Muscles of Respiration
IC=
TC+IRV
TLC=
TV+IRV+ERV+RV
Transversus Abdominis
horizontal fibers that come from the vertebrae in the back of the abdomen around to its insertion into the abdominal aponeurosis.
Subcostal
internal rib cage Muscles of exhalation.
External intercostal
is a muscle of inhalation.
External Oblique
large flat muscle that arises from the lower eight ribs and sweeps downward and forward.
Serratus anterior
large muscle originating from the scapula that fans down and around the chest to insert into the upper nine ribs.
Rectus abdominis
large vertical ribbon of muscle that runs from the front of the pelvis along the midline of the belly to the sternum and lower ribs.
Transversus abdominis
muscle of exhalation that acts as a corset compressing the viscera.
External Oblique
muscle of exhalation.
Internal Obliques
muscle of exhalation.
Subclavius
neck muscle of inhalation.
Scalenes
neck muscles of inhalation.
Subcostal muscles
originate from the lower ribs near the vertebral attachment and run outward and up to insert into ribs one or higher above rib one.
Alveolar sacs
pass oxygen into the blood stream on inhalation and release carbon dioxide on exhalation.
Quiet inspiration
reflects the volume of air that can be inhaled from a resting level with contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.
Forced respiration
requires active forces of abdominal and thoracic exhalatory muscles to supplement the passive forces of expiration.
External intercostal muscles
run from the lower border of one rib to the upper border of the rib below. It fills the outside of the 11 spaces between the ribs.
Subclavius
runs slightly downward from the clavicle to insert into the first rib near the sternum.
Serratus posterior inferior
slants upward and outward from lower thoracic and upper lumbear vertebrae to insert into the lowest four ribs.
Transversus Thoracis
sweeps upward and outward from the lower part of the sternum to insert into the second through sixth ribs.
Diaphragm
the flat sheet of muscle and tendon connected to the lower border of the rib cage.
Pectoralis major
the large upper chest muscle originating from the humerus that fans out to insert into the sternum and clavicle.
Inspiratory reserve volume
the maximal amount of volume that can be inhaled from the end-inspiratory position (tidal inspiration) or the extent that the vital capacity is not reached.
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
the maximum inspiratory volume after tidal expiration.
Diaphragm
the most important muscle of inhalation.
Vital capacity
the most useful measure of overall functional lung capacity. The maximum usable volume of air that can be inhaled and exhaled.
Expiratory reserve or resting lung volume
the remaining volume if the limit of vital capacity is not reached when exhaling.
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
the sum of all the volumes.
Rib cage
the thorax is formed by 12 pairs of ribs.
Tidal volume
the volume of air actually used, regardless of how deep the breath.
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
the volume of air in the body after a passive exhalation.
Sternocleidomastoid
this muscle descends from behind the ear and subdivides to insert into the clavicle and sternum.
Quadratus lumborum
external rib cage muscles of exhalation.
Serratus posterior inferior
external rib cage muscles of exhalation.
Pectoralis Minor
fan-shaped muscle originating from the scapula and inserts into the second through fifth ribs.
Internal intercostals
fill the spaces between the ribs on the inside of the chest.
Transversus Thoracis
Internal rib cage muscles of exhalation.
Thoracic Vertebrae
1-12
Lumbar Vertebrae
1-5
Cervical Vertebrae
1-7
Residual volume
1/4th of what is left after maximum expiration. The air in the pulmonary tubing that cannot be forced out.
Quiet breathing requires
10%-15% of vital capacity.
Lobes in the left lung
2
Conversational speech requires
25% of vital capacity.
Lobes in the right lung
3
Quiet inspiration takes
40% of the cycle.
Loud speech requires
40% of vital capacity.
Quiet expiration takes
60% of the cycle.
The vertebral column consists of
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccygeal.
FRC=
ERV+RV
Passive forces
Gravity, Untorquing of the rib cartilage, Elastic recoil of the rib the lungs, and Lung tissue elasticity.
Three independent forces interact for exhalation
Passive forces, Active diaphragm (abdomen forces), and Active rib cage forces.
Latissimus Dorsi
a back muscle of inhalation.
Levatores costarum
a back muscle of inhalation.
Serratus posterior superior
a back muscle of inhalation.
Quadratus lumborum
a flat vertical muscle in the posterios abdominal wall that attaches to the lowest floating rib from its attachment along the upper border of the hip.
Pectoralis major
a front muscle of inhalation.
Pectoralis minor
a front muscle of inhalation.
Serratus anterior
a front muscle of inhalation.
Scalenes
a group of three muscles that originate from the cervical vertebrae to insert into the first and second ribs.
Latissimus Dorsi
a large flat muscle originating from the upper arm just below the armpit and fans downward and inserts into the lower back vertebrae.
Internal intercostals
a muscle of exhalation.
Sternocleidomastoid
a neck muscle of inhalation.
Quiet expiration
a passive process resulting from elastic recoil of lungs/abdomen and relaxation of the diaphragm.
Levatores costarum
a series of 12 small muscles. They each insert into the rib just below the vertebra.
Internal Obliques
a thinner muscle beneath the external obliques. It is the middle layer of the abdominal muscles. It originates on the upper border of the pelvis and fans outward and upward to insert at the midline into the abdominal aponeurosis and the cartilages of the lower ribs.
Rectus abdominis
abdominal muscles of exhalation.
Serratus posterior superior muscles
are flat muscles slanting down from the back of the neck inserting into the second through fifth ribs.
Ribs are attached by
cartilage to the 12 thoracic vertebrae of the back bone.
The upper 10 ribs are attached by
cartilage to the sternum.
The respiratory pump consists of 2 major units
chest wall and (within it) pulmonary system.
Chest wall
composed of the rib cage, diaphragm, the abdominal wall, the abdominal viscera, and the muscles of the chest and abdomen.