mus final

(WWII influences): serialism

"12 tone method", pitches are broken into 12 equal parts, had to play the notes in the same order before you could repeat them

Antonio Carlos Jobim

"Tom" (1927-1994), major musical figure, pianist and composer, principal composer of Bossa Nova style

Harry Partch

"an American original" no interest in tunnel music (new ways making sounds), invented his own musical system, microtonality/microtones: breaks an octave into 43 tones, built/invented his own musical instruments, did not expect or want anyone to follow his style Minimalism- simplifying, an antidote to modernism?, reintroduced: tonality, regular rhythm, repetition; minimal musical materials, parallels in art world

Billie Holiday

"lady day", female Louis Armstrong, rough life, uncompromising, drugs and alcohol

Benny Goodman

"the king of swing", bought fletcher hendersons, first white band leader to hire black people for his band, immigration of jazz

Charles Ives

(1874-1954), music largely unknown, pioneered many techniques, used American folk, pastiche (collage, different tune and sounds happening simultaneously and humor, all music when young, stopped composing at 27, dissonance (sounds seem to clash) =strength Use of indigenous material- such as Jazz and ragtime Dual careers- such as insurance man, musician, developed a lot of ideas in insurance, his music helped his business and his business helped his music Support of new music- funds Cowells magazine

Funk: musical aesthetics

(4), polyrhythmic texture, short interlocking parts, percussive singing, call and response

Celia Cruz (cuba)

(Icon), the queen of salsa, from Havana in 1950/60's, left Cuba during revolution/settled in NJ professional, femal dominating over male music culture

Ornette Coleman

(avant garde musician), unorthodox way in his approach to harmonies

Avante Guard

(free jazz) questions dominance of harmony and a steady rhythm, pure sound, improvisation

Mexican son (influences)

(sound), Spanish influences: instruments (guitar, violin, harmonica), African sounds (polyrhythms and sesqualtera), indigenous influences Spanish & African influences

Son Jarocho (mexico) instruments

Arpa (harp), Jarana (mexico, 8 string guitar, primarily strummed, primary accompaniment instrument), Requinto (mexico, small, four string guitar that plucks the melodies)

Swing

Big bands: the pop music of the 30/40's, 12-18 players, saxophones, trombones, trumpets, rhythm section, "four on the floor" rhythm

Warner Bros. Cartoons: Carl Stallings

Carl Stallings- career began as silent film theorist accompaniment, then worked for Walt Disney and then warner bros Cartoons (looney tunes), played for silent films for 12 years, pioneered the use of bar sheets

European and African contributions to jazz

Euro: 1.instruments (piano, violin, saxophone, trumpet, etc), 2. Harmony: tension and release, 3. Extended musical forms, 4. Notation/writing it all down; AA: 1. Expressive qualities= vocal expression, 2. Cyclical forms, 3. Improvisation= call and response, 4. Polyrhythms and syncopation

WWII influences

European composers in the U.S.- many European musicians emigrate to the US, modernity: rise of academy as support system, national endowment for the arts (NEA), Academic support for new music Dominant Rationales, Serialism, Minimum control

Edgar Varèse

French-american composer, wrote one of the first all percussion pieces and full electronic piece, music in four dimensions (wanted to hear music that moved through space, melody, harmony), pioneer of electronic tape music, 20th century classical musician, called himself a citizen of the world, Poèm Électronique: 1958 worlds fair- brussels, belgium, pavilion design: le corbusier and lannis xenakis, music varese

Cotton Club

Harlem, valued individual sounds, approach to ensemble sound

Repertory movement

Lincoln center jazz orchestra, Smithsonian masterworks orchestra, repertoire based on music of great jazz composers, classical orchestras rely on 19th century repertoire and repertory jazz bands promoted idea that work of classical jazz composer was worthy of continued performance

Mestizo culture (mexico)

Mestizo culture- European and Mexican/Hispanic mixed

New Orleans

Political and cultural history: Creole culture- people of European descent born in the new world; Creoles of color- European and African background, negro Black Codes- limits AA freedoms, "one drop" rule: one drop black blood= AA

Brazil

Portuguese colony (discovered in 1500's), 1821 independence, 1888 slavery abolished which started in the 16th century

Gospel / soul crossover

Ray Charles and Sam Cooke

Motown artists & Producers

Smokey Robinson, Holland-Dozier-Holland, The Funk Brothers

Son Jarocho (Mexico)

Veracruz (southeast gulf coast), dance, upbeat music

Social changes in 1970s

Vietnam, oil crisis: 1973 oil embargo, gas prices shot up and limited; Watergate- 1974, cynicism about government, distress, broken promise; nostalgia for simpler times

instrumentation of mariachi

Violin, Vihuela, Guitarrón

Leitmotif

a brief melody, chord progression, or rhythm, used in films, TV, video games, brief musical phrase, themes for particular characters associated with 1. Individuals and places, 2. Emotional moods and situations, 3. Philosophical ideas

Muscle Shoals studio (Alabama)

a number of great soul records were recoreded here, all white studio

New Son Jarocho (Mexico)

a regional folk musical style of Mexican Son from Veracruz, a Mexican state along the Gulf of Mexico

Prince

first recorded at age 19, father band leader/guitarist, mother singer, mixed background, negotiates a contract to produce, write, and play, his music, synthesizes multiple genres, themes of sex and race, transgressive, image: racial gender and fluidity

New Orleans & Chicago style

flourishing night life, Collective improvisation, Instrumental roles

Clave (cuba): verse- montuno form

form, the rhythm more complex and then speeds up

Las Cafeteras (mexico)

from east LA, chicano band, music fuses spoken word, folk music, with traditional Son Jarocho, Afro-mexican music and Zapateado dancing,

Richard Wagner

german composer, conductor, primarily known for his operas

Stax sound

gospel music

Sam Cooke

gospel/ soul crossover, moved from a gospel group to sing pop music

Ray Charles

gospel/soul crossover, blind pianist

Latin Grammys

grammys for latin singers

Stax records (Memphis)

record company in Memphis, very different philosophy from Motown, gospel music aka the stax sound

Santeria (cuba)

religion of West African and Caribbean origin mixed with Catholicism, by the 19th century moves out of religious context into secular

Lincoln Center Jazz Orchestra

reparatory orchestra, dedicated to playing the music of great jazz artists

N.W.A./ Ice Cube/ Dr. Dre

straight outta comptom- means you're a bad, tough guy, blew doors open Ice Cube- reality rap, well thought out lyrics, very good, not all about gangs and violence; Dr. Dre- American rapper and record producer, previously co-owner and artist on Deth row records, credited as key figure in popularization of West Coast G-funk, influential gangsta rap group: N.W.A. with Ice Cube, popularized the use of explicit lyrics in rap to detail the violence of street life

Aaron Copland

studies in Paris, Paris conservatory, inspiration from jazz, folk music, creative words, many different genres, career comes out of great depression, studied with nadia Boulanger

John Hammond

unsegregation of band, convinced benny goodman to integrate jazz, had strong feeling about civil rights and integration and used music as his way of changing society

Motown sound

used many different and unique sounds

mexican son: Copla

verses 4-6, 8 syllable lines

Motown records (Detroit)

record company in Detroit

Questioning musical conventions

1. Preset harmony (why cant improvise) 2. Steady beats (why drummer keep beat) 3. (repeating song forms), emphasizes texture and sound and collective improvisation

Bossa Nova (brazil): musical characteristics

1. emphasis quality of voice and guitar, 2. understated speed like vocal delivery, 3. jazz influence (complex cords), 4. Romance and nature lyrics/themes

mexican son: décima

10 lines, poetic form that is often improvised

Bossa Nova (brazil)

1960's, Brazilian style developed in the late 60's, more intimate style of the samba, uses a very intimate kind of singing, integrated with the guitar, influenced by cool jazz, poetic lyrics about nature/romance

Ella Fitzgerald

1st break in NY, virtuoso singer, scat singing

Milton Babbit

20th century classical musician, composer akin to scientific researcher of sound, American composer, electronic/abstract music, The composer as researcher of sound

John Cage

20th century classical musician, conceptual art (questions the meaning of music and what could be considered music), 4'33'': the performer does not play a single note, just sits down at the piano for 4 min and 33 sec playing nothing "any sound may occur in any combination", Prepared piano: put nuts and screws and different items in the piano to change the sound and create almost a percussion instrument out of the piano, Indeterminacy: the composer doesn't even know how the piece was going to turn out, lets go of some of that power, gives the performers an idea of how the piece is supposed to be and then just lets them play.

Consolidation of music business

80% records sales, 6 major companies, CBS, Warner, RCA, Capitol/EMI, MCA, United Atritsts, MGM

Cuban son

African and Spanish influences, eastern that spread all over the island

Rock as spectacle

after Woodstock, pyrotechnics, huge wall of speakers, tours with two complete sets, "me generation", "era of success" Punk- back-to-basics R&R, purposefully non-musical, cultural style-rebellion against authority, cultural style: rebellion, angst and anarchy, own fashion style

Bar sheets

allowed musical rhythms to be sketched out simultaneously with storyboards for the animation, rhythmic sketches that go along with the story board, establish every scene how many beats etc.

Social & political Influences on rap culture

assassination of MLK and Malcom x

Jerry Wexler

associated with muscle shoals

Aretha Franklin

associated with muscle shoals "I never loved a man the way I love you", "respect", black singer/songwriter

Gansta Rap

associated with the early 90's, controversial because talks about criminal activities and exploitation of women

Famous Flames

band of james brown, learned the songs by ear, very tight group

Alternative rock

becomes mainstream, music style is very influenced by punk and heavy metal combined

Teddy Wilson, Lionel Hampton

black band members, vibraphone, keyboard mallet

WWII, recording ban

blacks went to fight for freedom and came back and people are still racist, bans: ASCAP/BMI, anything copyright can't be played so nothing new played on radio for two years

Julieta Venegas

born in long beach, video el presente, MTV acoustic (mexico), grew up in tiawana, lives in mexico

Booker T and the MGs

both black and white members, stax house band

João Gilberto

major musical figure, (1931), credited with creating the Bossa Nova style, stammering guitar

The Ramones

british punk scene liked them a lot, band of working class kids, anit-intellectual, 8 songs in 15 mins, v fast, everyone came to see

Talking Heads

came up as a punk band, played a lot of funk and other types, incorporate new wave, funk, world music, lots of AA music, simple clear structures, mainstream stardom

Bruce Springsteen

charismatic on stage, speaking about his own experience and working class background, intense sincerity in his cause that he can translate into stadium shows which allowed him to reach masses of people

CBGB

club in NY that was the center of the punk music, in a bad area, new bands played here

Mexican son: sesquialtera

combination of two or three rhythms often alternating or layered on top of one another rhythmically

Nirvana/Kurt Cobain

combined heavy metal and punk with great song writing, Kurt Cobain-poor lumber town in Washington, influenced by led zeppelin and punk

Son jalisciense

comes from central mexico, another term for mariachi

Michael Jackson

comes out in Motown system with Jackson Five, inspired by jazz dance, CBS didn't play MJ then wont give them any artist to play so then MJ got onto MTV, Thriller: best selling album, videos revolutionized MTV because they were mini movies that feature his dance moves

Philosophical ideals (20th century classical music)

commercial (somehow diluted music) vs idealistic, Americana, avant-garde, classical music was art music and universal, separate from commercial music, commercial pop was lesser form of music

Terry Riley, Phillip Glass, Steve Reich

composers associated with minimalist school of western classical music

(WWII influences): Minimum control

composers give the performers something like a roadmap and the performer can play around with it, improvisation

Indeterminacy

composing approach where some aspects of a musical work are left open to chance or to the interpreters free choice

1959 Cuban revolution/ embargo

created a US/Cuba trade embargo U.S./Cuba trade embargo- trade embargo separates American/Afro Cuban music (now called Salsa)

New music Quarterly

created by henry cowell, published the music and had reviews but funded by charles ives (henry cowell became friends with ives)

Lucumi (Cuba)

cuban slaves (an Afro-Cuban ethnic group of Yoruba ancestry)

Tarima

dance, what they danced on (table like thing)

Son Jarocho (mexico): zapateado

dancing, fast foot work

graphic notation

drawing notation up to interpretation

James Brown

energetic performance style, famous flames, funk aesthetics

Mariachi (Mexico)

ensemble of instruments, Jalisco (southwest), son jalisciense, folk origin surrounds it, Mexican version of the singing cowboy films, string accompaniment

Hip hop's relationship to jazz & poetry

idea of rapping over a beat is an old form, coming from African storytelling and verbal skills, idea of jazz musicians improvising on musical themes, relationship to preachers in a church

AOR (Album Oriented Rock)

idea of the album as a suite, the album is one idea, one work, more importance was put on the album rather than the single, album was basically a collection of singles, a lot of songs you could only get by buying the album AM & FM radio- FM was more rock

Scat singing

improvised jazz singing where the voice is used in imitation of an instrument

Minton's Playhouse

in Harlem, play to 3/4am to the afternoon, hear ppl forming their new music.

Gil Scott Heron

influence on the development of rap/hip-hop, an American poet, musician, and author known primarily for his late 1960's and ealy 1970's work as a spoken word soul performer and his collaborative work with musician Brian Jackson (jazz blues and soul music), influenced hip-hop and neo soul

Jazz-Rock Fusion

influenced by rock and R&B), electric instruments

Henry Cowell

influenced by world music, "I want to live in the whole world of music", music talent recognized early, professor started fund and sent him to college (Berkley), extended instrumental techniques (new sounds on piano, use forearm inside hood of piano, pluck/scrap strings)

Grandmaster Flash

influential DJ, party moves and created where he is, called attention to many teens, 1st to be in major magazine, black kids from ghetto to play music, invented turntales/scratching, DJ aesthetics "the message", made people take rap seriously

Buddy Bolden, ODJB

influential trumpet player, wide variety of music (blues/jazz), ODJB= original Dixieland jazz band, musical characteristics: collective polyphonic improvisation, instrumental rolls, improvisational style

Berry Gordy

jazz artist, very important to have crossover potential in order to please the audience, Motown sound

Public Enemy

jazz-like music, premiere ealy 90's groups, led by chuck D, public enemy was the name of Chuck D's first record, was signed by Def Jam records, leading philosopher of hip hop

William Grant Still (Crossing the popular / classical music divide)

key figure in Harlem renaissance, AA

multicultural melting pot (brazil)

largest AA population outside of Africa, also a lot of japs, Italian, Germans, etc.

Wynton Marsalis

leader of the neoclassicism revival, promotes jazz and education, Lincoln center jazz orchestra, child prodigee, goes to juliard at 14, 19 becomes musical director, 1997 wins Pulitzer prize.

Black codes

limits AA freedoms, "one drop" rule: one drop of black blood means you're black

Bob Marley and the Wailers

liquid sounds, I shot the sheriff had a white cover and it sold more copies than marley, Peter tosh and Bunny Livingston apart of the band, the face of reggae and Jamaican music

New Standards

lot of jazz repertoire, tin pan alley standards, Brad Mehldau trio: brad mehldau (piano), Larry Grenadier (bass), Jeff Ballard (drums), trio recordings

Trajes de charro

mariachi costumes

Salsa (cuba)

marketing term, fania records, fast upbeat music

(WWII influences): Dominant Rationales

maximum rational control: the composer is in charge of everything that goes on

Cabildos (cuba)

meeting houses that allowed slaves to meet, afro culture preserved where they could practice

Duke Ellington

middle class black family aristocratic way of carrying himself, Cotton Club

Charlie Parker

modern jazz, musical innovator in his approach to harmony as well as in his saxophone playing

Great Migration

moves to the north, Chicago jazz, move to freedom

Blockbuster records

multimillion selling albums of the 80's

John McLaughlin & The Mahavishnu Orchestra

music includes many genres of jazz, coupled with elements of rock, classical music, blues, one of the pioneering figures in fusion (musical development that combined jazz harmony and improvisation with funk, rock, R&B, and Latin Jazz)

Role of the DJ

must have 1. Culture/their creativity/ extensive collection 2. Great sound section, 3. Turn table skills

Pan-Latino movement

new production enters, Miami, LA, Latin Grammies, ex. Shakira-Colombian, stuff came from everywhere, no longer just Mexican music, all come together

Electronic music

not to please the average listener, composer works, no need for music notation because everything programmed

Dizzy Gillespie

one of the innovators of bepop, trumpet

Chuck D

one of the most outspoken artist in hip hop and very politically aware

Origins in the Bronx

open air dance parties run by DJ's

Musical influences

opera (Italian, Richard Wagner), romantic classical music, popular music-more recently has a strong roll

Reggae

originated in Kingston, Jamaica, saw western society as enslaving people

KRS-One

rappers form the Bronx, criminal minded, macom x imagery, rapper/homeless graffiti artist, epitomizes the MC

"The Message"

party music, urban America dealing with stuff, considered the first rap record that dealt with social issues

Miles Davis

personal sound and style, pioneer of cool, modal, and fusion jazz styles, had a personal sound and style (sparse playing and self restraint)

Afrika Bambaataa

pioneer of early hip-hop, "planet rock" was his famous song, famous dance party DJ

Louis Armstrong

pioneering jaz trumpeter, influential Hot 5 & Hot 7 recordings, extended range, great technique, rhythmic assurance, breaks and double time, Influence on jazz solo style: made jazz a "soloists art", A Jazz Innovator, As Cultural ambassador of the world, state department tours- Africa and Egypt, representative of democracy

Scratching

playing records backwards (zigga zigga), keep break- where break instrumental and ppl have fun so keep that playing

George Gershwin (Crossing the popular / classical music divide)

popular song composer with his brother Ira (lyricist), also composed classical music, rhapsody in blue, an American in Paris, porgy and bess, crossed the popular/classical music divide

The Palladium ballroom (cuba)

post 1950's Latin styles, (along with Mambo, Latin Booglaloo), ballroom in NYC where all great Latin musicians played there, lots of American musicians would come and listen and learn about their music

MTV

predecessor was the Beatles music video, early days used to only play music and was dominated by white pop until MJ

Richie Valens

sang la bamba, had its top hit in 1958, Mexican-american rocker, died young in plane crash, pioneer of latin music

John Coltrane

saxophonist, sound innovator, extended solos very intense, three career phases = harmony complexity/modal phase/and free jazz, and classic quartet

Rumba (cuba)

secular music from cubano

Bebop

seen as a revolution from jazz, small groups rhythmically complex, intellectual, improvisation, came out of nowhere Revolution or evolution? - new revolutions, faster, etc, older generation didn't like it

mexican son poetic forms

sets of four line stanzas, common poetic forms found in popular mexican music

Modal jazz

simpler structure, based ½ scales, but space to develop melodically

Musical characteristics bebop

small groups, 4-6 players, tunes much faster and rhythmically complex, emphasis improvisation, less structure

Wilson Picket

star with stax, one of the great soul singers of the 60's, delayed backbeat

Fania records (cuba)

started by Jerry Masucci, in mid-1970's, by 1977 fully professional label for salsa, birth of salsa, brought different styles together, propelled Celia Cruz

Artistic Grooming & Choreography

started losing its authenticity by polishing its sound for white audiences

Otis Redding

stax musician, crossed over in Monterey pop festical

Neo-classicism

taking traditional forms/jazz styles but putting them into new contexts Reaction to fusion becoming openly commercial and avant garde because more people on stage than audience

Nadia Boulanger

teacher and composer, most famous composition teacher, encouraged her students to look into their past and use their experiences to create their own style

Clave (3+2, 2+3) (cuba)

the rhythm to the songs, either 3:2, or 2:3

Controversy over fusion

took so many elements from electric instruments seen as selling out to commercialism

Bitches Brew (Miles Davis)

top selling record, miles main soloist, long tunes ~20+ mins, lots of tunes put together different types, not commercial music

"La Bamba" (Mexico)

traditional Son Jarocho style song, earliest reported performance 1755, top hit by Richie valens 1958

Maxine Powell's "finishing" school

training them to be performers and have a sophisticated and personal presentation

clave (cuba): instrumentation

tres, bass, congas, maracas, claves

Yoruba (cuba)

west Africa slaves that came over

Rastafarianism

worship the Ethiopian king, western society corrupt wanted to go back to the homeland aka Africa, smoke da ganja