Introduction To ICT (Lesson 1 )
Automation
Involves utilizing computers to control otherwise human actions and activities
Expert Systems
A branch of AI automates tasks that are carried out by human experts, tasks that can be well defined and are typically tedious, monotonous, or hazardous to the human expert
Natural Language Processing
A branch of AI that empowers computers with the ability to understand spoken words and provides more convenient ways for people to interact with computers.
Digital
A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities represented as digits, usually in the binary number system of "0" and "1"
Super Computers
A computer that plays an important role in the field of computation, and are used for intensive computation tasks in various fields, including quantum mechanics, weather forecasting, climate research, oil and gas exploration, molecular modeling, and physical simulations
Hybrid
A computer that processes both analog and digital data, a digital computer that accepts analog signals, converts them to digital and processes them in digital form
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
A flat-panel display that consists of a layer of color or monochrome pixels arranged schematically between a couple of transparent electrodes and to polarizing filters
Light-Emitting Diode (LED)
A flat-panel display that uses light-emitting diodes for backlighting
Analog
A form of computer that uses the continuously-changeable aspects of physical fact such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved.
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
A large vacuum tube similar to the one in a television
Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
A popular technology that allows phone conversation to travel over the internet or other data networks.
Magnetic Tape
A sequential access storage medium. This means that the computer must retrieve information in the order that is was recorded, a much slower process.
Micro Computers
A small, relatively inexpensive computer with a microprocessor as its CPU
Plotter
A specialized output device that produces high-quality drawings, maps, charts, and other forms of graphics
Touchpad/Trackpad
A touch-sensitive pad that lets the user move the pointer by touching and dragging his or her finger on the pad
Impact Printers
A type of printer that forms characters by striking a mechanism such a print hammer or wheel against an inked ribbon and paper
Nonimpact printers
A type of printer that forms characters without physical contact between the printing mechanism an paper
Pen-based systems
Allow people to input data by writing
Microphone
Allows a user to speak into the computer to input data and instructions
Digital Camera
Allows one to take pictures then transfer the photographed images to the computer or printer instead of storing the images on a traditional film
Touch screen
Allows to use a finger as a pointing device
Display Screens
Also called a monitor, it displays data both as it is being input and after it has been processed
Communication
An act of transmitting messages
Computer
An electronic device that combines hardware and software to accept the input of data, process and store the data, and produce some useful output.
Computer
An electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data, manipulate the data according to specified rules, produce results, and store the results for future use
Database
Are a key component to managing information, and information system are the primary defense against information overload
Servers
Are nothing but dedicated computers which are set-up to offer some services to the clients. They are named depending on the type of service they offered.
Solid-state Storage Medium
Both inexpensive and durable. Solid state devices include USB pen drives, SD cards, micro SD cards, newer types of hard drive, the SIM card that goes in your mobile phone and smart cards such as chip and pin credit and debit cards.
Robotics
Branch of AI that empowers computers to control mechanical devices to perform tasks that require a high degree of precision or are otherwise tedious, monotonous, or hazardous for humans.
Optical Disks
Can provide tremendous storage capacities at a relatively inexpensive price
Analog Digital Hybrid
Classification of computers on the basis of data handling
Servers Workstation Information Appliances Embedded Computers
Classification of computers on the basis of functionality
Super Computers Mainframe Computers Mini Computers Micro Computers
Classification of computers on the basis of size
Database
Collection of data stored on a computer, organized to meet user's needs
Digitizing Tablets
Combine elements of pointing device, pen, and touch screen technology.
Display Screens Printers and Plotters Audio Output Devices
Common output devices
Mini Computers
Designed for control, instrumentation, human interaction, and communication switching as distinct from calculation and record keeping, later they became very popular for personal uses with evolution. Example: Personal Laptop, PC etc.
J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly (1946)
ENIAC was a general purpose digital computer built by _______ and _______
Printers and Plotters
Enable materials displayed on a computer screen to be transferred to and displayed on paper
Storage Devices
Enables a computer system to permanently store programs and data
PC Video Camera
Enables users to create a movie or take still photographs electronically
CD-ROM and DVD
Example of optical disks
Laser Printer and Ink-jet Printers
Examples of nonimpact printers
Micro Computers
Formed the foundation for present day microcomputers and smart gadgets. Example: Tablets, Smartwatches
1971; 1980
From ____ to ____ , very large scale integrated (VSLI) circuits were used to build computers.
Digitizing Tablets
It allows the user to write, draw, and trace design on a pressure sensitive tablet with a puck or electronic stylus
Mini Computers
These computers came into the market in mid 1960s and were sold at a much cheaper price than the main frames
Input Devices
Hardware devices which take information from the user of the computer system, convert it into electrical signals and transmit it to the processor
Trackball
Has a ball that can rotate using a finger or the palm of a hand to move the pointer
Flat-Panel Displays (FPD)
Have a thin profile, are lighter and consume less power than a CRT, and are typically used for portable laptop and notebook computers
Second Generation of Computer (1959-1965)
In this generation of computer, the transistor was used as the interior sections of computer
Third Generation of Computer (1965-1971)
In this generation of computer, transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers
Fourth Generation of Computer (1971-980)
In this generation, computers also saw the development of graphical user interface (GUI), the mouse and handled devices
Fifth Generation of Computer (1980-onwards)
In this generation, the VSLI technology evolved into what is called ultra large-scale integration (ULSI) technology, with the manufacture of microprocessor chips having 10 million electronic components.
Audio Output Devices
Includes voice, music, and other sounds so that the users can hear audio output
Scanners, Readers and Data Collection Devices
Input devices that automate the input process by capturing data at its source, in machine-readable form, without much human intervention
Micro Computers
It includes a microprocessor, memory, and minimal I/O circuitry mounted on a single printed circuit board
Output Devices
Let computers communicate to users they display processed data in a form that we can understand and use
Keyboard Pointing Devices Microphone Pen-based Systems Digitizing Tablet Voice Recognition Systems
Most common and important input devices of a computer
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) and Flat-Panel Displays (FPD)
Most common types of display screens
Super Computers
Most high performing system
Keyboard Pointing Devices Microphone Pen-based Systems Digitizing Tablet Voice Recognition Systems Scanners, Readers and Data Collection Devices Digital Camera PC Video Camera
Pointing Devices
Digital Media
Refers to music, video, photographs, graphic art, animation, and 3D graphics stored and processed in a digital format
Information
Refers to the knowledge obtained from reading, investigation, study or research
Technology
Refers to tools, materials, and processes that help solve human problems
Information
Regarded as a processed data
Transistors
Replaced vacuum tubes allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable
100 feet; 10 feet
The ENIAC was ____ long and _____ tall
Mainframe Computers
These are commonly called as big iron, they are usually used by big organisations for bulk data processing such as statics, census data processing, transaction processing and are widely used as the severs as these systems has a higher processing capability as compared to the other classes of computers
microprocessor
The ______ became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the internet.
Information Overload
The common term used to describe a state in which the amount of information available overpowers one's ability to manage and use it
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
The first all-electronic computer
Parallel Processing and Superconductors
These are used to help make artificial intelligence a reality.
Dot-matrix Printer
The most common impact printer
Keyboard
The most common input device, which translates typed data into a form than can be used by the computer
Magnetic Disk
The most common secondary storage media and is a direct access.
Computer
The type of machine that is considered a necessity
Very Large Scale Integrated (VSLI)
These circuits have about 5,000 transistors and other circuit elements with their connected circuits on a single chip known as the microprocessor.
Information Appliances
They are generally referred as the mobile devices. They have very limited memory and flexibility and generally run on "as-is" basis
Embedded Computers
They are the computing devices which are used in other machines to serve limited set of requirements. They follow instructions from the non-volatile memory and they are not required to execute reboot or reset.
Information Appliances
They are the portable devices which are designed to perform a limited set of tasks like basic calculations, playing multimedia, browsing internet etc.
Fifth Generation of Computer (1980-onwards)
This generation involves computer intelligence based on artificial intelligence (AI)
Workstation
Those are the computers designed to primarily to be used by single user at a time. They run multi-user operating systems.
Optical Scanners
Translates printed and handwritten characters, codes, marks, and even images such as graphics and photographs, into digital form
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) and Light-Emitting Diode (LED)
Types of Flat-panel displays (FPD)
Floppy Disks and Hard Disks
Types of magnetic disks
Magnetic Disk Optical Disk Magnetic Tape Solid-state Storage Medium
Types of secondary storage devices
Magnetic disk Optical disks Magnetic tape Solid-state storage medium
Types of storage devices
Mouse
Used by moving it on a flat surface, pressing its two buttons (left and right), and scrolling the wheel that is located between the buttons
Voice Recognition Systems
Uses words spoken into the microphone which are analyzed by a signal processor and converted into a set of digital numbers, with each number representing a short segment of the sound
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
Was built the time of World War II had as its first job to calculate the feasibility of a design for the hydrogen bomb
Development of the integrated circuit (IC)
Was the hallmark of third generation of computers
Computer
Were invented to compute
Hardware
refers to the tangible components of a computer system or digital device
