MUSIC 140 Final

Rock's reaction to disco

-Anti disco rally held by DJ steve dahl before a white sox game in which people placed disco records in the outfield and blew them up. The rioting that came after lead the baseball game to be cancelled - Many think it was a reaction to homosexuality, but the majority of americans thought that disco actually originated with Saturday night fever - Disco was a threat to the rock community, instead of being about social issues, disco was about fun and giving power back to the producer. It threatened the foundation of rock subculture. They were really rejecting an anti-hippie aesthetic

Counter culture

-Beginnings of the counter culture right after the assassination of Kennedy -hippies; opposition to war, movement of middle class white people - Opposition of establishment; alignment to civil rights. Jefferson airplane, grateful dead, jimi hendrix

black sabbath

-British - england never experienced the prosperity after WWII - Doomy music -Madness/futility of war - Looking for a name that would annoy parents, named it after a movie title

Woodstock

1969 (august) - It was called woodstock because they were going to hold it in the town of woodstock NY but it ended up being in bethel NY on the farm of Max Yager - They expected about 50,000 people, so many people came that last minute it became a free concert - 350-500,000 people showed up - There were shortages of everything, but nobody panicked. Everyone worked together. Those who had resources shared them. The ideals of the counterculture were put into action; everyone looks out for everyone. ○ Almost no violence - Diverse acts; folk, acid rock, country, hard rock, etc. ○ It should have fallen apart, but it didn't because everyone put the ideals of the counterculture into practice.

Please Please Me

1963 -AABA form -Numerous rehearsal details - Know how to write a hook - a little gesture, sound, or phrase that makes a song get stuck in your head - Each section changes, but things always come back in the same place - TPA style attention to arrangement

The concert of love

1967 - Anyone could crash at the grateful dead's house - However murders and crime become a problem - People start looking to get out and have places to be - Not just the drugs and the crime

sugar hill records (Sylvia Robinson)

1979 - One day she is out getting pizza and on the radio she hears "good times" and the kid making pizza starts doing the talking thing and she thinks its pretty solid. She invited him to the record studio - 1st recorded hit song: sugar hill gang - rappers delight - Released 10/79 (#4 RnB, #36 pop) -Based on the song good times by chic - "what you hear is not a test, I'm rapping to the beat" - defines what he is doing as rap - Kids loved hiphop, parents werent a fan

MLK Speech

August 1963 - I have a dream (washington) ; no security was needed, peaceful and positive event

three founding bands of Hard Rock/Heavy Metal

Black Sabbath Deep Purple Led Zeppelin

James Brown & funk

Chooses to re-africanize his style -Creates funk - Cold sweat (1967) - Get Up (1970) - Melody is no longer important - Deprivilage of melody and harmony - Each member has a simple part, groove establishes and locks together - Master drummer (james) solos once rhythm is locked

The music of the counterculture

Embraces a whole range of musical styles - There did exist commonalities, what made them attractive to the movement - Loud - you can feel the music - Lighting shows - You can now feel, hear and see music - Longer or unusual song forms - You've heard so many AABA and 12 bar blues you know whats going to happen next - Jamming/collective improvisation

JFK assassination

Nov 22, 1963 ○ JFK wanted to land a man on the moon, astronauts based in Dallas Texas ○ Streets lined with people to see him, used an open top vehicle ○ People hear gunshots, JFK was shot in the head ○ The impact of his death was crazy, the country spiraled into depression - Conspiracy thoeries - for the first time they are possible, for the first time people are doubting the government. People are losing confidence in their institutions -Three months later (feb 1964), the beatles arrive (funny, talented, not american) exactly what US needed.

White Rabbit

Jefferson Airplane (1967) - Acid rock - Short - Major pop hit - Usually these pieces of music weren't hit records - The certain sound, formula, content just didnt fit the countercultural - counterculture did not seek out hits - Drug references, questioning the establishments

the who - my generation

My generation showed that some baby boomers were beginning to grow frustrated, disenchanted by the values of their parents. There was a gap between the generations. Expression of disillusionment of young people. - The stutter - they had become associated with the mods (modernists) - Mods loved dancing, so to keep up their energy they would use amphetamines -Amphetamines make everything go faster until you cant talk properly because everything goes so fast -- you start to stutter. - The stutter was a reference to the mods and drugs/ youth culture. - At the end of the song they smash all of their instruments to experiment = what happens to an instrument when its literally falling apart. - Much more cynical than other bands

Soul music

New sound of the urban Fusion of: - Vocal style from gospel - Rhythm and back beat of R&B - Back beat - emphasis on beats 2 and 4 -Arrangements and lyric styles from TPA -Idealized romance

The yardbirds

Remarkable string of guitar players: -eric clapton -- left when they started having pop hits - Jeff beck -- innovative technical player - debilitating stage fright handled with drinking - Jimmy page -- shortly after he joins the band, the yardbirds lose interest in music, this pissed off page because he left his job -Page asked to keep the last few tour dates for money under the name the new yardbirds - They really enjoyed it, so they decide to keep the band together but they cant keep the name • The new yardbirds = Led Zeppelin

three key counterculture artists that died in 70-71

Sept. 1970 - hendrix Oct 1970 - janis joplin July 1971 - jim morrison (the doors)

three pillars of hip hop

South bronx NY 70's In a small geographic area, there was a burst of DIY creativity. 1 Rap - 2 break dancing - used cardboard as a dance studio and tried to outdo eachother using more complex moves 3 Graffiti - not tagging/ vandalism; works of art with spraypaint on the sides of buildings and subway cars (subway cars were ideal because everyone could see them).

redefinition of the technology of a turntable

Turntable is a technology of consumption - when you own a turntable, your relationship with it is that you get records and then sit back and experience it. Theodore turned it into a technology of production ... like an instrument. You decide what experience it gives.

yippies

Youth international party - Countercultural movement is mostly made of middle class whites - Some african american involvement

Skiffle

a group of teenage boys who would play whatever they had from before the war (acoustic guitars) and DIY instruments ○ Mainly played the new sounds they heard coming from the US -> R&B, rock

1963-64 Rolling Stones

all singles are covers § Mick jagger and kieth richards are starting to push the band towards rock § Oldham says that they can only get a limited amount of money because they arent writing the songs, you would make more money if you wrote the songs yourself. § John and paul wrote the song I Wanna Be Your Man in 1963 for the stones to record (pushes brian jones even further away) ○ First album: englands newest hitmakers - mostly blues songs with one original

Brian epstein

beatles manager, december 1961 ○ The beatles caught his attention; they had an "undeniable personal charm" ○ He changes their image, suits, not greasy hair ○ Epstein doesn't control the beatles they way other managers controlled people, he thought they were funny. ○ Had a lot of trouble getting them a record deal -- the music industry had gone back to the way it had always been, the golden age was like a blip and it was over -eventually gets a deal with George Martin and parlophone in 1962 - He dies around sgt peppers release; There is now nothing holding the beatles together.

Stevie wonder

begins in motown and his voice is joyful and has the exuberance of gospel. Typically gordy would air on the side of caution with things that would have more appeal to a white audience

rockism

belief that some forms of popular music are less important because of a perceived lack of authenticity or connection to the core values of rock listeners.

war pigs

black sabbath (1970) - A bit more heavy metal - Tempo changes -Instrumental sections - Lyrics that focus on alienation and futility However, lower level of distortion

AC/DC

hard rock band -Aussies, formed in 1973 -The album back in black (1980) sold over 50m copies, second most in history - Strong blues influence (chuck berry), steady tempos, lyrics - Highway to hell

The new frontier

idea introduced with JFK about Putting nation/community first; camelot (reference to mythology, knights of the round table, round table doesn't have a head therefore nobody is in charge); shows optimism and openness

south bronx

if you do not live in this area, you have no idea anything is happening. Nobody cared to record the history because nobody was paying attention, so nothing is 100% sure.

def jam records

important indie label devoted to rap and wanted to popularize the genre to mainstream audiences.

Kool Herc

1973 He would have been to yard parties, but he could not have been a yard party guy in jamaica because he was too young - Two turntables - Extends exciting moments of a song - "breaks" - He would have two copies of the same record, play the first one, when it go the end of the break he would have the break cued on the second record and play it again, and he could go back and forth. -Using a turntable to recompose a song. -§ Described this as Cutting and mixing - Would often start toasting during the break

Grand Master Flash

1976 - Develops Kool Herc's techniques - Quick mix, he would do the same thing herc did, but much faster - Beat matching - rhythm of the song stays constant, even when switching between records. - He has to focus on his records because he had to work quickly, so he brings in Grand Master Meli Mel - Does full length raps - Writes them down (rather than just improvising in the moment, then they stay the same from night to night) becomes the first hip hop songwriter

Grand Wizard Theodore

1978 - If you leave the volume of the record up during the backspin, you hear the weird noise. -Theodore was at home practicing and his mum was pissed so he had the volume up and he was trying to annoy her by moving the record back and forth. After she leaves, he realized it sounded cool if you move the record quickly. -Scratching - You could shape rhythmic sounds by moving the record back and forth - He is the first dude to go out and do scratching solos.

Tom Donahue

• Psychedelic music was absent on the radio ○ Tom Donahue developed a new form of radio programming that had longer tracks played back to back, which fit the psychedelic style ○ KMPX-FM ○ First person to make free form radio programming successful

early punk

• Punk was actually beginning underground in NYC in the 60s, moved to the UK, then moved back to the USA. • The velvet underground - new york based underground punk band ○ Associated with andy warhol ○ Added the singer Nico at warhols insistence • Iggy Pop, MC5 • New york dolls - NY punk band that incorporated british glam ○ Connected the late 60s and mid 70s • Punk performers first landed a regular routine at a deserted bar in manhattan called CBGB (country blugrass blues) which later became the home of the new york punk scene

The quarrymen

july 1957 § Lennon & mccartney began to write songs together § They could both write music, while most people just wanted to make covers. ○ John and paul both couldn't play the guitar very well. They ran into pauls friend george on a bus and he was really good so he joined. ○ August 1960 - pete best joins on the drums ○ Became popular around hamburg and in liverpool at the cavern club § Germany was full of US army personnel who wanted rock ○ Maintained a "rocker" image (motorcyclists)

Ken Kesey and Timothy Leary

led the halluginogenic drug movement because they unlocked the door to perception • LSD was thought to allow the user to surpass the modes of understanding imposed by schools; it lead to higher consciousness

Soul man

sam and dave, 1967 - At this point, soul is a term for black culture -optimistic sound, optimism that comes from civil rights. - Theres a lil mistake, the horn dude misses a note in the second verse

You'd better shop around

smokey and the miracles (1960) ○ motown ○ Conservative vocal style ○ Strong beat--good for dancing ○ TPA arrangement and lyrics with background vocals ○ A lot of attention to stuff going on behind the lead vocals ○ Song about a guy taking advice from his mother about finding a good woman (safe TPA style lyrics) ○ Matching outfits and small movements in choreography Constantly projecting outward, looking at the camera

Truckin

the grateful dead 1970) - Live recording - Competence and looseness about about them - Songs on the record are just a starting point - often would just fade out on studio record - Just did collective improvisation instead of ending - Every night was a completely different experience - Fans would follow the band to every show sometimes (the deadheads)

Mersey beat

the style pioneered by the beatles; liverpool is a port city built on the river Mersey. ○ gerry and the pacemakers, the searchers, the swinging blue jeans ○ Inspired a whole bunch of soundalike groups

James Brown

• Started as a stand in for Little Richard • Member of the Fabulous Flames • Early hits were mostly doo-wop, but later on he developed the soul style • Exerted almost total control over his music from the beginning of his career -- wrote and produces most of his own hits. • His music became increasingly valued in the black community due to racial pride. He did not make concessions to be approved by white audiences • Principal influence of 70's black pop • "Say it Loud, I'm Black, and I'm Proud"

british punk

• Started in the UK, spearheaded by the sex pistols. • Because of the aggressive image of punk, labels were quick to tone down the style into something they called new wave • Until the early 80s, the mainstream american market didn't really register punk • In the 70s britain was suffering from economic recession, so jobs were difficult to find for youth. British teens got angry and turned to punk music. The sex pistols in particular were popular amongst this crowd because they filled in for queen and said explatives on TV. ○ Before their first record was released, the sex pistols had already collected advances from three companies and had the reputation of troublemakers. ○ They were the catalyst for punk in the UK ○ American labels did not want a similar experience that UK labels had with TSP • The clash incorporated other styles into punk, while the buzzcocks took a pop approach • British punk didn't really make it to america with the exception of the clash. • Punk disrupted the rock status quo but the music itself had strong connections with earlier rock traditions.

A Day in the Life

(1967) ○ Not one song, but two ○ Assembled out of sections that were separately composed ○ Postmodern approach to creating forms; rules don't matter as long as you achieve emotionally what it is that you set out to do, no longer feeling confined by the rules § Stitch together two completely different songs ○ Avant garde techniques with orchestra and piano § George martin says that he will give the entire orchestra 20 seconds to get from the lowest to the highest note on their instrument -- this is the transition part of the song § Puts three pianos together to create the most famous note in history nbd □ Begins with the mic at low sensitivity, and move much higher in sensitivity as the note becomes quieter to make it last a hella long time.

voodoo child

(1967) Jimi Hendrix Blues influence Pioneered what guitar players do

whole lotta love

(1969) led zeppelin Blues riff based Sued by Willie Dixon of Chess (you need love 1962-muddy waters) Importance of control in studio

Vietnam war

(April 1975) - NV staged a surprise attack and within week surrounded everyone in Saigon - US suffers humiliation - troops were taking people to ships by helicopter, had hours to get out of the country; america literally driven from SV on live TV

deep purple

- British - Electric organ (one of the only other instruments to make it in to this style) -Keyboard instruments are usually learned with a teacher, they have more knowledge and theory -Highway star (1972) - Bach influence - "berry" style lyrics

Watergate

- Burglary at the office of the democratic party in washington at the watergate hotel (august 1974) - All of the telephones in the office had been bugged, the burglary was actually a cover -he people responsible had direct access to nixon - If nixon did not order the burglaries himself, he certainly knew about them He faces criminal charges and impeachment; he resigns the presidency

STAX approach to recording

- Collective decision making -- everybody did everything - Everything was recorded at one time, used the speaker from the old movie theater that the company was based in - Less emphasis on arrangements than motown - Focus on energy over accuracy, even if a recording has a minor mistake, they didn't care as long as it has energy and intensity. - Very strong gospel influence (much stronger than motown)

led zeppelin

- Grew out of the Yardbirds (british Blues revival) - Significant blues influence -> moreso than other founding bands - Also strong acoustic and celtic influence - Played a mini set in their concerts of a folk type thing -Virtuosic musicianship/ mastery of recording studio -Particularly guitarist (jimmy page) - Not just skill with instruments, but with technology -No interest in "editing" for singles

The Beats

- Jazz beat / Beaten down by the authority / "Beatitude" - The beats get revived in the early 1960's - Things that are in = hip - The hippies = the people in the know

Metallica

- LA, formed in 81 - Musically highly technical, frequent tempo changes, instrumental sections, classical influence, virtuistic soloing, heavy distortion, lyrics that express alienation and loss of control - Master of puppets -heavy metal

The british blues revival + the chess tour

- London - interested in blues (the US was bored of it) Young white british men - Chess tour - chess records decide to capitalize on the british interest. Muddy waters The future members of fleetwood mac, cream, led zepplin, and the rolling stones were some of the background musicians for these blues singers

2 important locations for soul music

- Motown records : Detroit -- Hitsville USA (nickname for motown) - Stax records : Memphis -- Soulsville USA

Bob dylan

- Newport folk festival - 1965 - Played rock and roll - Played only three songs - "it wasnt a controversy of electric vs acoustic, it was the idea that someone could be playing the electric guitar and still have integrity" - gives birth to folk rock - The ability to fuse the sounds of electric guitar with the issues and ideas of folk music

Tomorrow never knows

- Song is based on a drone (influenced by non-western culture) - Lyrics are based on the tibetan book of the dead - All of the members, esp. george is becoming interested in other cultures music and learns the sitar. - Tambura - drone instrument, rhythm taken to the craziest level, one string that forms the structure of the whole song - Vocal is double tracked and is run through a leslie speaker (desinged for an organ, the speakers spin)cabinet - Makes use of tape loops, (avant garde--cutting edge) and backwards recording - Tape loops - record something on a tape and loops it together. There are 8 tape loops in the song

disco

- The artist themselves arent important, it's the audience that is important, the dance floor is the stage and you are the star. -Disco started as an underground style within the gay community, but made it big in 77 with Saturday night fever • Disco represented a return of the authority of producers; rock bands tended to retain significant say in how the finished record sounded • Disco records were made according to the brill/motown model

hippies

- Two main 'centers' Greenwich Village (New York) and Haight-Ashbury (San Francisco) - Has a homology - Underlying similarity between two things that may look quite different on the surface - Sensory stimulation (psychedelic) - Poster art - Hard to read poster, make you really think - Tie dye

the beatles and album covers

- help was conventional, taken from the movie - Covers functioned to protect the album and advertise the band - The beatles want the cover to be part of the experience. - Rubber soul - distorted image, it doesn't say the beatles on it

Motown

-Founded by barry gordy - First important label owned by an african american -Starts in 59 based on gordys experience in automotive plants. - Song writers: holland/dozier/holland, smokey robinson - Maxine powell: finishing school (talent will be performing for all kinds of audiences, his stars had to understand manners) -- kind of whitening his artists in a way (reverse racism?) -Cholly atkins: choreographer (artists have a consistent look and movement style) - The funk brothers: house bands (consistent sound) ○ Black people were starting to lose interest in R&B because it represented slavery - Target audience: middle class whites - Never sweat; this was a sign of loss of control

Late 50s black music

growing anticipation of civil rights, black people are gaining optimism ○ Rejection of blues as the sound of the past, rural south, slavery (this is where american blues gets pushed aside and why it needs to be brought back by the british)

the MTV rap "wall"

-MTV Controlled by middle class white guys, so you got a lot of white guys in rock bands -Rap was excluded from MTV until 1985 walk this way Run DMC/Aerosmith -§ White guys love aerosmith - First hip-hop track to go into high rotation on MTV, opens the doors for the style to go mainstream.

Musical Shifts in the 60s-70s

-Marks the shift from rock n roll to rock. Moving from: Singles to albums Dancing to listening Entertainers to serious musicians FM radio - AOR (album oriented rock, they don't care about singles on FM, they care about albums) - FM can broadcast in stereo - This is where people start using the term Artist

Kent state university

-may 1970 ○ Cite of many protests ○ First day is calm, at night there is a bit of violence/fires, second day the national guard was called in § A small group of students breaks away and climbed to the top of a hill nearby to leave, the guards followed, without order, the guards shoot ○ 4 dead in ohio ( 2 werent even protestors) ○ Nobody was ever held accountable ○ Nixon "they got what they deserved" (for questioning the government) ○ This is when counterculture began to end

Stadium Concerts

-the centre of hard rock and heavy metal since they didn't make it to the radio. Prog rock was coming out at the same time and was considered superior. 1 Form of worship They were worshiping the 70's -> a rejection of the collective (the 60's were about togetherness, the 70's were about the success of the individual) 2 Consider solos - demonstrations of technical mastery so great that the other band members need to leave 3 Rejection of the collective Bands from the 60's were the _____s, but now the names are singular because the bands are rejecting the collective and getting singular names 4 adulation (picturing yourself on stage) 5 Presentation is similar to that of a corporation - Bands started to embrace logos

• Distinctions between hard rock and heavy metal

1 Level of distortion - important to both ends, but becomes more intense with heavy metal - With hard rock, the base tend to have low distortion, with HM even the base is distorted 2 Tempos - the speed of the music - HR are mid-tempo (not too fast/slow)and sticks to one tempo -HM wider range of tempos; extremes (serious musicians especially, took pride in technicality)and tempos change in the middle all the time 3 Song forms -HR follows basic structures (12 bar, verse chorus) - HM elaborate and creative structures (sometimes resemble classical music) 4 Lyrics -HR lyrics about cars, girls, no school, parties, and rock n roll (cynicism masked as worrying about more fun things) -§ HM lyrics about alienation, powerlessness, psychological instability, references to sacred texts/fantasy/mythology as escapism, reference to war

two precursors of rap

1 Signifying/the dozens - Oral word game Ritualized insulting in a fast and rhythmic way, one up eachother until someone runs out of ideas. 2 Jamaican toasting -Yard dances/sound system men become first jamaican recording producers/party DJ - important figure because he is one of the few sources of music - You would hear them play at yard dances and competitively play their records - If you liked their music, you would have to go to their yard dances -Started producing records to play at their yard dances that would be completely theirs. -Began producing the same songs on both sides of the records, then they would vocally improvise rhythmically over the B side. -They would talk about themselves as being great, it was like making a toast in honour of yourself.

2 things that turned the beatles off of performing

1 The beatles inadvertently offended the first lady of the phillipines, the beatles were robbed at gunpoint by the government. 2 March 1966 - all four beatles did newspapers, John said that organized religion had become businesslike, he was quoted saying the beatles were bigger than jesus which offended everyone. - The power structures of organized religions had become so corrupt that young people would rather go to concerts than to church - This was a london newspaper, nobody cares in the UK, but in the US they published only that quote *August 29, 1966 - candlestick park, SF. They announced that they would no longer be touring effective immediately

• Two psychedelic approaches to music

1 Use music to enhance a drug trip - focus on the drug experience itself while the soundtrack provokes response 2 Understand the music as the trip - the artists crafts music that acts as an aesthetic drug

altamont

california (december 1969) -Put on by the stones, they did not go to woodstock because they didn't think it mattered - Two strategic errors: - Held it in a speedway (racetrack); enclosed space. This means that as they continued letting people in but they could not expand the area. It just got more and more packed. Some people were having trouble breathing. When people are crammed, they begin to panic - Hells angels in charge of security paid in $500 worth of beer - While the stones were playing it is likely that the hells angels threatened jagger -There was an open spot in the day program at altamont that left contert goers with nothing to do - A guy broke through the crowd and he may/may not have been carrying a gun. A hells angel stabs him a bunch and the dude is murdered in front of everyone - Because of this, all of the positivity of woodstock is gone

respect

changes in soul music were reflected in this song. started to respond to more serious issues in the world

late punk

didn't like HR/HM, originated in NY. They thought music was being taken further and further away from the audience. Punks wanted to close the gap between the musician and the audience. The ramones were hella important because they went to england and played their own songs. They just wanted to strip away all of the crazy emphasis on classical, and go back to the golden age.

Sound and production practice at Motown

focus on arrangements ○ Clarity of sound - be able to hear everything very clearly, not base heavy/distorted ○ Accuracy of performance - any mistakes and he would redo everything; indicator of his attention to detail. ○ Quality control - before anything went out the door, a group would get together and buy the top five singles on the pop charts and compare motown songs to other hit records. What do we have now that would fit with these? What could we change about what we have right now to make it fit better?

Stop in the name of love

the supremes (1965) - motown - Dressed in wigs and gowns, Gordy is trying to make women fit into a white aesthetic - Lead singer: diana ross, but the other two girls had much better, stronger voices -Gordy selected her as the lead singer because he thought her quieter, breathier voice would be less intimidating to a white audience. -§ Nothing like a gospel voice - vibraphone - different from a xylophone in that the keys are made of metal for a chime-ier sound. This is a clever move because in the 60s this instrument is associated with jazz. Jazz has become respected by this point, one of the only aspects of black culture that has become respected.

The energy crisis (1973-74)

yom kippur war (oct. 1973) - war broke out between israel and other middle eastern countries. US openly said they they were supporting israel -Almost all of the US oil was being supplied by the other middle eastern countries - They cut off america - The energy crisis marks the beginning of the first economic recession since the end of WWII -People would steal gas from their neighbours and get shot for it. (this is when the locking gas tank is invented America realizes that it is not a self reliant nation

The beatles and bob Dylan

§ In late 64 the beatles had met bob dylan and homeboy told them their songs arent saying anything. □ Caused them to rethink how they write music □ First sign that the beatles are going to evolve § For the first time, the beatles recorded a song with just one band member - paul (yesterday, 1965)

psychedelic blues/jimi hendrix

§ Technical virtuoso ; redefines what is possible and the role of the electric guitar § Virtuoso - extraodinary high level of technical and artistic expertise (not a term typically used for pop musicians) § High levels of distortion - if you stood in the right place, you could have the same note in feedback as that which you are playing, and it will infinitely ring (distortion is really hard to control)

The Hippie Aesthetic

• Changed the focus of rock from the single to the album (beatles, beach boys); the album itself acts as a trip • Increasing dependence on the studio as a creative tool • Hippie aesthetic - the rock musician is an artist who has a responsibility to produce sophisticated music using whatever means are at their disposal; lyrics should deal with important themes/issues • Fans voted in annual polls for best _____ • Shows that 70s rock is a clear development of psychedelia

• Product vs. process

○ Beatles: product oriented; they would imagine something and then labour until they captured exactly what they had imagined. They are driven by perfection, so performance is a second thought. They didn't care if they made something that could not be done live. ○ Stone: process oriented; not that interested in achieving perfection. Its about the journey, not the product itself. Jagger would never sing the same song the same time twice. Each performance is perfect for that moment. ○ Up until this point, there had been a line between these two: RACE. (the golden age of rock erases this, not these two bands necessarily, they are a good example though) - Process = black - Product = white

So what happened to brian jones?

○ Became less involved in the band, and more involved in drugs ○ The rest of the band did drugs too but they were under control ○ In spring 1969, the stones are getting ready for a tour in the US and they need work visas. Jones still had charges that had not been settled, and until they had been settled, he could not go. - Instead they said dude you don't care its like you don't want to be here - We can fire you, or you can quit -He decided to quit - Within 6 weeks he was dead in his swimming pool at age 27

• The rolling stones

○ Brian jones put the band together in 1962 ○ Wanted a band to play covers of american R&B ○ Band is named after the muddy waters song "like a rolling stone" ○ They get a manager: andrew Loog Oldham (1963) § He wanted the stones to have the same success as the beatles § Jones wasn't convinced they even needed a manager § Oldham says that they look like the beatles, and suggests going in the other direction. Be the dangerous band § Adopted the new look in 1963 § Campaign : Would you let your daughter date a rolling stone?

STAX

○ Formed in 1959 -- originally called satellite ○ Jim Stewart and Estelle Axton ○ Stax used a house band called Booker T and the MGs (second band was the bar-Ks, did tours and live performances) Interesting choice for a house band because it was in the south and it was interracial

the beatles come to America

○ No british pop star has had any success in america, up to this point. ○ Epstein was under a lot of pressure to take them to the states, he wanted them to have a hit there first. He wants to wait until they have a hit, or not go at all ○ A beatles song started to climb the american charts -- she loves you They make plans to go to america and EMI puts out the biggest PR marketing ever. -> Feb 1964 - "the beatles are coming" They arrive and appear on the ed sullivan show

Satisfaction

○ One night keith richards had a dream of a song -- satisfaction § They were going to use horns for the riff, but used a distorted guitar instead § First number one and first US hit for the stones (1965) § Jones hated it § The idea that the performing of a song could change every time comes much more from black culture than white

Post war britain

○ Rationing and stuff carried on until 56, years after the war ended ○ Shortage of consumer goods, no rail lines, no factories ○ The entertainment was pushed aside while england was rebuilding; return to DIY culture -> skiffle

Try a Little Tenderness

○ STAX artist ○ AABA - TPA song written in the 20s ○ Originally his friend was going to sing and otis just drove him, but a guy in the band recognized otis and knew he could sing ○ Looking at the camera is not a priority, he want trying to draw in the audience, he was trying to put on the best musical performance he possibly could. • Try a little tenderness was also a hit for bing crosby in 1933 Cathartic performance - unrestrained energy

the beatles and stadiums

○ The first band to play in sports arenas, played on a boxing stage ○ First band to play in a sports stadium -- shea stadium ○ Inspired the crazy lights at concerts ○ Inspired the stages for stadiums ○ Inspired crazy sound systems Changed the economy of scale for pop artists

JFK

○ Took office in 61, youngest elected president ever ○ Unlikely president; young, first television president (grew up with it), understood popular culture, energetic, sensitive to the civil rights movement and engaged in the issue, interested in the views of young people, outsider (catholic; almost all US presidents have been protestants). He understood what it was like to be an outsider. Brought a new sense of purpose to presidency ○ "ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country"