module 9

Asch found that ________ percent of the real participants in his conformity experiment agreed with the wrong answer on at least one of the critical trials. 50 26 74 93

74

If a researcher were to study the fundamental attribution error using an experimental design, which of the following should NOT be done? Measure a dependent variable Randomly assign participants to conditions. Manipulate an independent variable Allow participants to choose whether they will be in the experimental or control condition

Allow participants to choose whether they will be in the experimental or control condition

magine that you have designed an experiment to test the hypothesis that African American bystanders will be more likely to help fellow African Americans than Asian Americans in an emergency situation. You plan to observe how African American bystanders behave in two situations: One in which an African American person is lying down and crying for help in a public place, and another in which a Asian American person is performing the same behavior in the same location but on a different day. One of the independent variables in this experiment will be: A. The race of the participants B. The race of the person crying for help C. The number of African American people who help in both situations D. Both A and B

B. The race of the person crying for help

in Sherif's study, when participants could hear the estimates of the other people, they ... Began making roughly the same estimate that they made when alone in the room Attempted to influence the estimates of the other people Changed their estimates to be more like the estimates of the other people in the room none of the above

Changed their estimates to be more like the estimates of the other people in the room

Which of the following are examples of external (situational) attributions for Dr. Greer's success? Choose all examples to earn full credit. His motivation to be successful as a doctor. The ease of the goal. His ability as a doctor. Good luck.

Good luck. The ease of the goal.

Which of the following are examples of internal (dispositional) attributions for Dr. Greer's success? Choose all examples to earn full credit. Good luck. His ability as a doctor. The ease of the goal. His motivation to be successful as a doctor.

His ability as a doctor. His motivation to be successful as a doctor.

Jon buys a boring video game for $60. Michael buys the same game for $5. According to cognitive dissonance theory, which person will probably have a more favorable evaluation of the game? Jon Michael They will both dislike the game to the same degree. It depends on how much money they have left after purchasing the game.

Jon

Blaming the victim by claiming that they "got what they deserved" is most likely to be associated with: Hindsight bias Confirmation bias Just-world phenomenon Social division

Just-world phenomenon

Which of the following sayings demonstrates a mismatch between the knowledge provided by "folk wisdom" and the empirical knowledge provided about the bystander effect via social psychological research? Birds of a feather flock together. Look before you leap. You can't teach an old dog new tricks. There's safety in numbers.

There's safety in numbers.

The real participants in Asch's conformity studies conformed least when: They had not made a prior commitment to a particular response. They could privately write their answers on a piece of paper. The group was unanimous. The members of the group were attractive.

They could privately write their answers on a piece of paper.

Felippe, a 19-year-old university freshman, is very talkative, intelligent, assertive, and politically conservative. Research suggests that he would be most likely to develop a close friendship with Toren, who is talkative and assertive. Erez, who is quiet and passive. Tom, who is intelligent and quiet. Fabio, who is politically liberal and talkative.

Toren, who is talkative and assertive.

Mark obeyed the commands of his military unit officer to engage in destructive behavior that was sharply inconsistent with Mark's ethical values. The discomfort associated with Mark's awareness of the inconsistency between his values and his actions best illustrates the just-world phenomenon. cognitive dissonance. the bystander effect. deindividuation.

cognitive dissonance.

The fundamental attribution error is most likely to lead observers to conclude that unemployed people are victims of discrimination. are irresponsible and unmotivated. have parents who provided poor models of social responsibility. attended schools that provided an inferior education.

are irresponsible and unmotivated.

A store owner charges Black customers more than Hispanic customers for the very same merchandise. The owner is most clearly engaging in deindividuation. stereotyping. group polarization. discrimination.

discrimination

Professor Stewart wrote a very positive letter of recommendation for a student despite having doubts about her competence. Which theory best explains why he subsequently began to develop more favorable attitudes about the student's abilities? cognitive dissonance theory scapegoat theory two-factor theory equity theory

cognitive dissonance theory

Attribution theory suggests that we tend to attribute others' behavior either to their heredity or their environment. biological motives or their psychological motives. thoughts or their emotions. dispositions or their situations.

dispositions or their situations.

The presence of many bystanders at the scene of an emergency increases the likelihood that any individual bystander will notice the emergency. report the emergency to the fail to interpret the incident as an emergency. assume responsibility for personally intervening in the emergency.

fail to interpret the incident as an emergency.

When a group of racially prejudiced high school students discussed racial issues, their attitudes became even more prejudiced. This best illustrates group polarization. the bystander effect. social facilitation. deindividuation.

group polarization.

Sherif"s autokinetic phenomenon study demonstrated how people were likely to change their answers when the situation was ambiguous. In this study, participants responded to _________ influence Ambiguous social Consensus Normative social Informational social

informational social

In Asch's experiment, even though the real participants were confident about the correct answer, they conformed to the other participants. This is called _________ influence. Consensus Normative social Ambiguous social Informational social

normative social

In making wedding preparations, Jason conforms to the expectations of his future bride's family simply to win their favor. His behavior illustrates the importance of social facilitation. normative social influence. mirror-image perceptions. the mere exposure effect.

normative social influence.

Cognitive dissonance theory emphasizes that we seek to reduce the discomfort we feel when we become aware that our attitudes and actions clash. our efforts to achieve a goal have been blocked. we have overestimated the impact of personal dispositions on behavior. other's pursuit of their self-interest can harm our well-being.

our attitudes and actions clash.

The belief that people who have freckles are better than people who do not have freckles is an example of: Confirmation bias Prejudice Stereotype Discrimination

prejudice

Shortly after Alex learned that he had failed to make the high school football team, he vandalized the team's locker room and broke several classroom windows. His behavior is best explained in terms of group polarization. the mere exposure effect. social loafing. the frustration-aggression principle.

the frustration-aggression principle.

Marilyn judges her professor's strict class attendance policy to be an indication of his overcontrolling personality rather than a necessity dictated by the limited number of class sessions in a course that meets only once a week. Her judgment best illustrates the mere exposure effect. group polarization. deindividuation. the fundamental attribution error.

the fundamental attribution error.

The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior is called the bystander effect. the fundamental attribution error. deindividuation. the mere exposure effect.

the fundamental attribution error.

A tendency to overestimate the extent to which a stranger's violent behavior stems from his or her aggressive personality best illustrates the frustration-aggression principle. the mere exposure effect. the fundamental attribution error. deindividuation.

the fundamental attribution error. deindividuation.

When visiting the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp shortly after World War II, one German civilian was said to have remarked, "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." This reaction is best explained in terms of the mere exposure effect. the just-world phenomenon. the social-responsibility norm. deindividuation.

the just-world phenomenon.

Conformity can have positive and negative consequences. true or false

true

Motivation to be successful as a doctor was an example of an internal attribution in the tutorial scenario. true or false

true

Research supports that people are more likely to make internal (dispositional) attributions than external (situational) attributions of others' behavior. true or false

true

Stereotypes lead people to expect others will have certain characteristics because of their group membership, and can lead to the very behavior expected. true or false

true

Social psychologists have found that conformity increases when a group is: undecided under pressure unanimous uninformed

unanimous

Bonnie pedals an exercise bike at her health club much faster when other patrons happen to be working out on nearby equipment. This best illustrates the bystander effect. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. social facilitation. group polarization.

social facilitation.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a cognitive root of prejudice? Social learning Vivid cases Confirmation bias Categorization

social learning

"All tall black males play basketball" is an example of: Discrimination Attitude Prejudice Stereotype

stereotype

In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" were MOST likely to deliver high levels of shock when the experimenter was perceived to be an ordinary college student like themselves. the "learner" was placed in a different room from the "teacher." they saw that other "learners" disobeyed the experimenter. they saw how "learners" who disobeyed the experimenter were punished.

the "learner" was placed in a different room from the "teacher."

Mr. Hughes heard what sounded like cries for help from a swimmer located 30 yards from the ocean shoreline. He continued walking along the beach, however, because he figured that one of the many swimmers in the vicinity would provide help if it was needed. His reaction best illustrates the dynamics involved in he fundamental attribution error. group polarization. the bystander effect. the mere exposure effect.

the bystander effect

Mrs. Pinheiro fell on a busy city sidewalk and broke her leg. Although hundreds of pedestrians saw her lying on the ground, most failed to recognize that she was in need of medical assistance. Their oversight best illustrates one of the dynamics involved in the fundamental attribution error. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. the bystander effect. the mere exposure effect.

the bystander effect

People are less likely to give aid if an emergency occurs in the presence of many observers. This is known as group polarization. social loafing. the bystander effect. the mere exposure effect.

the bystander effect

During presidential primary season, prominent politicians often say negative things about other politicians with whom they are competing. Candidate B might call Candidate A a liar. In the event that Candidate A wins the party's nomination and runs for president, Candidate B may be expected to publicly support Candidate A in spite of the negative things that were said during the primary. If Candidate B feels awkward about saying that people should vote for Candidate A even though that candidate had previously been called a liar, this feeling would be labeled: A Fundamental Attribution Cognitive Dissonance The Bystander Effect Independent Variability

Cognitive Dissonance

Prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame when something bad happens. This is called: Social inequality Emotional scapegoating Confirmation bias Vivid cases

Emotional scapegoating

Being perfectly willing to admit beliefs, feelings, and behaviors that express hostility toward out-groups is: Subtle bias Attitude Blatant bias Prejudice

blatant bias

As Arlette walks through a shopping mall, she happens to pass an older woman who is sitting on a bench, clutching her arm, and moaning in pain. The presence of many other shoppers in the mall will most likely increase the probability that Arlette will experience contempt for the older woman. help the woman by calling an ambulance. experience a sense of empathy for the older woman. fail to notice the older woman's problem.

fail to notice the older woman's problem.

According to the Milgram and colleagues experiment, people were significantly more likely to conform (look up) when a group of 15 people were looking up than when a group of six people were looking up. true or false

false

In Asch's experiment, the participants conformed to the other participants because they decided that the other participants were correct all along. true or false

false

Prejudice cannot exist without discrimination. true or false

false

Stereotypes are unnatural and can never be useful or adaptive. true or false

false

The ease of the goal was an internal attribution in the tutorial scenario. true or false

false

When participants in a variation of the Asch study were given the opportunity to write their answers instead of calling them out, they continued to conform to the estimates of the other people. true or false

false