think how you can apply the concepts to your life. When you do this, you are building a web of retrieval cues that will help you access the material when you want to remember it.
essentially limitless
The storage capacity of long-term memory is ________.
encoding, storage, retrieval
The three functions of memory are ________.
automatic processing
The type of memory processing that is done without conscious awareness is known as
Compare and contrast the two types of amnesia.
There are two types of amnesia: retrograde and anterograde. Both involve the loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma. With anterograde amnesia, you cannot remember new information; however, you can remember information and events that happened prior to your injury. Retrograde amnesia is the exact opposite: you experience loss of memory for events that occurred before the trauma.
Compare and contrast the two types of interference.
There are two types of interference: retroactive and proactive. Both are types of forgetting caused by a failure to retrieve information. With retroactive interference, new information hinders the ability to recall older information. With proactive interference, it's the opposite: old information hinders the recall of newly learned information.
true
True or False: Ebbinghaus found that memory for information drops off rapidly and then levels off at about 20% of what you learned after 30 days. He called this the forgetting curve and his research demonstrated that 80% of what you learn is lost in the first 30 days after learning.
be intentionally vague and provide opportunities for the victim to offer information.
When questioning a victim about the perpetrator of a crime, the police should
amygdala
When rats had their ________ removed, they no longer experienced their fear memory.
acrostic
When you are learning how to play the piano, the statement "Every good boy does fine" can help you remember the notes E, G, B, D, and F for the lines of the treble clef. This is an example of a (an) ________.
suggestibility
Which of the seven sins of memory occurs if an investigator asks a child leading questions, causing them to make up a memory?
persistence
Which of the seven sins of memory occurs when you simply cannot forget a traumatic event?
recognition
Which type of memory is tested on a multiple choice test?
baddeley and hitch
Who developed the idea that short-term memories get "filed away" in three different areas of the brain: a visuo-spatial area, a phonological loop for auditory memories, and an episodic buffer for multi-modal memories with storylines?
semantically; visually; acoustically
Words that had been encoded __________ were better remembered than those encoded _________ or ______.
implicit
Writing using pen and paper:
You and your roommate spent all of last night studying for your psychology test. You think you know the material; however, you suggest that you study again the next morning an hour prior to the test. Your roommate asks you to explain why you think this is a good idea. What do you tell her?
You remind her about Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve: the information you learn drops off rapidly with time. Even if you think you know the material, you should study it again right before test time to increase the likelihood the information will remain in your memory. Overlearning can help prevent storage decay.
bias
where your feelings and view of the world can actually distort your memory of past events
proactive; retroactive
________ interference occurs when old information hinders the recall of newly learned information, while ________ interference happens when information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information.
working memory
________ is another name for short-term memory.
egocentric bias
________ is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner.
Automatic processing
_____________ refers to all information that enters long-term memory without conscious effort. (includes things such as time, space, and frequency—for example, your ability to remember what you ate for breakfast today or the fact that you remember that you ran into your best friend in the supermarket twice this week.)
Implicit memories
___________________ memories that are not part of our consciousness; they are memories formed from behaviors. also called non-declarative memory and includes procedural memory as well as things learned through classical conditioning.
Memory trace decay and interference
_________________are two factors that affect short-term memory retention.
Craik and Tulving
_____________concluded that we process verbal information best through semantic encoding, especially if we apply what is called the self-reference effect.
Explicit memories
_____________memories we consciously try to remember and recall. also called declarative memory and is subdivided into episodic memory (life events) and semantic memory (words, ideas, and concepts).
Expressive writing
____________helps boost your short-term memory
encoding; retrieval of information
____________was associated with left frontal activity, while _____________ was associated with the right frontal region
peg word technique
a set of peg words on which you could "hang" memories
elaborative rehearsal
a technique in which you think about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory (involves both linking the information to knowledge already stored and repeating the information)
Short-term memory (STM)
a temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory (takes information from sensory memory and sometimes connects that memory to something already in long-term memory.)
acronym
a word formed by the first letter of each of the words you want to remember.
effortful processing
encoding of information that takes effort and attention
the idea that when people encode information, they do so in specific ways is call?
encoding specificity principle
Recognition
happens when you identify information that you have previously learned after encountering it again. It involves a process of comparison. used when taking a multiple-choice test.
recognition failure of recallable words
highlights the point that a cue will be most effective depending on how the information has been encoded
misinformation effect paradigm
holds that after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event.
rehearsal
moves information from short-term memory to long-term memory.
implicit procedural memory
often studied using observable behaviors (stores information about the way to do something, and it is the memory for skilled actions, such as brushing your teeth, riding a bicycle, or driving a car.)
chunking
organizing information into manageable bits or chunks
Inferences
refer to instances when something is not explicitly stated, but we are still able to guess the undisclosed intention.
Forgetting
refers to loss of information from long-term memory.
Amygdala
regulates emotions, such as fear and aggression
distinctiveness
saying a word out loud improves your memory for the word because it increases the word's ______________.
Daniel Schacter
seven sins of memory
arousal theory
strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories
recoding
taking the information from the form it is delivered to us and then converting it in a way that we can make sense of it.
false memory syndrome
the Recall of false autobiographical memories
elaborative rehearsal
the act of linking new information you are trying to learn to existing information that you already know.
testing effect (retrieval practice effect)
the act of retrieval itself (of a fact, concept, or event) makes the retrieved memory much more likely to be retrieved again
regulates emotions
the amygdala
rehearsal
the conscious repetition of information to be remembered
Long-term memory (LTM)
the continuous storage of information (believed to be unlimited)
Storage
the creation of a permanent record of information.
automatic processing
the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words (usually done without any conscious awareness).
Visual encoding
the encoding of images
acoustic encoding
the encoding of sounds, words in particular.
engram
the group of neurons that serve as the "physical representation of memory"
encoding
the input of information into the memory system.
Amnesia
the loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma.
reconstruction
the process of bringing up old memories
memory consolidation
the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory.
Memory
the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time.
Explicit memories
those memories we consciously try to remember, recall, and report.
Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory, and Long-Term Memory.
three stages required for a memory to go into storage.
storage decay
unused information tends to fade with the passage of time.
memory-enhancing strategies
used to make sure information goes from short-term memory to long-term memory
Recall
what we most often think about when we talk about memory retrieval: it means you can access information without cues.
Retroactive interference
when information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information.
transience
when memories fade over time
encoding failure
when memory loss happens before the actual memory process begins
proactive interference
when old information hinders the recall of newly learned information.
