mus final
(WWII influences): serialism
"12 tone method", pitches are broken into 12 equal parts, had to play the notes in the same order before you could repeat them
Antonio Carlos Jobim
"Tom" (1927-1994), major musical figure, pianist and composer, principal composer of Bossa Nova style
Harry Partch
"an American original" no interest in tunnel music (new ways making sounds), invented his own musical system, microtonality/microtones: breaks an octave into 43 tones, built/invented his own musical instruments, did not expect or want anyone to follow his style Minimalism- simplifying, an antidote to modernism?, reintroduced: tonality, regular rhythm, repetition; minimal musical materials, parallels in art world
Billie Holiday
"lady day", female Louis Armstrong, rough life, uncompromising, drugs and alcohol
Benny Goodman
"the king of swing", bought fletcher hendersons, first white band leader to hire black people for his band, immigration of jazz
Charles Ives
(1874-1954), music largely unknown, pioneered many techniques, used American folk, pastiche (collage, different tune and sounds happening simultaneously and humor, all music when young, stopped composing at 27, dissonance (sounds seem to clash) =strength Use of indigenous material- such as Jazz and ragtime Dual careers- such as insurance man, musician, developed a lot of ideas in insurance, his music helped his business and his business helped his music Support of new music- funds Cowells magazine
Funk: musical aesthetics
(4), polyrhythmic texture, short interlocking parts, percussive singing, call and response
Celia Cruz (cuba)
(Icon), the queen of salsa, from Havana in 1950/60's, left Cuba during revolution/settled in NJ professional, femal dominating over male music culture
Ornette Coleman
(avant garde musician), unorthodox way in his approach to harmonies
Avante Guard
(free jazz) questions dominance of harmony and a steady rhythm, pure sound, improvisation
Mexican son (influences)
(sound), Spanish influences: instruments (guitar, violin, harmonica), African sounds (polyrhythms and sesqualtera), indigenous influences Spanish & African influences
Son Jarocho (mexico) instruments
Arpa (harp), Jarana (mexico, 8 string guitar, primarily strummed, primary accompaniment instrument), Requinto (mexico, small, four string guitar that plucks the melodies)
Swing
Big bands: the pop music of the 30/40's, 12-18 players, saxophones, trombones, trumpets, rhythm section, "four on the floor" rhythm
Warner Bros. Cartoons: Carl Stallings
Carl Stallings- career began as silent film theorist accompaniment, then worked for Walt Disney and then warner bros Cartoons (looney tunes), played for silent films for 12 years, pioneered the use of bar sheets
European and African contributions to jazz
Euro: 1.instruments (piano, violin, saxophone, trumpet, etc), 2. Harmony: tension and release, 3. Extended musical forms, 4. Notation/writing it all down; AA: 1. Expressive qualities= vocal expression, 2. Cyclical forms, 3. Improvisation= call and response, 4. Polyrhythms and syncopation
WWII influences
European composers in the U.S.- many European musicians emigrate to the US, modernity: rise of academy as support system, national endowment for the arts (NEA), Academic support for new music Dominant Rationales, Serialism, Minimum control
Edgar Varèse
French-american composer, wrote one of the first all percussion pieces and full electronic piece, music in four dimensions (wanted to hear music that moved through space, melody, harmony), pioneer of electronic tape music, 20th century classical musician, called himself a citizen of the world, Poèm Électronique: 1958 worlds fair- brussels, belgium, pavilion design: le corbusier and lannis xenakis, music varese
Cotton Club
Harlem, valued individual sounds, approach to ensemble sound
Repertory movement
Lincoln center jazz orchestra, Smithsonian masterworks orchestra, repertoire based on music of great jazz composers, classical orchestras rely on 19th century repertoire and repertory jazz bands promoted idea that work of classical jazz composer was worthy of continued performance
Mestizo culture (mexico)
Mestizo culture- European and Mexican/Hispanic mixed
New Orleans
Political and cultural history: Creole culture- people of European descent born in the new world; Creoles of color- European and African background, negro Black Codes- limits AA freedoms, "one drop" rule: one drop black blood= AA
Brazil
Portuguese colony (discovered in 1500's), 1821 independence, 1888 slavery abolished which started in the 16th century
Gospel / soul crossover
Ray Charles and Sam Cooke
Motown artists & Producers
Smokey Robinson, Holland-Dozier-Holland, The Funk Brothers
Son Jarocho (Mexico)
Veracruz (southeast gulf coast), dance, upbeat music
Social changes in 1970s
Vietnam, oil crisis: 1973 oil embargo, gas prices shot up and limited; Watergate- 1974, cynicism about government, distress, broken promise; nostalgia for simpler times
instrumentation of mariachi
Violin, Vihuela, Guitarrón
Leitmotif
a brief melody, chord progression, or rhythm, used in films, TV, video games, brief musical phrase, themes for particular characters associated with 1. Individuals and places, 2. Emotional moods and situations, 3. Philosophical ideas
Muscle Shoals studio (Alabama)
a number of great soul records were recoreded here, all white studio
New Son Jarocho (Mexico)
a regional folk musical style of Mexican Son from Veracruz, a Mexican state along the Gulf of Mexico
Prince
first recorded at age 19, father band leader/guitarist, mother singer, mixed background, negotiates a contract to produce, write, and play, his music, synthesizes multiple genres, themes of sex and race, transgressive, image: racial gender and fluidity
New Orleans & Chicago style
flourishing night life, Collective improvisation, Instrumental roles
Clave (cuba): verse- montuno form
form, the rhythm more complex and then speeds up
Las Cafeteras (mexico)
from east LA, chicano band, music fuses spoken word, folk music, with traditional Son Jarocho, Afro-mexican music and Zapateado dancing,
Richard Wagner
german composer, conductor, primarily known for his operas
Stax sound
gospel music
Sam Cooke
gospel/ soul crossover, moved from a gospel group to sing pop music
Ray Charles
gospel/soul crossover, blind pianist
Latin Grammys
grammys for latin singers
Stax records (Memphis)
record company in Memphis, very different philosophy from Motown, gospel music aka the stax sound
Santeria (cuba)
religion of West African and Caribbean origin mixed with Catholicism, by the 19th century moves out of religious context into secular
Lincoln Center Jazz Orchestra
reparatory orchestra, dedicated to playing the music of great jazz artists
N.W.A./ Ice Cube/ Dr. Dre
straight outta comptom- means you're a bad, tough guy, blew doors open Ice Cube- reality rap, well thought out lyrics, very good, not all about gangs and violence; Dr. Dre- American rapper and record producer, previously co-owner and artist on Deth row records, credited as key figure in popularization of West Coast G-funk, influential gangsta rap group: N.W.A. with Ice Cube, popularized the use of explicit lyrics in rap to detail the violence of street life
Aaron Copland
studies in Paris, Paris conservatory, inspiration from jazz, folk music, creative words, many different genres, career comes out of great depression, studied with nadia Boulanger
John Hammond
unsegregation of band, convinced benny goodman to integrate jazz, had strong feeling about civil rights and integration and used music as his way of changing society
Motown sound
used many different and unique sounds
mexican son: Copla
verses 4-6, 8 syllable lines
Motown records (Detroit)
record company in Detroit
Questioning musical conventions
1. Preset harmony (why cant improvise) 2. Steady beats (why drummer keep beat) 3. (repeating song forms), emphasizes texture and sound and collective improvisation
Bossa Nova (brazil): musical characteristics
1. emphasis quality of voice and guitar, 2. understated speed like vocal delivery, 3. jazz influence (complex cords), 4. Romance and nature lyrics/themes
mexican son: décima
10 lines, poetic form that is often improvised
Bossa Nova (brazil)
1960's, Brazilian style developed in the late 60's, more intimate style of the samba, uses a very intimate kind of singing, integrated with the guitar, influenced by cool jazz, poetic lyrics about nature/romance
Ella Fitzgerald
1st break in NY, virtuoso singer, scat singing
Milton Babbit
20th century classical musician, composer akin to scientific researcher of sound, American composer, electronic/abstract music, The composer as researcher of sound
John Cage
20th century classical musician, conceptual art (questions the meaning of music and what could be considered music), 4'33'': the performer does not play a single note, just sits down at the piano for 4 min and 33 sec playing nothing "any sound may occur in any combination", Prepared piano: put nuts and screws and different items in the piano to change the sound and create almost a percussion instrument out of the piano, Indeterminacy: the composer doesn't even know how the piece was going to turn out, lets go of some of that power, gives the performers an idea of how the piece is supposed to be and then just lets them play.
Consolidation of music business
80% records sales, 6 major companies, CBS, Warner, RCA, Capitol/EMI, MCA, United Atritsts, MGM
Cuban son
African and Spanish influences, eastern that spread all over the island
Rock as spectacle
after Woodstock, pyrotechnics, huge wall of speakers, tours with two complete sets, "me generation", "era of success" Punk- back-to-basics R&R, purposefully non-musical, cultural style-rebellion against authority, cultural style: rebellion, angst and anarchy, own fashion style
Bar sheets
allowed musical rhythms to be sketched out simultaneously with storyboards for the animation, rhythmic sketches that go along with the story board, establish every scene how many beats etc.
Social & political Influences on rap culture
assassination of MLK and Malcom x
Jerry Wexler
associated with muscle shoals
Aretha Franklin
associated with muscle shoals "I never loved a man the way I love you", "respect", black singer/songwriter
Gansta Rap
associated with the early 90's, controversial because talks about criminal activities and exploitation of women
Famous Flames
band of james brown, learned the songs by ear, very tight group
Alternative rock
becomes mainstream, music style is very influenced by punk and heavy metal combined
Teddy Wilson, Lionel Hampton
black band members, vibraphone, keyboard mallet
WWII, recording ban
blacks went to fight for freedom and came back and people are still racist, bans: ASCAP/BMI, anything copyright can't be played so nothing new played on radio for two years
Julieta Venegas
born in long beach, video el presente, MTV acoustic (mexico), grew up in tiawana, lives in mexico
Booker T and the MGs
both black and white members, stax house band
João Gilberto
major musical figure, (1931), credited with creating the Bossa Nova style, stammering guitar
The Ramones
british punk scene liked them a lot, band of working class kids, anit-intellectual, 8 songs in 15 mins, v fast, everyone came to see
Talking Heads
came up as a punk band, played a lot of funk and other types, incorporate new wave, funk, world music, lots of AA music, simple clear structures, mainstream stardom
Bruce Springsteen
charismatic on stage, speaking about his own experience and working class background, intense sincerity in his cause that he can translate into stadium shows which allowed him to reach masses of people
CBGB
club in NY that was the center of the punk music, in a bad area, new bands played here
Mexican son: sesquialtera
combination of two or three rhythms often alternating or layered on top of one another rhythmically
Nirvana/Kurt Cobain
combined heavy metal and punk with great song writing, Kurt Cobain-poor lumber town in Washington, influenced by led zeppelin and punk
Son jalisciense
comes from central mexico, another term for mariachi
Michael Jackson
comes out in Motown system with Jackson Five, inspired by jazz dance, CBS didn't play MJ then wont give them any artist to play so then MJ got onto MTV, Thriller: best selling album, videos revolutionized MTV because they were mini movies that feature his dance moves
Philosophical ideals (20th century classical music)
commercial (somehow diluted music) vs idealistic, Americana, avant-garde, classical music was art music and universal, separate from commercial music, commercial pop was lesser form of music
Terry Riley, Phillip Glass, Steve Reich
composers associated with minimalist school of western classical music
(WWII influences): Minimum control
composers give the performers something like a roadmap and the performer can play around with it, improvisation
Indeterminacy
composing approach where some aspects of a musical work are left open to chance or to the interpreters free choice
1959 Cuban revolution/ embargo
created a US/Cuba trade embargo U.S./Cuba trade embargo- trade embargo separates American/Afro Cuban music (now called Salsa)
New music Quarterly
created by henry cowell, published the music and had reviews but funded by charles ives (henry cowell became friends with ives)
Lucumi (Cuba)
cuban slaves (an Afro-Cuban ethnic group of Yoruba ancestry)
Tarima
dance, what they danced on (table like thing)
Son Jarocho (mexico): zapateado
dancing, fast foot work
graphic notation
drawing notation up to interpretation
James Brown
energetic performance style, famous flames, funk aesthetics
Mariachi (Mexico)
ensemble of instruments, Jalisco (southwest), son jalisciense, folk origin surrounds it, Mexican version of the singing cowboy films, string accompaniment
Hip hop's relationship to jazz & poetry
idea of rapping over a beat is an old form, coming from African storytelling and verbal skills, idea of jazz musicians improvising on musical themes, relationship to preachers in a church
AOR (Album Oriented Rock)
idea of the album as a suite, the album is one idea, one work, more importance was put on the album rather than the single, album was basically a collection of singles, a lot of songs you could only get by buying the album AM & FM radio- FM was more rock
Scat singing
improvised jazz singing where the voice is used in imitation of an instrument
Minton's Playhouse
in Harlem, play to 3/4am to the afternoon, hear ppl forming their new music.
Gil Scott Heron
influence on the development of rap/hip-hop, an American poet, musician, and author known primarily for his late 1960's and ealy 1970's work as a spoken word soul performer and his collaborative work with musician Brian Jackson (jazz blues and soul music), influenced hip-hop and neo soul
Jazz-Rock Fusion
influenced by rock and R&B), electric instruments
Henry Cowell
influenced by world music, "I want to live in the whole world of music", music talent recognized early, professor started fund and sent him to college (Berkley), extended instrumental techniques (new sounds on piano, use forearm inside hood of piano, pluck/scrap strings)
Grandmaster Flash
influential DJ, party moves and created where he is, called attention to many teens, 1st to be in major magazine, black kids from ghetto to play music, invented turntales/scratching, DJ aesthetics "the message", made people take rap seriously
Buddy Bolden, ODJB
influential trumpet player, wide variety of music (blues/jazz), ODJB= original Dixieland jazz band, musical characteristics: collective polyphonic improvisation, instrumental rolls, improvisational style
Berry Gordy
jazz artist, very important to have crossover potential in order to please the audience, Motown sound
Public Enemy
jazz-like music, premiere ealy 90's groups, led by chuck D, public enemy was the name of Chuck D's first record, was signed by Def Jam records, leading philosopher of hip hop
William Grant Still (Crossing the popular / classical music divide)
key figure in Harlem renaissance, AA
multicultural melting pot (brazil)
largest AA population outside of Africa, also a lot of japs, Italian, Germans, etc.
Wynton Marsalis
leader of the neoclassicism revival, promotes jazz and education, Lincoln center jazz orchestra, child prodigee, goes to juliard at 14, 19 becomes musical director, 1997 wins Pulitzer prize.
Black codes
limits AA freedoms, "one drop" rule: one drop of black blood means you're black
Bob Marley and the Wailers
liquid sounds, I shot the sheriff had a white cover and it sold more copies than marley, Peter tosh and Bunny Livingston apart of the band, the face of reggae and Jamaican music
New Standards
lot of jazz repertoire, tin pan alley standards, Brad Mehldau trio: brad mehldau (piano), Larry Grenadier (bass), Jeff Ballard (drums), trio recordings
Trajes de charro
mariachi costumes
Salsa (cuba)
marketing term, fania records, fast upbeat music
(WWII influences): Dominant Rationales
maximum rational control: the composer is in charge of everything that goes on
Cabildos (cuba)
meeting houses that allowed slaves to meet, afro culture preserved where they could practice
Duke Ellington
middle class black family aristocratic way of carrying himself, Cotton Club
Charlie Parker
modern jazz, musical innovator in his approach to harmony as well as in his saxophone playing
Great Migration
moves to the north, Chicago jazz, move to freedom
Blockbuster records
multimillion selling albums of the 80's
John McLaughlin & The Mahavishnu Orchestra
music includes many genres of jazz, coupled with elements of rock, classical music, blues, one of the pioneering figures in fusion (musical development that combined jazz harmony and improvisation with funk, rock, R&B, and Latin Jazz)
Role of the DJ
must have 1. Culture/their creativity/ extensive collection 2. Great sound section, 3. Turn table skills
Pan-Latino movement
new production enters, Miami, LA, Latin Grammies, ex. Shakira-Colombian, stuff came from everywhere, no longer just Mexican music, all come together
Electronic music
not to please the average listener, composer works, no need for music notation because everything programmed
Dizzy Gillespie
one of the innovators of bepop, trumpet
Chuck D
one of the most outspoken artist in hip hop and very politically aware
Origins in the Bronx
open air dance parties run by DJ's
Musical influences
opera (Italian, Richard Wagner), romantic classical music, popular music-more recently has a strong roll
Reggae
originated in Kingston, Jamaica, saw western society as enslaving people
KRS-One
rappers form the Bronx, criminal minded, macom x imagery, rapper/homeless graffiti artist, epitomizes the MC
"The Message"
party music, urban America dealing with stuff, considered the first rap record that dealt with social issues
Miles Davis
personal sound and style, pioneer of cool, modal, and fusion jazz styles, had a personal sound and style (sparse playing and self restraint)
Afrika Bambaataa
pioneer of early hip-hop, "planet rock" was his famous song, famous dance party DJ
Louis Armstrong
pioneering jaz trumpeter, influential Hot 5 & Hot 7 recordings, extended range, great technique, rhythmic assurance, breaks and double time, Influence on jazz solo style: made jazz a "soloists art", A Jazz Innovator, As Cultural ambassador of the world, state department tours- Africa and Egypt, representative of democracy
Scratching
playing records backwards (zigga zigga), keep break- where break instrumental and ppl have fun so keep that playing
George Gershwin (Crossing the popular / classical music divide)
popular song composer with his brother Ira (lyricist), also composed classical music, rhapsody in blue, an American in Paris, porgy and bess, crossed the popular/classical music divide
The Palladium ballroom (cuba)
post 1950's Latin styles, (along with Mambo, Latin Booglaloo), ballroom in NYC where all great Latin musicians played there, lots of American musicians would come and listen and learn about their music
MTV
predecessor was the Beatles music video, early days used to only play music and was dominated by white pop until MJ
Richie Valens
sang la bamba, had its top hit in 1958, Mexican-american rocker, died young in plane crash, pioneer of latin music
John Coltrane
saxophonist, sound innovator, extended solos very intense, three career phases = harmony complexity/modal phase/and free jazz, and classic quartet
Rumba (cuba)
secular music from cubano
Bebop
seen as a revolution from jazz, small groups rhythmically complex, intellectual, improvisation, came out of nowhere Revolution or evolution? - new revolutions, faster, etc, older generation didn't like it
mexican son poetic forms
sets of four line stanzas, common poetic forms found in popular mexican music
Modal jazz
simpler structure, based ½ scales, but space to develop melodically
Musical characteristics bebop
small groups, 4-6 players, tunes much faster and rhythmically complex, emphasis improvisation, less structure
Wilson Picket
star with stax, one of the great soul singers of the 60's, delayed backbeat
Fania records (cuba)
started by Jerry Masucci, in mid-1970's, by 1977 fully professional label for salsa, birth of salsa, brought different styles together, propelled Celia Cruz
Artistic Grooming & Choreography
started losing its authenticity by polishing its sound for white audiences
Otis Redding
stax musician, crossed over in Monterey pop festical
Neo-classicism
taking traditional forms/jazz styles but putting them into new contexts Reaction to fusion becoming openly commercial and avant garde because more people on stage than audience
Nadia Boulanger
teacher and composer, most famous composition teacher, encouraged her students to look into their past and use their experiences to create their own style
Clave (3+2, 2+3) (cuba)
the rhythm to the songs, either 3:2, or 2:3
Controversy over fusion
took so many elements from electric instruments seen as selling out to commercialism
Bitches Brew (Miles Davis)
top selling record, miles main soloist, long tunes ~20+ mins, lots of tunes put together different types, not commercial music
"La Bamba" (Mexico)
traditional Son Jarocho style song, earliest reported performance 1755, top hit by Richie valens 1958
Maxine Powell's "finishing" school
training them to be performers and have a sophisticated and personal presentation
clave (cuba): instrumentation
tres, bass, congas, maracas, claves
Yoruba (cuba)
west Africa slaves that came over
Rastafarianism
worship the Ethiopian king, western society corrupt wanted to go back to the homeland aka Africa, smoke da ganja