module 7 psych

High-imagery words

encoded both visually and semantically

proactive interference

During _____________, previously learned information interferes with the ability to learn new information.

conscious attention

Effortful processing refers to encoding information through _________________and effort. (Material that you study for a test requires effortful processing.)

decay

Emanuel read his psychology notes a few weeks ago, but he hasn't looked at the information since then. Now that it's time for his exam, he can only remember pieces of what he learned. This is an example of memory______________

interference

Felicia decided to take organic chemistry and biology at the same time. When she takes the chemistry exam, she gets confused because the concepts from biology are getting in the way. This is an example of____________

relearning

Gabe was essentially fluent in French in elementary school when he lived in Canada, but then moved away until he got a job offer to work in Paris during his 20s. He picks it up again surprisingly fast. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.

implicit

Hearing a French speaker and later noticing French food more often wherever you go:

memorize five states at a time—group the information into a more manageable size.

If you need to remember the names of all 50 states, the most recommended technique would be for you to

automatic

Information is encoded through ____________ or effortful processing.

explicit memory

an event that happened to you that you can express to another person is called

flashbulb memory

an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event

Atkinson and Shiffrin's model

based on the belief that we process memories in the same way that a computer processes information.

When questioning a victim about the perpetrator of a crime, the police should

be intentionally vague and provide opportunities for the victim to offer information.

concepts

believed to be arranged hierarchically in the mind

anterograde amnesia

cannot remember new information, although you can remember information and events that happened prior to your injury (hippocampus is usually affected).

suggestibility (:)

describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.

sensory memory

developed around brief sensory events, like smelling french fries as we pass by.

equipotentiality hypothesis

if part of one area of the brain involved in memory is damaged, another part of the same area can take over that memory function

Episodic memory

information about events we have personally experienced (usually reported as a story).

hippocampus

involved in memory, specifically normal recognition memory, spatial memory, projects information to cortical regions that give memories meaning and connects them with other memories. also plays a part in memory consolidation

relearning

involves learning information that you previously learned.

Semantic memory

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts (usually reported as facts)

absentmindedness

lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else

short term memory

lasts 15 to 30 seconds

implicit memory

learned outside of our awareness and cannot be consciously recalled, but are demonstrated in the performance of some task

Implicit memories

long-term memories that are not part of our consciousness.

Retrograde amnesia

loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma.

The self-referencing effect refers to ________.

making the material that you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you

Mnemonic devices

memory aids that help us organize information for encoding (especially useful when we want to recall larger bits of information such as steps, stages, phases, and parts of a system).

Atkinson and Shiffrin

memory processing which described computer-like processing of information.

active rehearsal

you repeat (practice) the information to be remembered.

retrieval

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness

engram

This physical trace of memory is known as the ________. Multiple Choice Question

blocking

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as ________.

blocking

when you can't access stored information

Misattribution

when you confuse the source of your information.

acrostic

when you make a phrase of all the first letters of the words.

pragmatic inferences

where there is one particular inference you're likely to make.

Suggestibility

where your false memory comes from someone else

recognition; recall

A multiple choice quiz question will test ________ while an open-ended question will test ________.

a traumatic life experience

According to a study by Yogo and Fujihara (2008), if you want to improve your short-term memory, you should spend time writing about ________.

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, name and describe the three stages of memory.

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, memory is processed in three stages. The first is sensory memory; this is very brief: 1-2 seconds. Anything not attended to is ignored. The stimuli we pay attention to then move into our short-term memory. Short-term memory can hold approximately 7 bits of information for around 20 seconds. Information here is either forgotten, or it is encoded into long-term memory through the process of rehearsal. Long-term memory is the permanent storage of information—its capacity is basically unlimited.

flashbulb memory

An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event is a (an) ________.

procedural memory.

Arianna was an accomplished gymnast in her youth but hasn't been to the gym for nearly 10 years. Despite this, with some prompting from her old coach, she's able to do almost her entire uneven bar routine. This is an example of

What might happen to your memory system if you sustained damage to your hippocampus?

Because your hippocampus seems to be more of a processing area for your explicit memories, injury to this area could leave you unable to process new declarative (explicit) memories; however, even with this loss, you would be able to create implicit memories (procedural memory, motor learning and classical conditioning).

retrograde; anterograde

Bryson remembers nothing before his concussion happened, meaning he has ________ amnesia. If he were unable to learn new things, he would have ________ amnesia.

implicit

Climbing a tree:

misattribution.

Confusing the source of information is called

forgetting curve

Due to storage decay, an average person will lose 50% of the memorized information after 20 minutes and 70% of the information after 24 hours

decay

During ___________, the memory trace becomes less activated over time, and the information is forgotten.

misattribution

Jazmin tells her best friend, Ella, about a time in middle school when she went to the mall and spilled an entire bottle of ketchup onto her lap. Ella is surprised at the story and says, "No, that didn't happen to you---that happened to me! We were there together, remember?" This is an example of when the source of the memory is confused. This is known as

encode; encoding

Julie was watching television while studying for her biology exam. Chances are, she will forget the information because she failed to__________it. This is an example of _______________ failure.

explicit

Knowing the capital of Texas:

explicit

Knowing the word for "flower" in Japanese:

explicit memories

Long-term memories you have to consciously think about are

anteretrograde

Many people with__________amnesia are unable to form new episodic or semantic memories, but are still able to form new procedural memories

peg-word

Martha needs 3 eggs from the store, so she thinks of a shoe filled with 3 eggs. This is an example the ________ technique.

transience

Mekayla loved her second grade teacher and remembers it being her favorite year of elementary school. When her niece asks her about her favorite part of second grade, Mekayla has a hard time remembering anything that actually happened during that year. This is an example of

mnemonic devices

Memory aids that help organize information for encoding are ________.

mnemonic devices.

Memory aids that help us organize information for encoding are called

sensory

Memory of brief events, like the smell of french fries you pass on the way to the corner store, are stored in ________ memory.

long term memories

Not all ___________ are strong memories, and some memories can only be recalled using prompts.

implicit

Opening a present:

retrograde amnesia

People with __________________ cannot remember some or even all of their past. They have difficulty remembering episodic memories.

visual

Raul can remember exactly where on the page in his textbook he saw a picture of a pie chart about the percentages of the U.S. population that say their favorite colors are either red, yellow, green, blue, or purple. This is an example of ________ encoding.

encode; stored; retrieval

Remembering something important requires us to _____________it well by attending to the information. After the information has made it into our awareness with some level of meaning, then we are tasked with rehearsing it long enough for it to be properly________________ . If all goes well, the information should be available for__________________ .

explicit

Remembering the time you fell out of a tree when you were five:

explicit

Remembering what present you bought for your aunt:

semantic

Samantha needs to remember a string of numbers, and does so by associating each set of numbers with the jersey numbers worn by her favorite football players. This is an example of ________ encoding.

personal experiences

Semantic networks differ depending on _________________.

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin

Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory, and Long-Term Memory were proposed by _____________

anterograde

Shaquallah suffered a head injury in a soccer game and can remember everything from her past, but can no longer make new memories. What type of amnesia does she have?

explicit

Solving a geometry problem:

implicit

Speaking your native language:

participants estimated the speed of the vehicle involved in the crash to be higher.

Students were asked about the speed of cars involved in an accident. When the verb was changed from "contacted" to "smashed", ________.

hindsight bias

The "I knew it all along" phenomenon is known as

semantic encoding

The encoding of words and their meaning

construction

The formulation of new memories

construction; reconstruction

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

encoding specificity principle

The general principle that underlies the effectiveness of retrieval cues

What is the self-reference effect, and how can it help you study more effectively?

The self-reference effect is the tendency an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself than information that is not personally relevant. You can use the self-reference effect to relate the material to something you have already learned for another class, or think how you can apply the concepts to your life. When you do this, you are building a web of retrieval cues that will help you access the material when you want to remember it.

essentially limitless

The storage capacity of long-term memory is ________.

encoding, storage, retrieval

The three functions of memory are ________.

automatic processing

The type of memory processing that is done without conscious awareness is known as

Compare and contrast the two types of amnesia.

There are two types of amnesia: retrograde and anterograde. Both involve the loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma. With anterograde amnesia, you cannot remember new information; however, you can remember information and events that happened prior to your injury. Retrograde amnesia is the exact opposite: you experience loss of memory for events that occurred before the trauma.

Compare and contrast the two types of interference.

There are two types of interference: retroactive and proactive. Both are types of forgetting caused by a failure to retrieve information. With retroactive interference, new information hinders the ability to recall older information. With proactive interference, it's the opposite: old information hinders the recall of newly learned information.

true

True or False: Ebbinghaus found that memory for information drops off rapidly and then levels off at about 20% of what you learned after 30 days. He called this the forgetting curve and his research demonstrated that 80% of what you learn is lost in the first 30 days after learning.

be intentionally vague and provide opportunities for the victim to offer information.

When questioning a victim about the perpetrator of a crime, the police should

amygdala

When rats had their ________ removed, they no longer experienced their fear memory.

acrostic

When you are learning how to play the piano, the statement "Every good boy does fine" can help you remember the notes E, G, B, D, and F for the lines of the treble clef. This is an example of a (an) ________.

suggestibility

Which of the seven sins of memory occurs if an investigator asks a child leading questions, causing them to make up a memory?

persistence

Which of the seven sins of memory occurs when you simply cannot forget a traumatic event?

recognition

Which type of memory is tested on a multiple choice test?

baddeley and hitch

Who developed the idea that short-term memories get "filed away" in three different areas of the brain: a visuo-spatial area, a phonological loop for auditory memories, and an episodic buffer for multi-modal memories with storylines?

semantically; visually; acoustically

Words that had been encoded __________ were better remembered than those encoded _________ or ______.

implicit

Writing using pen and paper:

You and your roommate spent all of last night studying for your psychology test. You think you know the material; however, you suggest that you study again the next morning an hour prior to the test. Your roommate asks you to explain why you think this is a good idea. What do you tell her?

You remind her about Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve: the information you learn drops off rapidly with time. Even if you think you know the material, you should study it again right before test time to increase the likelihood the information will remain in your memory. Overlearning can help prevent storage decay.

bias

where your feelings and view of the world can actually distort your memory of past events

proactive; retroactive

________ interference occurs when old information hinders the recall of newly learned information, while ________ interference happens when information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information.

working memory

________ is another name for short-term memory.

egocentric bias

________ is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner.

Automatic processing

_____________ refers to all information that enters long-term memory without conscious effort. (includes things such as time, space, and frequency—for example, your ability to remember what you ate for breakfast today or the fact that you remember that you ran into your best friend in the supermarket twice this week.)

Implicit memories

___________________ memories that are not part of our consciousness; they are memories formed from behaviors. also called non-declarative memory and includes procedural memory as well as things learned through classical conditioning.

Memory trace decay and interference

_________________are two factors that affect short-term memory retention.

Craik and Tulving

_____________concluded that we process verbal information best through semantic encoding, especially if we apply what is called the self-reference effect.

Explicit memories

_____________memories we consciously try to remember and recall. also called declarative memory and is subdivided into episodic memory (life events) and semantic memory (words, ideas, and concepts).

Expressive writing

____________helps boost your short-term memory

encoding; retrieval of information

____________was associated with left frontal activity, while _____________ was associated with the right frontal region

peg word technique

a set of peg words on which you could "hang" memories

elaborative rehearsal

a technique in which you think about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory (involves both linking the information to knowledge already stored and repeating the information)

Short-term memory (STM)

a temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory (takes information from sensory memory and sometimes connects that memory to something already in long-term memory.)

acronym

a word formed by the first letter of each of the words you want to remember.

effortful processing

encoding of information that takes effort and attention

the idea that when people encode information, they do so in specific ways is call?

encoding specificity principle

Recognition

happens when you identify information that you have previously learned after encountering it again. It involves a process of comparison. used when taking a multiple-choice test.

recognition failure of recallable words

highlights the point that a cue will be most effective depending on how the information has been encoded

misinformation effect paradigm

holds that after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event.

rehearsal

moves information from short-term memory to long-term memory.

implicit procedural memory

often studied using observable behaviors (stores information about the way to do something, and it is the memory for skilled actions, such as brushing your teeth, riding a bicycle, or driving a car.)

chunking

organizing information into manageable bits or chunks

Inferences

refer to instances when something is not explicitly stated, but we are still able to guess the undisclosed intention.

Forgetting

refers to loss of information from long-term memory.

Amygdala

regulates emotions, such as fear and aggression

distinctiveness

saying a word out loud improves your memory for the word because it increases the word's ______________.

Daniel Schacter

seven sins of memory

arousal theory

strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories

recoding

taking the information from the form it is delivered to us and then converting it in a way that we can make sense of it.

false memory syndrome

the Recall of false autobiographical memories

elaborative rehearsal

the act of linking new information you are trying to learn to existing information that you already know.

testing effect (retrieval practice effect)

the act of retrieval itself (of a fact, concept, or event) makes the retrieved memory much more likely to be retrieved again

regulates emotions

the amygdala

rehearsal

the conscious repetition of information to be remembered

Long-term memory (LTM)

the continuous storage of information (believed to be unlimited)

Storage

the creation of a permanent record of information.

automatic processing

the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words (usually done without any conscious awareness).

Visual encoding

the encoding of images

acoustic encoding

the encoding of sounds, words in particular.

engram

the group of neurons that serve as the "physical representation of memory"

encoding

the input of information into the memory system.

Amnesia

the loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma.

reconstruction

the process of bringing up old memories

memory consolidation

the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory.

Memory

the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time.

Explicit memories

those memories we consciously try to remember, recall, and report.

Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory, and Long-Term Memory.

three stages required for a memory to go into storage.

storage decay

unused information tends to fade with the passage of time.

memory-enhancing strategies

used to make sure information goes from short-term memory to long-term memory

Recall

what we most often think about when we talk about memory retrieval: it means you can access information without cues.

Retroactive interference

when information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information.

transience

when memories fade over time

encoding failure

when memory loss happens before the actual memory process begins

proactive interference

when old information hinders the recall of newly learned information.