MyPsychLab 1313 Master *

Differences in Expressing Emotion

Around the world, women cry more often than men, not only when sad things happen to them, but also when happy things happen, or when they empathize while seeing sad or happy things happen to others. Women also smile more often than men, for reasons that may be complex. In some situations, a woman's smile may convey her happiness, but in others, it may communicate agreement, or even submission, in an attempt to build relationships. It is not just crying and smiling, either. Women generally demonstrate more emotion through facial expression than men.

Young Adulthood

As Erik Erikson emphasized, one of the primary tasks of young adulthood is to form loving, lasting couples that will provide intimacy and stave off isolation. Traditionally, this meant marriage, but in recent decades, marriage has been happening less often and later in life.

Young children learn prototypical emotions like "happy," "sad," "mad," and "scared" first. At a later stage, they learn language- and culture-specific emotions like "ecstatic," "depressed," "hostile," or "anxious." Which of the following statements explains the reason?

As they develop, children begin to draw emotional distinctions between various types of emotions and learn to differentiate them.

Stability Versus Change

As we get older, how much do we change, and how much do we stay the same?

Stability Versus Change

As we get older, how much do we change, and how much do we stay the same? We do plenty of both, of course.

Amygdala

Assigns emotional significance to stimuli

Older Adulthood

At some point, often in our 60s, we move past middle adulthood and into older adulthood. According to Erikson, the crisis we face at this stage is ego integrity versus despair, which means that we spend much of our time looking back and deciding if our life was well-lived.

Amygdala

Attention and Fear

Attitude change

Attitude is a person's general evaluation of an object - Attitude Change involves changing the way a person thinks about something - Behavior change is changed through an attitude change

Attitudes Toward Sexual Minorities

Attitudes toward sexual minorities have changed drastically in recent decades—just ask your parents or your grandparents. Not long ago, any kind of same-sex romantic relationship was viewed with disdain by most (but certainly not all) within mainstream U.S. culture. Gay marriage was illegal across the country, and being gay or lesbian was even considered a psychological disorder

A. The explanations people make about the causes of their own behaviors and the behaviors of others.

Attribution theory examines: A. The explanations people make about the causes of their own behaviors and the behaviors of others. B. The psychological traits or "attributes" that a person possesses. C. The way in which attitudes affect our behavior. D. The tension caused by holding two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent.

Short-term memory tends to be encoded primarily in:

Auditory form

Erikson's stages of life 1-3

Autonomy/doubt

Personality, Stress, and Health

Back in the late 1800s, a Canadian physician named William Osler was treating people with heart problems. He noticed that many of these heart patients seemed to have similar personalities

reciprocal determinism

Bandura's explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior

Behaviorism

Behaviorism is a perspective in psychology that emphasizes observable behavior over internal mental processes. The rationale behind behaviorism is simple: behavior can be seen and measured, but mental processes like feelings and thoughts cannot. Behaviorists believed psychology could be a science if it focused on behavior rather than mental processes— a point that Wundt, Titchener, James, and other pioneers of psychology had already highlighted.

Belief Perseverance

Belief perseverance happens when you can't avoid beliefs that prove yours wrong but you cling to yours anyway. Going back to that restaurant example, if several of your friends tell you that restaurant was their all-time favorite, you might think, "What do they know about good food? It was awful." If it wins awards from local restaurant critics, you dig your heels in even more: "Restaurant critics are such idiots."

A. Assumptions.

Beliefs that are taken for granted are called: A. Assumptions. B. Traits. C. Reinforcers. D. Archetypes.

If Froshia was studying abnormal psychology and she attributed psychological disorders to organic, internal causes she most likely would be viewing these disorders from a ______ approach.

Biological

The main difference between Bipolar 1 & 2

Bipolar one needs at least one manic episode whereas bipolar 2 is where there aren't any manic episodes but there are major depressive and hypomanic episodes.

Denial

Blocks external events from consciousness because they are too threatening You learn that your good friend has a fatal disease but act as if everything is OK.

What category of specific phobias doesn't exhibit fight or flight but instead faints as a fear response?

Blood, injection, injury phobia

What is a biological reason why heroin is addictive?

Bodies of heroin users do not produce endorphins, so withdrawal is very painful.

Tovah is trying to put together a jigsaw puzzle. Since she has no idea what the completed picture is supposed to be, she has to rely on the shapes and colors of the individual pieces to create and understand the "whole picture." We can refer to Tovah's efforts to combine individual elements of the puzzle into a unified whole as

Bottom-up Proccessing

Professor Boredom has noticed that his students keep falling asleep during his lectures. He thinks that keeping the lights in the lecture hall on at their brightest level will help to keep students awake. He decides to give the same lecture to three groups of people. He holds one class session with bright lights, one class session with normal lighting, and one class session with dim lights. Professor Boredom has a teaching assistant count the number of sleepers at the end of each class. What is Professor Boredom's hypothesis in this example?

Bright lights will keep more students awake in class than dimmer lights.

Projection

"Projects" your id impulse onto others, so it appears they have it rather than you You have an id impulse to cheat on your partner, but you accuse your partner of wanting to cheat on you.

contingencies

(1) If I run outside without shoes, then I get a cut on my foot. (2) If I answer the phone when my friend Steve calls, then I laugh at his jokes. (3) If I blow off my math homework, then I bomb the test.

partial reinforcement

(also known as intermittent reinforcement) is a pattern by which a behavior is reinforced only some of the time.

five-factor model of personality

(also known as the Big Five): an explanation of personality that emphasizes five fundamental traits present in all people to varying degrees

cerebrum

(also known as the forebrain ) is the upper front part of the brain, which consists of two hemispheres and is involved in sophisticated, often uniquely human, abilities. The cerebrum fits over the parts of the brain that we have already discussed (brainstem, cerebellum, thalamus, limbic system) like a thick helmet covering a relatively small head. So, when you see photos of the brain, looking wrinkled and resembling a walnut, what you're actually seeing is the cerebrum—the same way you see a football player's helmet, but you know the player's head is underneath

unconscious

(also known as the unconscious mind): mental activity of which the person is unaware.

Mesmerism

(named after its inventor, Franz Anton Mesmer) was a practice in which a healer moved magnets or in some cases just empty hands over your body to adjust your balance of fluids or to induce a hypnotic trance.

What is Neuroticism

(negative emotional reactions ) If the individual has: more negative emotions (anxiety, fear, depression) --> more emotional disorders (anxiety/panic , depressive)

dissociative identity disorder

(or DID), in which a person exhibits two or more distinct personalities.

Type D personality

(sometimes called distressed personality) is a personality featuring high levels of negative emotions, like depression and anxiety, and a reluctance to share those emotions with others.

Agoraphobia

- Anxiety characterized by a fear of being unable to escape from a place or situation - Uncomfortable leaving their homes

Parkinson's disease

- Biological Basis is decreased dopamine production in the substantia nigra to permit proper functioning of the basal ganglia - slowness in movements and Tremors

Alfred Alder

- Man in motivated by social influences & STRIVING FOR SUPERIORITY - Aware of what they are doing (conscience)

Depression

- SIG E. CAPS - Sleep, Interest, Guilt, Energy, Concentration, Appetite, Psychomotor symptoms, Suicidal Thought Abnormally high levels of glucocorticoids (cortisol) Decreased norepinephrine Decreased serotonin Decreased dopamine

Symbolic Culture

- The nonmaterial culture that represents a group of people; expressed through ideas and concepts

Alzheimer's disease

- a type of dementia characterized by gradual memory loss - Reduction in levels of acetylcholine

symbolic interactionism

- analyzes society by addressing the subjective meanings that people impose on objects, events, and behaviors - people tend to live or do certain things on the basis of other peoples thinking

Image Schema

- compulsion schema is used to provide an understanding of experiences - Ex. Jet air plane

Social Contract

- denote an implicit agreement within a state regarding the rights and responsibilities of the state and its citizens

Dysthymia

- depressed mood that is not severe enough to meet the criteria of MDD, more days than not for at least two years

Ethnocentrism

- evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture

Huntington's disease

- fatal genetic disorder that causes the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain - basal ganglia

Attribution Theory

- internal; ie. personality = dispositional - external; ie. their situation = situational

Why do experiments often achieve higher internal validity than non-experimental studies?

- lab experiments are often higher in internal validity because of their control of extraneous variables - researchers create levels of the independent variable and use procedures like matching and random assignment to conditions

Dissociative disorder

- person avoids stress by escaping from his identity, but has an otherwise intact sense of reality

Meritocracy

- political philosophy holding that power should be vested in individuals almost exclusively based on ability and talent

self-fulfilling prophecy

- prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true

Schizophrenia

- psychotic disorder - Symptoms divided into Positive and Negative symptoms (+ = added emotion ::: - = less)

Limitations to Case Studies

- representatives of sample, completeness of data, reliance on retrospective data

Conflict theory

- society is in a state of perpetual conflict due to competition for limited resources

Generalizability

- tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli

Conformation bias

- tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses

Which correlation indicates the strongest relationship between two variables?

-.85

B.F. Skinner

-Behaviorism -Concepts of operant conditioning -Personality is a reflection of behavior reinforced over time

What are the biological risk factors for anxiety related disorders

-Genetic -Evolutionary preparedness -Brain features -neurochemical features

what anxiety related disorders have a varied course of illness?

-OCD -PTSD -Panic disorder

What are the cognitions ( psychological risk factors) that affect anxiety related disorders

-PERCEIVED LACK OF CONTROL (helplessness): Shape experiences to fit schema that everything is out of your control -NEGATIVE BELIEFS ABOUT FUTURE: leads to the person becoming fearful and anxious about the future which can lead to anxiety disorders -ANXIETY SENSITIVITY: Where they have a sensitive threshold for anxiety. They have extreme reactions because they perceive a threat to be higher than it is.

What does evolutionary preparedness have to do with anxiety-related disorders?

-Phobias are evolutionary because they tell us to be afraid of dangerous animals and circumstances -social anxiety is evolutionary because before people lived in close communities and it was smart to be cautious of strangers

What are the Brain features that affect mood disorders

-Prefrontal cortex -limbic system:

What are some important neurotransmitters that affect anxiety related disorders?

-Serotonin ( regulates mood, impulsivity) -GABA ( anxiety inhibition, motor control) -norepinephrine ( fight or flight )

PTSD qualification

-Severe stressor in which ones has actual or percieved threat of death or injury ( can slso be about learning about a trauma/ repeated exposure) - Extreme response last for more than 1 month

What anxiety related disorders have a persistent course of illness

-Specific phobias -GAD -agoraphobia -social anxiety disorder

What are the learning factors (psychological risk factors) that affect anxiety related disorders?

-TWO FACTOR MODEL -3RD FACTOR

Psychobiological risk factors for Mood disorders

-Temperament: neuroticism predicts depression -Sleep deprivation can trigger bipolar disorders

Cormorbidities of mood disorders

-They tend to have anziety, substance abuse, personality disorders, and eating disorders. -suicide

Difference between Panic disorder and Specific phobias

-Un-cued attacks (unexpected): panic disorder -cued attacks (triggered) : Specific phobia

Psychological risk factors for anxiety related disorders?

-cognitions: -learning factors

psychological risk factors for mood disorders

-cognitive theories of depression -Sensitivity to reward (mania) and punishment (depression)

External Validity

-degree to which research findings can be generalized to other settings and individuals - non-experimental studies achieve higher external validity than lab experiments - can you results work for other people - non-experimental studies are more frequently conducted in real-world settings with a more diverse sample of participants than experiments

Typical onset age of depressive disorders vs bipolar disorders

-depressive disorders: adulthood ( more than 50% after the age of 65) -bipolar disorders: late adolescence ( acute onset usually after 40)

Non-experimental approaches

-do NOT create levels of an independent variable nor randomly assign subjects to these levels - they are used where experiments are not ethical or possible, or where we want to test hypothesis in realistic conditions

Hopelessness theory (learned helplessness)

-hopelessness theory ( learned helplessness) : negative event ->stress->helpless &out of control -> anxiety->hopeless about coping->depression Attributions are : internal, stable, and global

Sociocultural risk factors for mood disorder

-stress and life events can lead to onset -marginalized group status ( higher rates of mood disorders) -social support

Internal Validity

-the degree to which a researcher can establish a causual relationship between the independent and dependent variable - are we measuring what we intend to - an experiment has high internal validity when we an demonstrate that only the antecedent conditions are responsible for group differences in behavior -an internally valid experiment allows us to draw cause-and-effect conclusions

Facts and stats of Specific phobias ( gender ratio, age of onset)

-women>men ( 4:1) -Age of onset: situational--> 20's rest --> childhood & adolescense

Senorimotor

0-2 yrs Coordination with a sense of motor response, sensory curiosity object performance

Bipolar 1

1) +/- major depressive episode 2) At least one manic episode 3)+/- hypomanic ep

Anxiety-related disorders categories

1) Anxiety disorders 2) Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders 3) Trauma and stressor related disorders

Cognitive Behavioral Panic Cycle

1) Body sensation: 2) panic attack : 3) high anxiety : left feeling anxious and hypervigilant 4) fear of fear : afraid of getting another attack which keeps body in high alert which causes body sensations.

Five categories of specific phobias

1) animals 2) natural environment 3) Blood, Injection, injury 4) situational 5) other (miscellaneous)

Bipolar 2

1) at least one major depressive episode 2) 0 full manic episode 3) at least one hypomanic episode

5 Different Anxiety disorders

1) specific phobias 2) panic disorder 3) agoraphobia 4)social anxiety disorder 5) generalized anxiety disorder

Jung's Personalities

1. Extraversion vs introversion 2. Sensing vs intuiting 3. Thinking vs feeling

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

1. Physiological - water, air, sex 2. Safety - security of body, employment, resources 3. Love/belonging - Friendship, Family, Intamacy 4. Esteem - Confidence, respect 5. Self-actualization - Morality, acceptance

Kohlberg's Moral Reasoning

1. Pre-conventional 2. Conventional 3.Post conventional

PTSD characteristics

1. Re-experiencing the traumatic events : nightmares, intrusive thoughts 2. Avoidance of stimuli: loud noises, bright lights, 3. Other mood or cognitive changes: memory loss, numbing, self blame 4. Increased arousal and reactivity: Irritability, aggressiveness, and startle response all are increased.

Piaget's Child Development

1. Sensorimotor 2. Preoperational 3. Concrete Operational 4. Formal Operational

Characteristics of Specific phobias

1. The fear is greater than the actual threat 2. The knowledge that their fear is excessive 3. It MUST cause impairment or distress ( avoidance)

gate control theory of pain

1. The sensory-discriminative system identifies where pain is and how bad it is (how the pain feels). 2. The motivational-affective system produces the emotions you have about pain (how having the pain makes you feel). 3. The cognitive-evaluative system determines your interpretation and response to pain (how you think about and what you do about the pain).

Pre-conventional

1. objective & punishment (infancy) 2. Individualism & change (pre-school)

prevalence of Agoraphobia

1.7% lifetime prevalence

Stats for Bipolar disorder

10-15% who have bipolar 2 go on to develop BP 1 Specifiers ( psychosis, rapid cycling) chronic course ( doesn't go away without treatment)

Formal Operational

11+ yrs Theoretical, hypothetical, abstract ideas and logical thinking. strategy. application

Prevalence of Social anxiety disorder

12.1%

What is the prevalence of Specific phobias

12.5% of the population has it

130 Shelly took the Stanford Binet test at age 10 and scored a mental age of 13. Her IQ is

130

If an adult is 20 years old and her mental age is 30, what is her IQ, according to Stern's formula?

150

cattell's personality questionnaire is based on

16 source traits

Julia is holding a basket of apples that weighs five pounds. Sammy keeps adding more apples to Julia's basket and asks her to tell him when she notices that the basket is heavier. Julia notices a difference when the basket's weight reaches six pounds. Now Julia is holding a basket of apples weighing ten pounds. According to Weber's Law, how much additional weight in apples must be added for Julia to notice a difference?

2 pounds

How long does one have to experience depression to be having a major depressive episode

2 weeks or more.

Pre-operational

2-7 yrs Symbolic thinking, use of proper grammar to express concepts, imagination strong

Approximately what percentage of people over the age of 18 suffer from mental disorders in any given year?

26 percent

Conventional

3. Interpersonal relationships (school age) 4. Authority & social order (school age)

What is the lifetime prevalence for any anxiety related disorder?

30%

Prevalence of Panic disorder

4.7 % of the population

Concrete Operational

7-11 yrs Time, Space, and quantity are understood but not independently

What is the likelihood of having an anxiety related disorder and being comorbid with another mental disorder.

75%

An estimated _______ of people feel that psychotherapy has helped them.

75-90

LGBTQ:

: a community of members of sexual minorities, including lesbian (L), gay (G), bisexual (B), transgender (T), queer/questioning (Q), and other people.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A Disorder in which the individual experiences extreme levels of uncontrollable worry that is unproductive, chronic, and often escalated. They ruminate for hours

Attitudes and behavior

A belief and a feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events;manner of acting or conducting yourself

Conducting an in-depth interview of a single person with a rare illness is an example of

A case study

In terms of the way it processes and stores information, the brain functions similar to which of the following?

A computer

Significance level (statistical)

A critical probability associated with a statistical hypothesis test that indicates how likely an inference supporting a difference between an observed value and some statistical expectation is true.

Large Versus Small Power Distance

A culture with a large power distance is a power structure, or hierarchy, in which the people on the top have way more power than the people on the bottom. This cultural power structure is much like that at many large corporations: The boss can make big changes that have major effects on lower-level workers and there is nothing the lower-level workers can do about it.

Panic disorder

A disorder in which someone experiences frequenct panic attacks without a known trigger

Flashbulb Memory

A distinctively clear and vivid memory of an emotionally charged and novel event

change blindness:

A failure to notice changes in your visual field simply because you expect otherwise.

inattentional blindness

A failure to notice something in your visual field simply because your attention was focused elsewhere.

Juana was certain that the man she saw in the police photograph was the man who stole her purse. Later, another man confessed to the crime. This is an example of:

A false positive

Short-Time Memory

A limited amount of new information being held briefly until it is either discarded or encoded into long-term memory

A. The sample surveyed is not necessarily representative of American teens.

A magazine called Teen's Delight publishes a survey of its readers called "School Life of a Typical American Teen." A critical flaw in this research is that: A. The sample surveyed is not necessarily representative of American teens. B. The survey is valid, but not reliable. C. A projective test would have produced more accurate results than a survey. D. An objective test would have produced more accurate results than a survey.

B. Heritability estimates used in supporting genetic explanations of group differences are based mainly on white samples.

A major problem with genetic explanations of racial differences in IQ is that: A. Although intelligence differs between groups, it does not differ within groups. B. Heritability estimates used in supporting genetic explanations of group differences are based mainly on white samples. C. The studies typically use black and white children from highly similar socioeconomic groups. D. The explanations are based on linkage studies.

Shelia's friends noticed that her behavior changed suddenly. She began to stay up late into the night, rarely sleeping. She impulsively decided to paint every room in her house and to buy all new furniture for her house. She also started drinking more and engaging in risky behavior, such as unprotected sex. Her friends noticed that when she spoke, she spoke very rapidly and quickly jumped from subject to subject. What may Shelia be experiencing?

A manic Episode

Decay is the fading of:

A memory trace

B. Concept.

A mental category that groups objects, relations, activities, abstractions, or qualities having common properties is called a(n): A. Mental Set. B. Concept. C. Algorithm. D. Prototype.

Socioeconomic status

A person's position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, place of residence, and other factors

Hypothesis testing

A procedure, based on sample evidence and probability theory, used to determine whether the hypothesis is a reasonable statement and should not be rejected or is unreasonable and should be rejected.

positive reinforcement

A reinforcement presented after a response and increasing the probability of that response happening again

A. Case Study.

A researcher studies the history of a suicide bomber who attempted to blow up a police station. The researcher's goal is to understand the events and personality traits that led the person to become a bomber. This type of research is called a(n): A. Case Study. B. Observational Study. C. Correlational Study. D. Survey Study.

Long-Term Memory

A seemingly limitless amount of information being held for extensive periods of time

A. Correlation.

A statistical measure of the relationship between two variables is known as: A. Correlation. B. The association coefficient. C. Association. D. Arbitrage.

Cornea.

A thin transparent cover for the whole eye The cornea refracts (or bends) images to improve vision, but it cannot change its own shape to do so. (The purpose of refractive surgery, which helps with nearsightedness and farsightedness, is to alter the shape of the cornea.) The cornea also serves as a protective cover and tends to recover quickly from minor scratches that might do serious damage to inner parts of the eye if they were unprotected. However, a serious scratch can leave a scar on the cornea that obstructs vision.

Semantic Memory

A type of explicit memory consisting of facts, figures, word meanings, and other general information

Episodic Memory

A type of explicit memory consisting of personal firsthand experiences

Procedural Memory

A type of implicit memory consisting of how to perform tasks that are done automatically

Working Memory

A type of memory in which processing, or work, is done on briefly held information

Recall

A type of retrieval in which stored information is accessed without any comparison to external information

bottom-up processing

A way of processing information in which what you sense becomes a perception with no influence of expectations or previous experiences.

top-down processing

A way of processing information in which your expectations or previous experiences influence what you perceive.

In order to determine your _____, you might slowly turn up the volume on the stereo one decibel at a time until you could just hear it.

Absolute Threshold

B. Belong.

According to your textbook, the need to _______ may be the most powerful human motivation: A. Be creative. B. Belong. C. Participate. D. Achieve.

B. An impulse to play.

According to your textbook, which of the following is an innate human characteristic: A. An impulse to lie and cheat. B. An impulse to play. C. A preference for consistency. D. Management skills.

The little blips of electricity generated by neurons are called the

Action potential

Elaborative Rehearsal

Adding meaning or associations to information to enhance memory

The rise of criminal offences in the past decade has stirred up the argument on punishment. It is important that citizens acknowledge personal responsibility in their state's affairs. In modern existence due to a collapse of morality on the part of majority of peoples, the duty of enforcement lies solely on law enforcers. Therefore, the use of punishment by law enforcers will restrict law breakers.Which of the following, if true, strengthens the argument?

After any given number of arrests, punishment reduced the rates of subsequent arrests for both minor and serious crimes.

C. Is done with the help of electrodes taped onto the scalp.

An EEG or brain-wave recording: A. Can precisely locate the source of activity. B. Reflects the activities of only a few cells at a time. C. Is done with the help of electrodes taped onto the scalp. D. Is recorded by inserting needle electrodes into the brain.

Instrumental behavior

An activity that occurs because it is effective in producing a particular consequence or reinforcer

fovea

An area in the center of the retina that contains many cones but no rods. The fovea (which comes from a Latin root meaning small pit) is where cones are most densely packed, So that's where the other parts of the eye send as much visual information as possible, especially information containing color and detailed features. The fovea in the eye of an eagle is even more densely packed than that of humans, which allows eagles to spot prey more than a mile away

In testing whether children are influenced by violence on TV, the best method would be

An experiment

Opponent-process theory of color vision

An explanation of color vision based on the idea that your visual system is specialized to sense specific opposite pairs of colors (like red-green, blue-yellow.).

Avoidance learning

An organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring

Behavior becomes more likely or less likely depending on its consequences. Which of the following statements supports the argument from the perspective of operant conditioning?

An organism's response produces an effect on the environment, which in turn, influences whether the response will occur again.

D. Theory.

An organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a specified set of phenomena and their interrelationships is called a(n) A. Hypothesis. B. Operational definition. C. Research design. D. Theory.

Annie is instructed by her mother to smile and look pleased. When Annie complies, it is most likely that ________.

Annie's positive feelings will increase

________ are the foreign or harmful substances that are recognized and then destroyed or deactivated by the immune system.

Antigens

Agoraphobia

Anxiety about certain (public) situations where the individual is unable to escape or find help. It is also associated with the fear of how they will react to being in a public space

__________ are a person's perceptions, beliefs, attributions, and goals, which determine what he or she will feel in a given circumstance.

Appraisals

Estimator variables are those variables which

Are inherent in the crime itself

Middle Adulthood

By middle adulthood, most of us have moved past finding partners and becoming parents. We have entered Erikson's generativity versus stagnation stage, which means that our work becomes a primary focus.

stem cells

Cells that have not yet specialized, and therefore can become a variety of different cells as the need arises. As the word stem implies, stem cells have begun to grow but have not finished. They are sensitive to demands within the brain to serve a certain purpose, perhaps based on specific parts of the brain that need help In this way, stem cells can repair damage and help brain regions recover functions they might otherwise lose

Which theory of aging states that our cells can only divide about 100 times, which is why humans can only live to about 120?

Cellular-clock theory

Distance cues

Cues which aid three-dimensional perception that is essential for the ability of a person to judge quickly and accurately the speed and distance relationships between an object and the individual.

Appraisal and Culture

Cultural variables like ethnicity, gender, age, and others can influence the way we appraise stressors. For example, while a college entrance exam like the ACT or SAT is probably stressful for most high school students, it might be especially stressful for students from certain cultural groups, including many Asian cultures, who can place unusually high emphasis on academic achievement

If an intelligence test asks questions that would more likely be familiar to a person living in a city than to a person living in the country, the test is

Culturally Bias

The Raven Progressive Matrices Test is an example of a(n)

Culture-Fair tests

Hippocampus

Deals with threat response, learning, and memory

What are the two subtypes of long-term memory?

Declarative and procedural memory

Whenever Leslie's father gets home before 6 p.m., she knows he finished work early and will probably be in a good mood. The last two times he came home early, he took Leslie to dinner. Leslie hears her father's car pull into the garage at 5:30 p.m. and thinks, "We're going out to dinner!" Leslie is using

Deductive reasoning

After finding several receipts for hotel rooms, flowers, and expensive gifts that she never received, Sharon is still convinced that her husband is not having an affair. Sharon is using which defense mechanism to minimize her anxiety?

Denial

A researcher has designed a study to test the effects of different types of individual psychotherapy on people's levels of depression. She has randomly assigned people to one of three groups: a cognitive-behavioral treatment group, a psychodynamic treatment group, or a no-treatment control group. She then measures people's level of depression after the treatment. Which of the following statements is true?

Depression is the dependent variable; the treatment group is the independent variable.

How is the gender ratio in depressive disorder compared to bipolar disorders?

Depressive disorders : women >men (70% women) Bipolar disorders : women=men

How does culture impact depressive and bipolar disorders?

Depressive disorders: cultural variability Bipolar disorder: not as culturally specific

When a psychologist notes that children who watch violent cartoons tend to act more aggressively towards their peer,s the psychologist is

Describing

Descriptive Research

Descriptive research is research in which the goal is simply to describe a characteristic of the population. You'd report your findings of this descriptive study in the form of a measure of central tendency, like the mean, median, or mode. You'd also report the scatter, or variance, around those measures of central tendency, such as the standard deviation.

_______ is a disorder affecting _____ of the population that impairs a person's ability to recognize faces.

Developmental prosopagnosia 2%

cochlear implants,

Disorders of the cochlea, which can be inborn or acquired via exposure to excessive noise, are a common source of hearing loss

________ regulate when, how, and where a person may express (or suppress) emotions.

Display rules

If you believe it is wrong to steal but you sneak into a movie theater with a friend, you would likely experience cognitive

Dissonance

Which neurotransmitter has been shown to be most closely associated with reinforcement of behaviors?

Dopamine

How is dopamine linked to mania

Drugs that increase dopamine can increase likelihood of hypomania

Mr. Phillips is having a test to see if he is suffering from seizures. Electrodes are attached to his scalp to measure electrical activity. Mr. Phillips is having a(n):

EEG

From where did psychology emerge?

Early philosophical thought, the work of Wilhelm Wundt, and the natural sciences

_____ is the extent to which a test score accurately reflects the intended skill or outcome in real-life situations.

Ecological validity

Erikson's stages of life 65+

Ego integrity/Despair

What is the difference between egoism and altruism?

Egoism involves helping others with the expectation of help in return, while altruism involves helping others with no expectation of help in return.

A student is studying for a philosophy exam. She is trying to remember a list of philosophy concepts and associates each one with a personal event in her life. Which of the following is she employing?

Elaboration

Which of the following is a way of transferring information from short-term memory into long-term memory by making the information meaningful in some way?

Elaborative rehersal

Emotion-focused coping helps people come to terms with the tragedy they had experienced, make sense of it, talk about it, and decide what to do about it. Which of the following supports this statement?

Emotion-focused coping concentrates on the anger, anxiety, or grief that the tragedy has caused.

A. Experience can write virtually any message on the blank slate of human nature.

Empiricists would agree that: A. Experience can write virtually any message on the blank slate of human nature. B. An impulse for young mammals to play and fool around may be biologically adaptive. C. Just as a bird is designed to fly, human beings are designed to use language. D. Men are genetically wired to be promiscuous and women to be monogamous.

The set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain's storage systems is called:

Encoding

____ is the tendency for memory of any kind of information to be improved if the physical surroundings available when the memory is first formed are also available when the memory is being retrieved.

Encoding specificity

B. Human males and females differ in their sexual strategies and practices.

Evolutionary psychologists and sociobiologists would be most likely to agree that: A. The study of non human species is an effective method in exploring the evolution of human characteristics. B. Human males and females differ in their sexual strategies and practices. C. The study of human dating and mating practices around the world is the most effective method in exploring sexual strategies. D. The sexual behavior of the female does not seem to depend on the goal of fertilization because pregnant females continue to have sex.

Learning the Brain: A Three-Step Strategy

First, we'll start with the microscopic activity within the brain that allows for communication throughout the brain and to other parts of the body. Second, we'll zoom out to the whole brain and its parts, examining their connections to various behaviors. Third, we'll zoom out even more to see the big picture: whole body systems including the nervous system and the endocrine system, which both interact directly and continually with the brain

People's memories of September 11, 2001 are best described as

Flashbulb memories

_____ memories, which are encoded during stressful events such as the 9/11 terrorist attacks, are unreliable because ____.

Flashbulb; high levels of stress decrease the accuracy of people's memories, especially the faces involved

What is sensory memory?

Fleeting, visual, auditory, and tactile memories of perceived objects

Birth Order among Brothers and Sexual Orientation\

For a man, the odds of being gay depend on how many older brothers he has. Specifically, the chances go up about 33% for each big brother the little brother has If you're thinking this has something to do with the experience of growing up as the baby brother in a house full of older boys, that is not it.

Death

For all of us, the older adulthood stage must end in death. Interestingly, death anxiety does not peak in older adulthood. Research indicates that anxiety about death is definitely higher in younger adulthood

Ethics in Psychological Studies

Force people to participate against their will. Deceive possible participants about the research unless doing so won't cause them pain or distress, is essential to the study, is disclosed after participation, and is the only option (no undeceptive alternative is available). Fabricate, or make up, data. Plagiarize, or claim as their own, ideas or words that belong to someone else.

Which of the following is an example of punishment?

Fred stops attending Math club after his friends ridicule him for spending too much time on math.

Which of the following is an example of shaping?

Fred trains his dog to fetch the newspaper envy morning by giving him a treat each time he brings the newspaper to Fred.

Psychoanalytic theory

Freud's theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. Freud believed that patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences -- and the therapist's interpretations of them -- released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is associated with personality?

Frontal Lobe

Dewayne is taking a psychology class. He isn't really interested in discussions about the unconscious, childhood influences, or the way different structures in the brain work. Instead, he is interested in the purpose of certain psychological mechanisms. For example, he wonders why we feel disgusted by a food that made us sick or why some emotions are the same all over the world and others aren't. Dewayne is thinking most like a

Functionalist

Sonja and Pete are engineers who met during college. They share a love of mathematics and science and have successful engineering careers. When their daughter Gabriella is born, they decorate her room with numbers and spend a great deal of time counting objects and talking about math with her. In her school years, Gabriella is particularly gifted in mathematics. Gabriella does not become an engineer, but she does have a career as a terrific math teacher. Which statement is most accurate in describing Gabriella?

Gabriella's development shows the influence of genetics, environment, their interaction, and Gabriella's capacity to forge a life theme that is meaningful to her.

Hands, Fingers, and Sexual Orientation

Gay or lesbian people are much less likely to be right-handed than straight people Another puzzling finding concerns finger size. The ratio of the index finger and the ring finger differs between many (but not all) gay, lesbian, or bisexual people and straight people

________ is a series of physiological reactions to stress occurring in three phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

General adaptation syndrome

Differences in Feelings

Generally speaking, most people in most cultures report feeling happy in most areas of their lives This overall happiness is reflected in a study that asked residents of 149 nations around the world about their overall happiness and found that only 25% of nations had an average below 5 on a scale of 0-10.

Erikson's stages of life 40-65

Generativity/Stagnation

Which of the following statements is most consistent with the biopsychosocial model?

Genetic heritage causes a predisposition to mental illness, but environmental and cognitive/emotional factors must be present for mental illness to develop.

Research on the personality trait of extraversion has shown that its heritability is approximately 50 percent. What does this mean?

Genetics can explain 50 percent of the differences in extraversion among the population at large.

Freud's stage (puberty+ yrs)

Genital - Genital intercourse

Which of the following is not a valid hypothesis?

George Washington would have liked a Mac computer better than a PC.

One-year-old Harriet is put on an ambiguous cliff that does not drop off sharply. Unlike the original visual cliff, this one does not evoke fear automatically. When Harriet's mother shows an expression of fear, it is most likely that ________.

Harriet refuses to cross the cliff because her mother's expressions signal fear.

Unconscious motivation

Having a desire to engage in an activity but being consciously unaware of the desire. Freud's psychoanalytic theory emphasized unconscious motivation.

After seeing dogs catching Frisbees in the park, Lionel decides that he wants to teach his dog Ivan to do it too. He takes Ivan to the park and sits with him, making sure that he watches the other dogs successfully catching Frisbees. What technique is Lionel using on Ivan, and what are the chances for success?

He is using observational learning, and his chances for success are pretty bad, because dogs are not as likely as people to learn in this way.

Which of the following has NOT been a criticism of Freud's theory?

He placed too much emphasis on cultural influences on development, and not enough emphasis on biological influences.

Which of the following areas of specialization would focus on the ways in which stress is related to cancer remission?

Health Psychology

Based on what you have learned about Weber's Law and just noticeable differences,

It is easier to detect changes in stimulus intensity when the intensities are low.

Evolutionary psychologists note that humans are primed to be susceptible to certain kinds of acquired fears. Which of the following statements strengthens the argument?

It is far easier to establish a conditioned fear to some objects, such as spiders and snakes, than others, such as flowers.?

How is Agoraphobia related to panic disorders

It is most common among people who suffer from sever or chronic panic disorder

Which of the following statements is true with regard to amygdala?

It is responsible for evaluating sensory information and determining its emotional importance.

What is rapid cycling

It is switching mood poles more than 4 times a year.

Which of the following statements is true of emotion work?

It is the expression of an emotion, often because of a role requirement, that a person does not really feel.

specific phobia

It is the fear of "specific" and distinct objects or situations that can lead to disruptions in life

What is Dysthymia

It is what Persistent depressive disorder used to be called

What is chronic increased cortisol and how does it affect the limbic system?

It lowers the ability to turn off stress and it causes cell death in the hippocampus where learning and memory take place and therefore can affect how one learns to cope with stress

The constructive processing view says every time a memory is retrieved:

It may be altered or revised in some way.

What major role does the hippocampus play in processing memories?

It organizes information that is collected in the cerebral cortex.

Which of the following statements is true of the hormone, cortisol?

It protects the body tissues from inflammation in case of injury.

Which of the following statements is true of the hormone, cortisol?

It protects the body's tissues in case of injury.

Begging the Question

It was obvious that the administration was weary and incompetent, for everyone could see the extent of its fatigue and inability to act effectively or coordinate its actions: Fallacy=

Sweeping Generalization

It's a free country, so I don't see why we kids can't stay up and watch TV until we want to go to bed: Fallacy=

________ pioneered the empirical study of the basic principles of classical conditioning.

Ivan Pavlov

C. Salivation.

Ivan Pavlov studied the reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He used meat powder or other food to trigger the salivation. It was later observed that the salivation in the dog was triggered even before the food was placed in its mouth. In this experiment, _______ was the unconditioned response: A. Food. B. Thoughts of anticipation. C. Salivation. D. The sight of the food dish.

Which of the following is an example of latent learning?

Joanna's father works on his carpentry skills when he is free. After a few years her parents notice that she has learnt to hold a screwdriver.?

B. A Positive.

Julie finds that the more she sleeps on the eve on an exam, the higher the score she gets for the exam. There is _________ correlation between the amount Julie sleeps and her exam scores. A. A negative. B. A positive. C. A perfect. D. No.

archetype

Jung's collective universal human memories

collective unconscious

Jung's name for the memories shared by all members of the human species

Freud's stage (6-puberty yrs)

Latent - learning

Thorndike's Law of effect

Law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated.

Which one of the following statements is true about learning?

Learning occurs through experience.

________ is a relatively permanent change in behavior (or behavior potential) that occurs due to experience.

Learning? NOT: Framing, Transferance

Hypomanicepisode

Less intense version of mania with no marked impairment. It is a shorter episode ( at least 4 days)

What do the genetics say about the heritability of specific anxiety related disorders

Less than 5 % heritability -inherit ways to cope with stress

___ memory is like a giant filing system in which the "files" are individual bits and pieces of memories stored in a highly organized and interconnected fashion.

Long-term

What are some physical symptoms of a major depressive episode

Loss/gain of appetite, Weight gain/loss, sleep changes, psychomotor changes (fidgety, or slowed down) , fatigue

decibels

Loudness is measured in units

What is the difference between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)?

MRI does not allow researchers to examine the brain in action, while fMRI does.

Motor Development

Many parents can attest to the fact that the immobile infant becomes a scampering toddler seemingly overnight.

Motor Development

Many parents can attest to the fact that the immobile infant becomes a scampering toddler seemingly overnight. Many parents can also describe the sequence of motor skills the child develops in the process.

Forbidden thoughts or actions and how it correlates to checking

Many people with OCD can't see that some thoughts are meaningless and so attach meaning to all their thoughts especially those that are forbidden ( I want to punch that person, I would like to kill him) in order to prevent these thoughts from becoming reality they use rituals to control those thoughts and they check things ( locks, switches )

Explicit Memory

Memory of which one is consciously aware

Implicit Memory

Memory of which one is not consciously aware

Differences in Sex Life

Men report more interest in sex than women—more frequency, more variety, and more partners Men also report higher rates of almost every specific sexual activity than women, with masturbation and pornography at the top of the list of things that men do more often Higher frequency of sex in males is true for gay as well as straight relationships, with gay men reporting higher rates of sex than lesbian couples Men also report a higher frequency of orgasm than women during both sex and masturbation.

Dr. Drust asks his client Nairi to complete a test that will help him pinpoint the type of depression she has and which personality characteristics may be contributing to her problem. The test consists of 567 true and false questions and addresses attitudes and emotions, behaviors and symptoms, and life history. Dr. Drust has given Nairi the

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2).

What statement best explains how the sense of taste works?

Molecules of food fit into receptors on taste buds, and neural signals are fired to the brain.

________ is defined as the spreading of an emotion from one person to another.

Mood contagion

Fetal Alcohol Effects

Most common disorder is ADHD, General POP: 1%, 92% of adults with (FAS) were diagnosed with mental illness

In Professor Gugliotti's psychology class, the exam grades fell exactly on a normal curve. What does this tell us about the results?

Most of the class got Cs, with fewer people getting As or Fs.

Which of the following statements is true of the studies of optimism?

NOT: Optimists are more likely to neglect their health and not take care of themselves when they are ill; Optimists never expect trouble, so they pursued drinking and smoking. Optimists are more likely to live well into old age.?

Jim loves the outdoors. He is interested in different types of plants and flowers and also likes digging for fossils and old artifacts. Jim is most likely strong in which type of intelligence?

Naturalist

Steve takes a bottle of digestive tonic for his indigestion. This is an example of ________.

Negative reinforcement!? NOT: Positive Reinforcement

neurogenesis

Neurogenesis is an especially beneficial strategy for dealing with damage to a part of the brain. Rather than taking existing neurons and overhauling the way they work, neurogenesis involves the manufacture of neurons that didn't exist before. For many years, experts believed that children were the only ones capable of neurogenesis, but now it is clear that adults are too, although in a much more limited way and only in certain parts of the brain This discovery is encouraging to researchers who seek answers to common brain malfunctions in adults (especially older adults), including certain memory impairments and psychological disorders

Neuroscience

Neuroscience is a perspective in psychology that emphasizes the link between behavior and the biological functioning of the brain. This link has always been an important part of psychology, but technological advances in recent decades that allow researchers access to the inner workings of the brain Neuroscience has become so hot in recent years that some experts have started a backlash.

Hypothalamus

Neurotransmitters, arousal, mood,

Allegra tries to lead a healthy life. She maintains a vegetarian diet, avoids fatty foods, and gets a flu shot every year. She tells others that her only vice is smoking. While she knows that she should quit, she believes that her otherwise healthy lifestyle will offset the effects of tobacco. Is she right?

No. Smoking is the single largest cause of preventable death, and the only way to offset the negative effects of smoking is to quit.

Reaction Formation

Overreacts against the id impulse by doing the exact opposite, as if overcompensating You have an id impulse to damage your friends' new house, but instead you buy them a housewarming gift.

Brain Differences and Sexual Orientation

PET scans and other brain-viewing technologies have revealed some interesting differences in brain structure and brain function between gay or lesbian people and straight people.

A soldier who survived a bloody battle finds that she has recurrent nightmares, avoids her military friends, and jumps when she hears a loud noise. Based on these symptoms, what disorder does she most likely have?

PTSD

The ____ can be used to explain how rapidly the points on the semantic network can be accessed.

Parallel distributed processing model

The idea that memory formation is a simultaneous process is reflected in the:

Parallel distributed processing model

Parents and Gender Development

Parents play a major role in gender development. This shaping happens not just with toys and games, but also with occupational interests (engineering vs. nursing) and household responsibilities (cooking vs. lawn mowing)

Differences in Raising Children

Parents with low levels of education and socioeconomic status are more likely to use physical punishment such as spanking Physical punishment is also most common in the Southern region of the United States and least common in the Northeast; more common among certain ethnicities (African American and Latinos, in most studies) than others; and more common among people from members of certain conservative religious groups

Frontal Lobe

Part of the cerebral cortex right behind the forehead, which is involved in complex thinking tasks, planning, purposeful actions, and other advanced functions. Remember one of the major points from earlier in this chapter—the abilities that are most uniquely human tend to be located in the part of the brain that we have much more of than other species. That part, more than any other, is the frontal lobe

All of the following are APA ethical standards for psychology experiments except

Participants must be allowed to select the conditions of the experiment in which they participate.

Which scientist is associated with discovering the classically conditioned response?

Pavlov

Selective Attention

Paying more attention to one sensory channel than others. Selective attention is necessary in most situations, especially those that engage all of your senses simultaneously.

Peers and Gender Development

Peers influence gender development too, especially as kids enter the preteen years, when fitting in and maintaining popularity become more important

Differences in Facebook Pages

People from different cultural and demographic groups handle their Facebook pages in different ways.

Differences in Seeing

People from diverse cultures actually see the world in different ways.

Long- Versus Short-Term Orientation

People in cultures with a long-term orientation keep an eye on distant goals, and they work hard to reach them, often by saving their money and adapting when the going gets tough. By contrast, in cultures with shorter-term orientations, quick results are more important, and goals that bring immediate results are a high priority.

A researcher obtained a correlation coefficient of -.65 for the relationship between job satisfaction and experiences of discrimination in the workplace. What does this correlation coefficient mean?

People who experienced more discrimination were less likely to be satisfied with their job.

Critical Thinking

Perhaps the biggest enemy to pseudopsychology and the greatest friend to real psychology is critical thinking: an inquisitive, challenging approach to ideas and assumptions. Critical thinking is essential to advancement in any kind of science. With critical thinking, we become less dependent upon "common sense? Common sense certainly has its place, but science, fueled by critical thinking, can help us confirm or disconfirm the common sense explanations that occur to us.

Peter has always had a quicker ability to recover from negative emotions, unlike his older brother Percy. He also had a greater ability to suppress negative emotions. It is most likely that:

Peter has greater-than-average activation in the left hemisphere of his brain, compared with the right.? NOT: Percy has greater-than-average activation in the right hemisphere of his brain, compared with the left.

Freud's stage (3-6 yrs)

Phallic - sexual identity

Phineas Gage's

Phineas Gage is often referred to as one of the most famous patients in neuroscience. He suffered a traumatic brain injury when an iron rod was driven through his entire skull, destroying much of his frontal lobe Gage miraculously survived the accident but was so changed as a result that many of his friends described him as an almost different man entirely.

phobias.

Phobias are strong, irrational fears of a particular thing or situation.

Sylvie asks her brother Sam if she can borrow his car. Sam says she can if she will first go to the car and retrieve his Rihanna CD from his giant CD collection. So that she won't forget which CD Sam wants, Sylvie imagines a picture of Rihanna in her head while humming the song "Umbrella" as she walks to the car. Sylvie is relying on which component(s) of working memory to help her out?

Phonological loop, and Visuo-spatial sketchpad

When Rose meets a new person, she repeats the person's name over and over in her head in an attempt to remember that name at a later time. Which part of working memory is activated by this activity?

Phonological loop.

Phrenology

Phrenology, bumps in the skull revealed personality characteristics and mental abilities

D. Is a pseudoscience relating the bumps on one's head to personality traits.

Phrenology: A. Is a modern perspective in psychology. B. Is the study of thought processes and behaviors of criminals. C. Is a theory arguing that the mind works by associating ideas arising from experiences. D. Is a pseudoscience relating the bumps on one's head to personality traits.

Physiognomy

Physiognomy was like phrenology but about the face rather than the skull. Supposedly your eyelids indicated how sympathetic you were,

Which of the following is true of the HPA axis?

Pituitary gland sends messages to the outer part of the adrenal glands.

Janice is trying to teach her dog to heel, so she buys a choke collar. Every time the dog strains on the leash, the collar restricts around his neck. When the dog drops back to walk beside her, the collar loosens up. In theory, this should cause the dog to learn to walk beside Janice. What type of consequence does the dog experience when he strains on the leash?

Positive Punishment

If a researcher finds that people's shoe sizes increase as their height increases, then shoe size and height have a(n)

Positive correleation

________could be physically beneficial because they soften or counteract the high arousal caused by chronic stressors.

Positive emotions

Positive Psychology

Positive psychology is a perspective in psychology that emphasizes people's strengths and successes. When positive psychology rose to popularity in the 1990s and 2000s, it contrasted with the dominant focus within much of psychology: people's problems, in the forms of disorders, weaknesses, and failings.

Acute Stress disorder

Pre PTSD disorder that allows an individual to have insurance coverage for treatment in hopes to prevent PTSD from forming 3 days to 1 month of symptoms

School

Preschool—the behavioral demands of preschool or day care; power struggles with parents ("I want to do it myself!") Elementary school—academic achievement, making friends Middle school—academic achievement, starting to date, popularity High school—academic achievement, dating, arguing with parents, popularity, family financial issues Young adults—finishing school, committed relationship or marriage, work, money, raising young kids Middle-aged to older adults—health problems, health problems of loved ones, work, financial issues, divorce, caregiver burdens, death of parents or others

In this experiment, you were exposed to a set of images were intended to influence how you viewed the ambiguous figure that followed. This experimental technique is called:

Priming

Marcia dated Davio for several years. They recently broke up and Marcia went out on a date with a man named Oliver. While on the date, Marcia mistakenly called him Davio. This is an example of:

Proactive interference

Which of the following is a true statement about problem-focused coping?

Problem-focused coping involves learning as much as possible about the problem.

Proactive Interference

Problems remembering newer information caused by older information

Retroactive Interference

Problems remembering older information caused by newer information

John is planning on conducting an experiment to see how men and women differ in geography performance. After describing the study to the participants, he gives them a written geography test. To make sure he doesn't mix up his data, he has each person write their name at the top of their test. Before John leaves the room, he informs the participants that they should drop their exam in an open box outside his office door so that he can pick up the exams when he returns later that week. John's study should

Not be approved because he has violated the ethical standard of confidentiality/privacy.

C. A statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group.

Heritability is defined as: A. An interdisciplinary field of study concerned with the genetic bases of individual differences in behavior and personality. B. A process in which individuals with genetically influenced traits that are adaptive in a particular environment tend to survive and reproduce. C. A statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group. D. A statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to environment.

Repression

Hides your id impulse in the unconscious to keep you unaware of it You have an id impulse to insult your parent, but it never reaches consciousness.

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

High reactiveness to stress is the key risk of heart diseases in people with type A personality.

C. Glands.

Hormones are produced mainly by?: A. Epithelial cells. B. Stem cells. C. Glands. D. Neurons.

Stress hypothesis

Hormones help the body respond to stress and also regulate basic functions (e.g., sleep, appetite) and can be affected by : -Endocrine Diseases( hypothyroidism) --> depression -Over-active stress response : Increased cortisol-->depression -Cell death in limbic system: NT can't operate depression ◦ Cell death in the limbic system - NTs can't do their job ◦ Similar to anxiety disorders

Level of Processing

How deeply information is processed

What is the focus of cognitive behavioral therapy?

How thoughts interact with physiological sensations, emotions, and behavior

Which of the following is an example of a system variable?

How you question the witness

Humanism

Humanism is a perspective in psychology that emphasizes the notion that human nature is generally good and people are naturally motivated to grow toward their own potential. Georg Voigt

Physical symptoms of Manic episodes

Hyperactivity decreased sleep, rapid speech,

After reading a newspaper article discussing research demonstrating that regular aerobic exercise improved a person's memory performance, Olga wondered if lifting weights daily would have the same effect. Olga has generated a(n)

Hypothesis

In the scientific method, a prediction or ___________________ is developed.

Hypothesis

Thirty-year-old Armand feels compelled to save objects that others might throw away. He is afraid that he will discard something he later will need, so his home is filled with old newspapers, empty boxes, worn-out clothing, antiquated computer equipment, and even the seeds from the fruit and vegetables he has eaten. Armand's neighbors have complained to the homeowner's association because he has been forced to store some things outside his home. He is embarrassed by his need to hoard objects, but he is overcome by dread if he tries to throw things away. Based on this information, Armand may have

OCD

Gestalt's Law of Proximity

Objects close together tend to be interpreted as a single unit

Gestalt's Law of Continuation

Objects that follow the same or similar path tend to be grouped together

One of the students in your class often asks questions of your professor. You see that the professor rolls her eyes each time the student asks a question. You find that you are reluctant to ask the professor a question. What have you experienced?

Observational Learning

Suppose we have noticed that some rats seem to couple more often than others. This would correspond to which step in the scientific method?

Observe

Conducting a Literature Review

Of course, the question a researcher poses should be informed by what other researchers have found before. So you will need to do a literature review: a step in scientific research during which a researcher learns what previous research on the topic already exists. You may not be the first researcher to study social media time and self-esteem.

Differences in Communication

Often, women and men use speech for different reasons. Specifically, women tend to speak to maintain relationships, with an emphasis on listening and compassion. Men, on the other hand, tend to speak to assert dominance or to hold someone else's attention.

Older Adulthood

Older adulthood—generally, your 60s and beyond—is a life stage that extends further today than it ever has in the past. With a current life expectancy in the United States of 78 years

C. Somatic Nervous System.

On a hike through the hills, Tim feels a bug crawling up his leg under his pants. Which system is necessary for Tim to be aware of the bug?: A. Sympathetic Nervous System. B. Endocrine System. C. Somatic Nervous System. D. Autonomic Nervous System.

ossicles

On the inner side of the tympanic membrane is a chain of very small bones connected in ball-and-socket fashion.

Olivia and Hannah are talking about dreaming one day after their psychology class. Most mornings Olivia doesn't remember any of her dreams, but occasionally she has vivid recollections when she wakes. Hannah says she has the same experience and wonders why. When they talk to friends about the phenomenon, they notice a pattern related to the stress of the previous day. They verbalize this pattern as, "If someone feels stressed out over something one day, then she is more likely to remember her dreams the following day." Olivia and Hannah have just formed a

Hypothesis

Irrelevant Reason

I don't see why some people think that hunting is cruel when it gives so much pleasure to many people and provides employment for many more: Fallacy=

Analyzing the Data and Drawing Conclusions

Once the data is collected, it's time to make sense of it. Most often, that process begins by entering numbers into a data file in a statistics computer program and conducting a data analysis with the appropriate statistical tests. The best statistical tests are the ones that directly address the hypothesis.

The Sexualization of Young Girls

One of the riskiest parts of gender development today involves the sexualization of young girls, which encourages them to use makeup, wear sexy clothing, and behave in flirty or seductive ways well before young adulthood or even puberty The sexualization of girls also makes other people take them less seriously. One group of researchers took photos of fifth-grade girls and used Photoshop to manipulate the clothes they wore. They created three looks: childlike, somewhat sexualized, or definitely sexualized. College students who viewed the photos rated the definitely sexualized-dressed girls as the least intelligent, competent, capable, moral, and self-respecting

Confirmation Bias

One such error is the confirmation bias: a tendency to prefer information that confirms what you thought in the first place. You've experienced the confirmation bias in real life many times. As scientists, psychologists dedicate themselves to overcoming confirmation bias.

A. They exaggerate differences between groups.

One way in which stereotypes can distort reality is that: A. They exaggerate differences between groups. B. They exaggerate differences within stereotyped groups. C. They increase awareness of evidence that contradicts stereotypes. D. They make it seem like groups are different, when in reality, most groups are exactly the same.

Which of the following is an example of maturation?

One-year-old baby Jesse could not walk two months ago but now he can.

Dogs are often used in airports to detect explosives materials and/or narcotics. Their trainers teach them to smell out a certain substance by rewarding them with treats for correctly identifying a substance. In what type of learning are the dogs engaging?

Operant Conditioning

It will be easier to shape belly-dancing behavior if a person is temperamentally disposed to be outgoing and extroverted than if the person is by nature shy. Which of the following statements supports the argument?

Operant-conditioning procedures always work best when they capitalize on inborn tendencies.

Freud's stage (0-1.5 yrs)

Oral - weaning

What is the permissive hypothesis of Seratonin

Original models: low serotonin (absolute levels of NTs) •More nuanced: Serotonin regulates mood AND other NT systems (dopamine, norepinephrine)

Collectivism, Individualism, and Vision.

Other cultural differences in vision relate to cultural differences in individualism versus collectivism, or the extent to which the culture tends to emphasize the well-being of the individual person versus the well-being of the family or larger group. In collectivistic cultures, connections or relationships between people or objects—generally called context—are prioritized over independence of each person or object.

antagonists

Other drugs interfere with the impact of a neurotransmitter. (a word you may remember from an English class as a character that puts up opposition or stands in the way). Examples of antagonists include common antihistamines (which literally means "against the histamine neurotransmitter")

Since her physician told Fabienne that she needs to lose weight to improve her health, she has been trying to eat healthily. But every time she goes out to a restaurant, she can't resist ordering several unhealthy desserts. Her friends suggest that she try to eat the foods she craves in moderation, but she tells them that when she sees the sweets she's not "supposed" to eat, she can focus on nothing but how badly she wants them. Freud would say that Fabienne's _____________ is encouraging her to overeat certain foods.

ID

What is the best way to eliminate bad behavior and illicit good behavior in a child?

IGNORE the bad behavior and REWARD the good behavior

Erikson's stages of life 14-20

Identity/role confusion

Slippery Slope

If a camel gets its nose between the flaps, before you know it you'll have the whole camel in your tent. Fallacy=

False

If a surgeon applied electrical currents to a part of your brains and you felt nothing, it would indicate brain damage:

Connectedness.

If objects are touching, they probably go together. Two people sitting next to each other at a concert could be strangers, but if they're holding hands, they're a couple.

Common fate.

If objects change together rather than each changing on its own, they are likely to go together.

Similarity

If objects share the same color, size, orientation (facing the same direction), or distance from you, they're probably a group rather than a collection of individuals.

Closure

If one part is missing in an otherwise complete shape, you're likely to overlook what's missing and assume the parts make a whole..

Other Predictors of Sexual Orientation

If prenatal hormones influence sexual orientation, researchers should see some behavioral evidence of those hormones even before puberty—and they do. Kids who act atypical for their gender, even at young ages, are more likely to have nonheterosexual orientations as adults.

WHat helps to prevent PTSD

If the individual has acceptance and social support network

How can classical conditioning play a role in panic disorder?

If the sufferer typically fears they are dying during panic attacks, they may learn to fear they are dying every time their heart rises, whether the increased heart rate is due to a panic attack or normal activities.

Behavioral symptoms of manic episodes

Impulsive actions, increase in pleasure seeking, high-risk activities, issues with impulse control

The Media and Gender Development

In addition to parents' and peers' influence on gender development, there is the influence of the media.

Differences in Education

In both school and work, females are underrepresented in the STEM areas—science, technology, engineering, and math But that is not because of any inherent gender difference in abilities. The difference occurs because our society has traditionally steered girls away from these "boys'" fields. This has lowered both girls' interest and belief in their capabilities. And it leads to girls fearing that if they struggle in a STEM course they will confirm stereotypes about their gender

Which of the following statements reflects the difference between classical and operant conditioning?

In classical conditioning the response is reflexive, but in operant conditioning it is more complex.

Young Adulthood

In early adulthood, the body and the brain peak. In most sports, elite athletes reach their prime in their 20s, with a quick decline and "retirement" looming in their 30s.

fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that is in a fixed rate of time after initial response. response rate increases as reinforcement approaches.

Speech Perception.

In recent decades, an increasing amount of research has focused on whether human speech is perceived in a different way than all other sounds.

Indulgence Versus Restraint

In some cultures, it is all about the current moment and it is OK to indulge in what feels good now. In other cultures, the mentality is much more controlled and reserved. People in these cultures tend to put off immediate pleasure and instead prefer a stoic, muted way of life. No short list of cultural characteristics can capture all of the complex and subtle differences between cultures.

Avoidance Versus Acceptance of Uncertainty

In some cultures, tradition is everything and it pressures people to think, feel, and behave in certain ways, depending on the situation. This way, there is no uncertainty or ambivalence to cause anxiety. Other cultures embrace that uncertainty or ambivalence. They welcome new ideas and novel situations.

Color Naming Across Cultures.

In some ways, cultures around the world tend to name colors similarly. In other ways, there are some differences in color naming from one culture to the next The point here is not just that diverse cultures have unique ways of naming colors, but that their ways of naming colors may influence how they see their world

Differences in Personality

In some ways, men and women have equal amounts of these five personality traits. For example, in conscientiousness (being organized, responsible, and deliberate), there are no gender differences. But in other traits, there are small but consistent gender differences. Women tend to be slightly higher in agreeableness (cooperating and complying with others) and neuroticism (experiencing negative emotions like anxiety and depression).

Age

In the United States, about 5-7% of the population falls into each 5-year age range starting with the youngest children (0-4 years old) and continuing through middle age (54-59 years old). About 18% of the population is over 60, including about 6% over 75. That older demographic has grown in recent decades and is projected to continue to grow in the future. Since 1980, the average age of Americans has risen from 30 to almost 37

Differences in Seeking Help

In the United States, when people struggle with mental health problems, the odds that they seek professional help and stick with it depend on ethnicity and race In general, ethnic and racial minorities seek help at much lower rates than Whites. Specifically, African Americans and Asian Americans are least likely to seek professional help for mental health problems, with Latinos only slightly higher Ethnic and racial minorities are also more likely than Whites to end treatment early

Brain Development

In the first 3 years of life, a child's brain triples in weight. It continues growing at a slower pace until about age 10. Between a child's first and second birthday, the number of synapses (connections between neurons) increases by 40,000 per second, for a total of about 1 quadrillion through early childhood

NEGATIVE

Increase frequency of behavior by removing something bad Decrease frequency of behavior by removing something good

_______________ is an activity that occurs in the autonomic nervous system, when a person is guilty and fearful of being found out.

Increased heart rate

Erikson's stages of life 5-13

Industry/inferiority

Maintenance Rehearsal

Information repeated in exactly the same form as it was originally encoded

Erikson's stages of life 3-5

Initiative/guilt

Social anxiety disorder

Intense fear of social situations and being judged and humiliated publicly by others

fetal period

Internal organs begin to function independently, movement, and the ratio begins to change, they also pay attention (habituation)

what particular type of stressful life events tend to cause the development of anxiety related disorders the most?

Interpersonal stressors like marriage, divorce, death of a loved one.

Perception involves the brain correct

Interpreting visual stimuli based on experience in the real world.

Erikson's stages of life 21-39

Intimacy/Isolation

Sensory interaction

Is the idea that your senses can influence each other. thing happens when you watch a movie in a theater with speakers positioned on the sides of the room—you perceive the dialogue as coming from the mouths of the actors on the screen directly in front of you, when in reality they are coming from your left and right

pupil

Is the opening in the middle. The size of the pupil determines how much light the eye allows through. In the dark, the pupil expands to about 8 mm to let in as much scarce light as possible. In bright light, the pupil contracts to about 2 mm to keep the amount of light manageable.

Depth perception

Is your ability to judge the distance and depth of objects. Depth perception tells you whether you can reach the remote at the other end of the couch without getting up.

Why is psychology considered a science?

It focuses on observation, drawing conclusions, and prediction.

Major depressive disorder

It is a disorder in which a person experiences 1 or more depressive episodes.

Cyclothymia Disorder

It is a low intensity severe disorder where there are episodes of hypomania and lower intensity symptoms of depression over a 2 year duration -there isn't full blown mania or depression -15-50% develop bipolar 1 or 2

Immediate and Delayed Reinforcement

It is also possible to describe reinforcement as immediate or delayed. This is an important distinction, as a single behavior can have very different short-term effects and long-term effects.

Which of the following is true about the action potential?

It is an all-or-nothing response determined by the strength of the signal.

Proximity

The closer objects are to each other, the more likely they belong together.

Different kinds of risk factors for anxiety related disorders

-Biological risk factors -psychobiological risk factors -psychological risk factors -sociocultural risk factors

What are the neurochemical features that affect anxiety related disorders?

-Chronic increased Cortisol -stress response system impacts other systems

What are the cognitive theories of depression?

-Depressive Triad: Self, World, Future -hopelessness theory ( learned helplessness)

What are some specifiers of major depressive disorder?

-Episode recurrence ( 35-85% have had on or more ep) -Severity ( dimensional rating) -Features ( psychosis, postpartum, seasonal, anxious)

what are the sociocultural risk factors

-Family factors -stressful life events

Post Conventional

5. Social contract (teenager) 6. Universal Principles (Adulthood)

The absolute threshold is the level at which someone can detect a stimulus ____ percent of the time.

50

What is the likelihood of having a a anxiety related disorder and being comorbid with another anxiety related disorder?

50%

What percentage of people with acute stress disorder go on to develop PTSD?

50%

Most people can keep _____ items in their short-term memory.

7 ± 2

Prevalence of occasional panic attacks

8-12%

Information Processing Model

A model of memory that involves the three steps of encoding, storage, and retrieval

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response.

Manic Episode

A period of time in which a person experiences high levels of energy, happiness, irritation, and elevated mood

Major depressive episode

A period of time in which an individual feels sad/empty and/or loss of energy/interest/pleasure ( anhedonia) -typical episode lasts 2-9monthes (untreated) -it isn't chronic. It resolves itself -Doesn't include "normal" response to loss/stressor. (grief over death of loved one isn't considered a major depressive episode bc it's expected )

Mnemonic

A specific technique or strategy deliberately used to enhance memory

Recognition

A type of retrieval in which stored information is compared to external information to determine if it matches

Freud's stage (1.5-3 yrs)

Anal - toilet training

The ____ acts as interpreter for both the visual and auditory information in short-term memory (STM)

Central executive

Which of the following supports Noam Chomsky's assertion that humans are designed for language acquisition?

Children from different cultures develop language at about the same age and in the same order.

Persistent Depressive disorder

Chronic low mood for at least 2 years with no breaks of more than 2 months. The symptoms are less intense but more severe.

Which of the following statements is correct?

Classical conditioning focuses on involuntary responses, while operant conditioning focuses on voluntary behaviors.

Depression can be caused by people having unrealistic views of themselves and the world. This explanation of depression is consistent with which theory?

Cognitive Theory

What therapies work for GAD?

Cognitive behavior treatment and Mindfullness therapy / acceptance and commitment therapy ( productive worrying)

A. The biological foundations of consciousness, perception, memory and language.

Cognitive neuroscientists focus on: A. The biological foundations of consciousness, perception, memory and language. B. Processes such as attachment and attitudes. C. The nervous system's involvement in emotion, motivation, and stress. D. The anatomical structure of the brain.

What are the three main steps in creating and making use of memories?

Encoding, storage, and retrieval

________ are the chemical messengers that produce arousal and alertness.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Which of the following individuals illustrates the trait of extraversion?

Ethan, who communicates with all the members of his choir group lightheartedly

Gestalt's Principles

Every stimulus is in its most simplest form

A student has been experiencing stress because she has been struggling in her classes all semester. After a while, she realizes that she has developed a host of physical symptoms, such as fatigue, runny nose, and coughing. In what stage of the general adaptation syndrome is this student?

Exhaustion Stage

Stimulus discrimination is said to have occurred when ________.

a response occurs in the presence of one stimulus but not in the presence of other similar stimuli

An example of an intrinsic reinforcer is ________.

a sense of satisfaction from a job well done

D. "The development of intelligence is the result of a complicated interaction between nature and nurture."

Professor Voxel is asked by a student to explain the relative contribution of nature and nurture to intelligence. Which of the following would be the most accurate response?: A. "Although environment plays some role, genes cause the biological processes that determine our intelligence." B. "Although genes play some role, environmental stimulation causes changes in our brain that determine our intelligence." C. "Intelligence is determined by random factors and is not influenced by nature or nurture." D. "The development of intelligence is the result of a complicated interaction between nature and nurture."

What is exposure therapy?

Progressively exposing an individual to the thing they are most afraid of and helping them to stay in the situation until they are calm.

Anxiety Disorder

Psychological disorders characterized by distressing , persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

Developing a Hypothesis

Psychological research is typically based on a theory: a proposed explanation for observed events. For example, your experimental research on social media time and self-esteem might be based on the theory that as social media time goes up, self-esteem goes down. Ideally, this theory is influenced by previous research on the topic

C. Researchers have more control over the research study.

Psychologists sometimes prefer to make observations in a laboratory setting rather than a naturalistic setting. The primary advantage of laboratory observation over naturalistic observation is: A. It costs less money. B. Participants take their participation more seriously in a professional environment. C. Researchers have more control over the research study. D. Laboratory observation is more natural.

Subcultures

Regarding the question of what constitutes a culture, the list could include what some people would consider subcultures: for example, military culture, prison culture, even cultures of specific professions or political parties.

negative reinforcement

Reinforce by removing something unpleasant

Differences in Following Directions

Researchers haven't shed much light on the old stereotype about men refusing to stop for directions. However, they have found many gender differences in the strategies we use to navigate from place to place.

punishment

Responses that lead to discomfort are weakened and less likely to occur again (decrease likelihood of reoccurring).

Storage

Retaining information in memory

Regression

Retreats to an earlier time in your life when the current stressor was absent Soon after you take a stressful new job, you find yourself craving the comfort foods and TV shows you enjoyed as a kid.

A. Explicit Memory.

Sarah enjoys playing games such as Jeopardy! and Trivial Pursuit, which require her to answer questions based on her ability to recall facts. These types of games test Sarah's: A. Explicit Memory. B. Flashbulb Memory. C. Reconstructive Memory. D. Implicit Memory.

The famous quote "don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes," usually attributed to William Prescott, refers to which structure of the eye?

Sclera

Depressive triad

Self, world, future

Your memory of civil war history is an example of what type of memory?

Semantic Memory

The Evolution of Sensation and Perception

Sensation and perception evolved. Throughout human history, survival of the fittest often meant survival for those whose abilities to sense and perceive the world were most advanced. As a result, your brain devotes a lot of space and energy to sensation and perception. So sensation and perception must serve an important purpose. Many psychologists have argued that people devote all that brain power to sensation and perception so we can take action. By accurately sensing and perceiving the world around us, our ancestors could take actions that increased their chances of survival

As Amanda was reading through her course text, she couldn't remember anything that she read. She realized that although she was seeing the words, she wasn't processing the information. The information-processing memory system being used by Amanda was ___ memory.

Sensory

There is a short in the light in Holden's office, so it makes a soft but constant, high-pitched sound. Maintenance workers have not been able to fix the problem. When Travis walks into Holden's office, he says, "How can you stand that awful noise?" Holden spends a moment listening, and then says, "I don't even hear it anymore." Holden has been exposed to the sound so long that he has experienced

Sensory Adaption

Sexual Orientation

Sexual orientation rates depend on who is surveyed and how the surveys are conducted but experts on the subject typically agree that about 2-4% of the U.S. population identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual

Troy would like to teach his dog to play a toy piano. Since the dog is unlikely to spontaneously begin playing the piano, Troy first rewards his dog for going near the piano, then for touching the piano, then for pressing on one of the keys of the piano, and so on until the dog is able to play a simple tune. This process is called

Shaping

_________ is learning behaviors through successive approximations of desired behaviors in response to consequences.

Shaping

Alicia came home from work today and seemed okay, but then found that she had lost the change from her change purse. It probably amounted to $2.00 or less, but she started sobbing and can't seem to stop crying. Her family doesn't understand what is wrong. Use your knowledge about stressors to help her family understand what probably happened. Which inference below is most appropriate?

She had a hard day where a lot of different things went wrong.

A woman is concerned that if she does poorly on a math exam, she will confirm the stereotype that women are not good at math. What is likely to happen and why?

She will do poorly on the exam because of stereotype threat.

In the three-stage process of memory, the second stage is:

Short-term memory

Who believed that personality was formed in the first 6 years of life?

Sigmund Freud

Gestalt's Law of Similarity

Similar stimulus tend to be grouped together

Which of the following is an example of secondary control?

Smith accepts the fact that he has cancer and changes his attitude about life.

Some believe that humanistic theory is

Some believe that humanistic theory is more of a philosophical view than a psychological explanation

Assertiveness Versus Caring

Some cultures are much more assertive and cutthroat than others. In these cultures, most interactions are competitions, with clear winners and losers. Strangers are not to be helped, or even trusted. Instead, the best strategy is to remain vigilant and protect yourself. In these cultures, assertiveness is the undercurrent of daily life.

agonists

Some drugs enhance the impact of a neurotransmitter.

Inhabitants of the tiny Micronesian atoll of Ifaluk have "fago," translated as "compassion/love/sadness," which reflects the sad feeling one has when a loved one is absent or in need, and the pleasurable sense of compassion in being able to care and help. Which of the following statements best explains the usage of words like "fago?"

Some languages have words for subtle emotional states that other languages lack.

Tahitians have "mehameha", a trembling sensation that Tahitians feel when ordinary categories of perception are suspended—at twilight, in the brush, watching fires glow without heat. Which of the following statements best explains the usage of words like "mehameha?"

Some languages have words for subtle emotional states that other languages lack.

Gestalt's Law of Closure

Space enclosed by a contour are perceived as a whole figure

Common types of obsession and compulsion links

Symmetry --> ordering/arranging things cleaning & contamination -->washing,cleaning Hoarding--> colecting and saving forbidden thoughts or actions ---> checking

Little Billy is terrified! He just heard a noise in his room, and he is sure that this means there are monsters coming to get him. Which part of Billy's nervous system will prepare him for fight or flight?

Sympathetic Nervous System

Higher false recall and recognition response can be predicted by"

Symptoms of dperession

True

T or F- A person who is low in emotional intelligence is likely to misread the nonverbal signals of others:

True

T or F- A prejudice consists of a negative stereotype and a strong, unreasonable dislike of a group:

True

T or F- According to research mentioned in the textbook, college students who reported being able to regress into previous lives under hypnosis were unable to describe the money used in their "past life" community:

False

T or F- Cocaine is a psychedelic drug:

True

T or F- Different aspects of a memory are probably processed separately and stored at different locations that are distributed across wide areas of the brain; with all the sites participating in the representation of the event or concept as a whole:

False

T or F- Elaborative rehearsal is defined as the rote repetition of material in order to maintain its availability in memory:

False

T or F- Helping someone you are attracted to with his or her homework so they will go out with you is an example of altruism:

True

T or F- Higher-order conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus:

False

T or F- If you were injured in a public place, you would be more likely to get help if there were several people in the area rather than only one person:

False

T or F- In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus:

False

T or F- In the social-psychological view, the horrifying violence enacted by one group against another is due to inner aggressive drives that are part of human nature:

True

T or F- Many researchers believe that long-term potentiation is the process underlying many, and perhaps all, forms of learning and memory:

True

T or F- Nicotine is a stimulant:

True

T or F- People tend to judge the probability of an event by how easy it is to think of examples of the event:

False

T or F- People who are creative tend to rely on convergent thinking:

True

T or F- Psychoactive drugs produce their effects primarily by acting on brain neurotransmitters:

True

T or F- Research on human cognition reveals that not all mental processing is conscious:

True

T or F- Secondary reinforcers and punishers are sometimes called conditioned reinforcers and punishers:

False

T or F- Stimulus discrimination is the process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response:

True

T or F- The parts of the brain involved in the storage of events are not well-developed until a few years after birth:

False

T or F- The tendency of people to believe that a statement is true or valid simply because it has been repeated many times is known as the familiarity effect:

False

T or F- The tendency to think that human beings have nothing in common with other animals is called anthropomorphism:

False

T or F- There is concrete evidence that early traumatic events cause memory disassociation:

True

T or F- When one is first acquiring a response, learning is usually most rapid under a continuous reinforcement schedule:

False

T or F- When people fly across several time zones, sleep and wake patterns usually take many days to return to normal:

False

T or F: "Junk DNA" has no real function and is not biologically important:

True

T or F: A researcher wants to know whether eating chocolate makes people nervous. Some participants are given two bars of chocolate to eat and some are given no chocolate at all, and then all of the participants are tested for nervousness an hour later. In this experiment, the amount of chocolate eaten is the independent variable.

True

T or F: A result may be statistically significant, yet be of little consequence in everyday life:

True

T or F: A shortcoming of laboratory observation is that the presence of researchers may cause participants to behave differently than they would in their usual surroundings:

False

T or F: According to sociobiologists, males seek secure, stable relationships to ensure the fidelity of females:

False

T or F: All reflexes are produced by the spinal cord:

False

T or F: An advantage of field research is that is allows the use of sophisticated equipment:

True

T or F: Assumptions are beliefs that are taken for granted.

False

T or F: Basic psychology is the study of psychological issues that have direct practical significance:

True

T or F: Descriptive methods yield characterizations of behavior but not necessarily causal explanations:

True

T or F: Descriptive statistics are statistical procedures that organize and summarize research data:

False

T or F: Educational psychologists primarily study how people change and grow over time:

True

T or F: Evolution can be defined as a change in gene frequencies within a population over many generations:

True

T or F: Feminist psychology has influenced the study of men:

True

T or F: Functionalism was an early psychological approach that emphasized the purpose of behavior and consciousness.

True

T or F: Height is a highly heritable human trait:

True

T or F: Heredity and environment always interact to produce the qualities typical of human beings:

False

T or F: Hippocrates argued that the heart is the ultimate source of human pleasures and pains.

True

T or F: Ideally, everything in an experiment except that independent variable is held constant:

False

T or F: In individuals with multiple sclerosis, dense build-ups of myelin on the axon cause erratic nerve signals:

True

T or F: In most people, the left cerebral hemisphere of the brain is specialized for reading:

False

T or F: Psychologists measure alternate-forms reliably by giving the same test twice to the same group of people:

False

T or F: Psychologists who emphasized the role of genes and nature in the creation of human diversity were called empiricists:

True

T or F: Replication occurs when scientists repeat a study in order to verify or challenge its findings:

False

T or F: Social scientists agree that the evolutionary history of our species accounts for our engagement in warfare:

True

T or F: Stem cells are immature cells that have the potential to develop into mature cells of various types:

True

T or F: The American Psychological Association (APA) has a code of ethics that all of its members are supposed to follow:

False

T or F: The IQ scores of fraternal twins reared together are more highly correlated than the scores of identical twins reared apart:

True

T or F: The average score on an IQ test for each group is arbitrarily set at 100:

False

T or F: The brain's ability to change and adapt in response to experience is called lateralization:

False

T or F: The cerebral cortex in humans is less crumbled than in other mammals:

False

T or F: The cognitive perspective of psychology emphasizes bodily events and changes associated with actions.

True

T or F: The concept of "localization of function" can be traced back to Joseph Gall's theory of phrenology:

True

T or F: The first psychological laboratory was established by Wilhelm Wundt.

True

T or F: The learning perspective of psychology us an approach that emphasizes how the environment and experiences affect a person's actions.

False

T or F: The phrase "stream of consciousness" is closely related with Sigmund Freud.

False

T or F: The process by which the two cerebral hemispheres communicate with one another is known as lateralization:

False

T or F: When children move from severely disadvantaged neighborhoods to better areas, their verbal IQ's improve dramatically:

Which of the following is a true statement about telomeres?

Telomeres tell the cell how long it has to live.

What are the different sychobiological risk factors that are exhibited in anxiety related disorders?

Temperament: -behavioral inhibition -neuroticism

Randy wants to become a professional musician. He is already very proficient on the guitar and violin. Which brain structure allowed him to hear music?

Temporal Lobe

What if we decide to give only some female rats caffeine and then we watch to see if those given caffeine couple more often than those not given caffeine. This would correspond to which step in the scientific method?

Test

In a room filled with people, where several conversations are going on, you are able to hear your name being spoke. This is:

The "cocktail-party effect"

_______________ works on the basis of the assumption that the human voice contains telltale signals that betray a speaker's emotional state and intent to deceive.

The Computer Voice Stress Analyzer

Skinner box

The Skinner box (originally called an operant chamber) is a container into which animals such as pigeons or rats could be placed for the purpose of observing and recording their behavior in response to consequences

Religion

The United States is primarily (81.1%) Christian, but about 1-2% of the population subscribes to each of these religions: Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism. A number of other religious groups are represented in smaller numbers as well. Within Christianity, there is notable diversity: approximately 24% Catholic, 18% Protestant, 22.1% Independent, 12.9% Evangelical, and 15.1% unaffiliated

C. Cognitive Perspective.

The ___________ is a psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior: A. Biological Perspective. B. Learning Perspective. C. Cognitive Perspective. D. Sociocultural Perspective.

B. Learning.

The ____________ perspective of psychology focuses on the environmental rewards and punishers that maintain or discourage specific behaviors: A. Cognitive. B. Learning. C. Sociocultural. D. Psychodynamic.

Perception

The ability of your brain to interpret the raw sensations it has taken in. Perception is your brain's ability to translate the sights, sounds, and smells into something meaningful or understandable. That is the difference between sensation and perception. Sensation is more passive, simply detecting information from the environment and making it available to your brain. Perception is more active, transforming that sensory information into something meaningful you can use.

Sensation

The ability of your sensory organs to pick up energy in the environment around you and transmit it to your brain. It is the way you absorb the information your surroundings have to offer.

Cocktail Party Effect

The ability to attend to certain stimuli within one sense (such as hearing) over other stimuli within the same sense. The cocktail party effect got its name from the common experience of being in a crowded party, surrounded by loud conversations in all directions but focusing your attention only on the person in front of you.

Visual depth perception

The ability to perceive spatial relationships, especially distances between objects, in three dimensions

Visual angle

The angle of an object relative to the observer's eye

Functionalism

The approach that took its place was functionalism: a perspective from the early history of psychology that focused on the function of our mental processes and behaviors. Unlike structuralism, which tried to determine what the mental processes are, functionalism tried to determine what the mental processes are for—their purpose, or their value to the person performing them William James

Echoic Memory

The auditory sensory memory, or all the information the ears took in during the previous few seconds

Which of the following statements explains an occurrence in the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome?

The body mobilizes the sympathetic nervous system to meet the immediate threat.

Central Nervous System

The brain and spinal cord

Neurons

The building blocks of brain activity are neurons: the cells that facilitate communication within the nervous system. The neurons in your brain connect with parts of your body outside your brain—receiving sensory input from your hands, sending motor output to your feet, and so on. But your neurons actually do a tremendous amount of communicating among each other

Robert had a serious car accident while Mozart was playing on his stereo. Now, every time Robert hears a Mozart song, he feels frightened and panicked. What is the unconditioned stimulus?

The car accident

Genes and Sexual Orientation

The causes of sexual orientation are still being actively researched, but some interesting biological findings have emerged Genes appear to play a role in determining sexual orientation Studies of siblings have found relatively high rates—7-10%—of the biological brothers of gay men being gay themselves A twin study found that identical twins had a much higher likelihood to match in terms of same-sex attraction than nonidentical twins.

Law of effect

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

olfactory bulbs

Those cilia essentially sweep the nose for scent-carrying chemicals, then carry them through the receptor cells and onto the two brain structures located on the underside of your brain (behind the bridge of your nose) that receive scent information from cilia

Change or Stability?

To what extent do you change over time? To what extent do you remain the same? When you change, how does it happen—slowly and surely or in abrupt spurts? For example, developmental psychologists explore how we change from birth through old age in many ways:

Defining Culture

Today, there are lots of variables besides race/ethnicity that psychologists consider culturally relevant. We discussed many of them earlier in this chapter as we considered the diversity of the population: age, religion, education level, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, and urban or rural setting. But the list can certainly expand beyond that. Gender, of course, is an important cultural variable (and one to which we will devote significant time later in this chapter). Some have also argued for the importance of other cultural variables too, like disability status and region (within the country). Culture shock is feeling disoriented or bewildered with an unfamiliar situation.

Ambiguous figures are images that have more than one possible interpretation. (True or False)

True

Erikson's stages of life 0-1

Trust/mistrust

Education

Two significant milestones in U.S. education are high school and college graduation. About 85% of U.S. residents graduate from high school, but only about 28% graduate from college.

key symptoms that separate GAD from other anxiety disorders

Uncontrollable worry, muscle tension, scanning the environment for threats

Pain.

Unlike touch and temperature, pain is difficult to measure, which poses a significant challenge to researchers who try to study it

Paul is driving to his friend Peter's house for the first time. Paul has a map, but because he is on a busy highway, he can glance at the map only every few minutes. Between these glances, Paul keeps a picture of the map in his head by using the __________ component of working memory.

Visuo-spatial sketchpad.

What did the study involving military personnel that Dr. Kovera describes in the video reveal about memory?

We are better able to identify faces correctly from low-stress situations that we are from high-stress situations

Big City or Small Town

We just considered each of these diversity variables separately, but they exist in different combinations in different people.

Mob Appeal

We serve old-fashioned, home-cooked meals, just like your mother used to make. Fallacy=

Nature or Nurture?

Were you born that way, or were there factors in your upbringing that made you the person you are?

Differences in Memory

The content of the memories differs as well. People from collectivistic cultures tend to remember group actions and interpersonal relationships, such as a family trip, or a special connection with a teacher. However, people from individualistic cultures tend to remember individual successes and failures, such as winning an award, or performing poorly on a test Also, when asked to remember past emotional experiences, people from individualistic cultures tend to focus on the positive feelings like their team winning a championship, or graduating from high school. People from collectivistic cultures, however, tend to focus more equally on positive and negative feelings.

Transduction

The conversion of energy outside your body, like light or sound, into neural energy, like brain activity. Transduction explains how that yellow banana on the table becomes a yellow banana-shaped image in your brain. In a similar way, your senses and brain use transduction to make mental representations of what happens around you

True

The cortex contains almost three-fourths of all the cells in the human brain:

extrasensory perception (ESP)

The debatable notion of perception without sensation. As scientists, psychologists don't debate ESP with each other. Psychologists largely reject the notion of ESP, which can supposedly take a number of forms

Jade was asked to participate in an experiment. The experimenter read aloud to her a series of numbers that she was then asked to repeat back to him in the same order. As Jade continued to answer correctly, the lists became longer and longer until she finally couldn't get the numbers right. The experiment in which Jade was asked to participate involved the use of what memory test?

The digit-span test

Decay

The dwindling or loss of information from memory due to the passing of time

Sensory Memory

The earliest part of the memory process, in which the senses take in and very briefly hold information

Personal Attack (ad hominem)

The employee who reported that the director of the agency and some of her associates are taking bribes and awarding contracts to firms that give them expensive gifts is a disgruntled incompetent woman; she is bitter because she did not get the promotion for which she applied: Fallacy=

Encoding

The entering of information into memory

Encoding Specificity

The entering of information into memory

Automatic Processing

The entrance of some information into long-term memory without any conscious processing

How can families influence the development of an anxiety related disorder?

The family teaches the child how to what to fear or be cautious of. They also teach the child how to respond to threats and stressful situations. If the family is overprotective the child won't learn coping strategies to deal with stress and therefore when the are in a stressful situation they can't cope and may develop an anxiety related disorder.

A. Their cortisol levels increase.

What can sleep scientists say about people who do not get enough sleep. A. Their cortisol levels increase. B. Contrary to popular belief, they do not suffer from hallucinations. C. They become prone to narcolepsy. D. Their creativity often increases.

Nature Versus Nurture

What determines how we change over time: an inborn blueprint that unfolds inevitably or the influences of the world around us. Of course, an interaction of nature and nurture underlies most of the changes we experience We are born with certain personality characteristics (nature), but those characteristics are affected by powerful experiences (nurture), especially those that affect us continuously for a long time.

The assumption that ethnic outgroups are not only different, but that other groups are inferior to your group, is called _____.

ethnocentrism

microaggressions

everyday actions or comments that, often unintentionally, contain hostile or off-putting messages for members of certain cultures

Which of the following is a common physical symptom of someone experiencing a social phobia?

exaggerated breathing, perspiration, increased heart rate

The treatment of choice for spirit possession during the Middle Ages was...

exorcism

Placebo effect

experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent

As Aurelia looks at her grades in the final examinations, she remembers her friend's help during their study time. She thinks that she did well in the exams because her friend helped her study. Aurelia's thoughts indicate that she has a(n):

external locus of control

Amber switches on an aquarium light just before feeding her fish, and the fish always swim to the top as soon as it comes on. Curious, she decides to go a week without turning on the light at feeding time, and then see if the fish still respond to the light by swimming to the top. Amber is trying to see if ________ will occur.

extinction

Alex is shy and keeps to himself most of the time. Alex would score low on what trait?

extraversion

The facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed in the process of ________.

facial feedback

Who founded Gestalt therapy?

fritz perls

Which type of assessment are psychoanalysts most likely to use

inkblot

serotonin

involved in mood, and possibly sleep and appetite

"How we interpret information in the outside world that enters via our senses" is the definition of?

perception

What is a term used for the brain's interpretation of information?

perception

A therapy technique in which the therapist restates what the client says rather than interpreting the statements is

reflection

A school psychologist is interested in studying the effectiveness of a reading improvement program. He has randomly assigned participants to one of two groups. The first group receives training in phonics, while the second group is put on a waiting list and receives no training. What is the control group?

The group that received no training

B. Results are compared to established standards of performance.

When Hoshi takes a personality test, she is told that the resulting score is compared to norms; that is, the test: A. Measures what it is designed to measure. B. Results are compared to establish the standards of performance. C. Produces the same results from one time to the next. D. Predicts other criteria of the personality trait in question.

Which of the following has NOT been a criticism of the humanistic approach to personality?

The humanist perspective underestimates the effect of the situation on human behavior.

You walk into a room and know that there's something you need, but in order to remember it, you have to go back to the room you started in and use your surroundings. This illustrates:

The importance of retrieval cues in memory.

Amnesia

The inability to remember some or all information, either temporarily or permanently

Which of the following is the best example of a positive correlation?

The less interesting the lecture, the less likely you are to remember everything the instructor said.

what is the limbic system and how to does it relate to anxiety related disorders?

The limbic system:mediates between brain stem and cortex (regulates limbic system) it has two main parts that correlate to anxiety related disorders: -amygadala -hippocampus IF the limbic system is overly sensitive the amygdala assigns emotional significance to everything that is percieved at threatening. The hippocampus then as a threat response starts to cause body sensations and stores the experience ( of fear and threat correlation) into memory so that it becomes a conditioned response. This can also be caused by a deficiency in the cortex because it isn't regulating the limbic system as it should.

Race and Ethnicity

The majority (62%) of the U.S. population describes itself as White, 18% as Hispanic, 12% as Black or African American, 6% as Asian, 1% as Native American or Alaska Native, 2% as Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, and 1.7% as multiracial. These numbers are changing, however, with percentages of Hispanic, multiracial, Asian, and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander people rising most rapidly

Income

The median family income in the United States is about $63,000, but the range is tremendous, The lower end of the range (families making less than $20,000 per year) and the upper end of the range (families making over $150,000 per year) are roughly equal in number: about 11% each.

Absolute Threshold

The minimum level of a stimulus necessary for you to detect its presence at least half of the time. In a silent room you would hear a dog barking, but could you hear it breathing?

Kevin was in a study room during which he was shown a photo of a man with straight hair. Later, he was asked if he noticed the man's curly hair. Kevin was then convinced that the man in the photo had curly hair. This is an example of:

The misinformation effect

ingroup bias

the tendency to hold a more positive attitude toward the ingroup than the outgroup

menopause

the time in a woman's life when she stops having menstrual periods

C. Narcolepsy.

When Larry was a teenager, he began experiencing periods when he had a lot of trouble staying awake during the day, even though he was getting enough sleep each night. He also would experience sudden "attacks" where he would collapse to the floor in the middle of an activity. Larry suffers from: A. Sleep apnea. B. Insomnia. C. Narcolepsy. D. REM behavior disorder.

A. Unconditioned Stimulus.

When Luke kissed Laura, her heart rate increased. Luke always wore AXE body spray. Whenever Laura smelled AXE body spray, her heart raced. Luke's kiss was the: A. Unconditioned Stimulus. B. Unconditioned Response. C. Conditioned Stimulus. D. Conditioned Response.

A. Blackouts, cirrhosis of the liver, mental and neurological impairment, psychosis, and possibly death.

When alcohol is abused, the resulting effects may include: A. Blackouts, cirrhosis of the liver, mental and neurological impairment, psychosis, and possibly death. B. An increased risk of bladder cancer. C. Loss of appetite, nausea, constipation, withdrawal symptoms, and possibly death. D. Damage of dopamine cells in the brain.

Appeal to Authority

When doctors were asked what pain reliever they used, the overwhelming majority said they use aspirin: Fallacy=

Differences in Defining Identity

When people from more individualistic cultures are asked to describe themselves, they tend to do so, well, individualistically. On the other hand, when people from more collectivistic cultures are asked to describe themselves, they describe themselves in connection to others

Universal or Unique?

When psychological researchers come to a conclusion, for whom is it true? Do some psychological truths apply universally? Or are such truths unique to certain people in certain places at certain times?

The Goals of Psychological Studies

When psychologists conduct scientific studies, they have one of three aims: (1) to describe people in terms of a particular variable, (2) to see how two variables correlate with each other, or (3) to experiment by manipulating one variable and measuring how another variable responds. `

Priming

When recent experiences cause an increased likelihood of recalling certain memories

Explicit memory begins to form after about age two ____.

When the hippocampus is more fully developed

The assumption that the particular circumstance of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed is known as

trait-situation interaction

______ are enduring characteristics of our personality. _____ are briefer or more temporary experiences.

traits/states

During sensation, external energy is converted to brain signals in a process known as ______.

transduction

The process of converting the outside stimuli into neural activity is called

transduction

Nature Versus Nurture

The nature versus nurture question, which is central to the entire field of psychology, holds a prominent place in developmental psychology What determines how we change over time: an inborn blueprint that unfolds inevitably (nature), or the influences of the world around us (nurture)? Of course, an interaction of nature and nurture underlies most of the changes we experience We are born with certain personality characteristics (nature), but those characteristics are affected by powerful experiences (nurture), especially those that affect us continuously for a long time.

A. The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

The nervous system is divided into two main parts: A. The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. B. The brain and the spinal cord. C. The autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system. D. The brain and the nerves.

Sasha sat in the preschool classroom and watched the children play, writing down how well they interacted with each other. The children could see that Sasha was watching them, so they made an attempt to be extra well-behaved for her. Sasha's research will be impacted by

The observer effect

olfactory cortex

The olfactory bulbs then send the olfactory information to the olfactory cortex a collection of brain regions involved in smell, which includes the amygdala and parts of the cerebral cortex

Gestalt principles of organization

The organizing principles of perception proposed by the Gestalt psychologists. These principles include the laws of proximity, similarity, closure, continuation, and common fate.

Blind Spot

The part of the retina that contains no rods or cones, which means it can't sense light. The blind spot is basically the part of the retina where the optic nerve connects. Fortunately, with two eyes focusing on an object from slightly different angles, what strikes the blind spot in one of your eyes will probably be seen normally by your other eye.

Dr. Humor wonders if knock-knock jokes are funnier than jokes involving "crossing the road." He has several people tell participants a series of both types of jokes and has the participants rate how funny they believe each joke to be. In this example, the dependent variable is

The participants' humor ratings.

optic nerve

The passageway from the retina to your brain is the optic nerve. Visual information carried by your optic nerve makes its first stop at your thalamus and then moves farther back, to the occidental lobe

Which of the following statements explains an occurrence in the exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome?

The persistent stress depletes the body of energy.

Which of the following statements explains an occurrence in the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome?

The physiological responses make the body more vulnerable to other stressors.

Carl is able to remember the names of the first three presidents before he begins to have difficulty. This is:

The primacy effect

D. Reduce pain and promote pleasure.

The primary effect of endorphins is to?: A. Reduce pain but also reduce pleasure. B. Heighten pain and reduce pleasure. C. Flatten mood and emotional expression. D. Reduce pain and promote pleasure.

B. Dreams are usually about our everyday problems and may even help us to solve those problems.

The problem-focused explanation of dreaming suggests that: A. The symbols and metaphors in a dream disguise a person's true unresolved problems. B. Dreams are usually about our everyday problems and may even help us to solve those problems. C. Although dreams often represent our problems, they do not help us to solve them. D. We are more likely to dream about good things that happen to us than about our problems.

B. Consolidation.

The process by which a long-term memory becomes durable and stable is called: A. Chunking. B. Consolidation. C. Confabulation. D. Priming.

The information-processing model of memory suggests that:

The process of memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages.

Posing a Question

The question on which the study focuses depends on the kind of research you conduct

Sensory Development

The rapidly increasing brainpower in babies allows them to improve their sensory skills. In the first months of life, babies increase their ability to perceive facial expressions in the people around them.

Which statement most accurately explains the difference in functioning between the right hemisphere of the brain and the left?

The right processes information all at once, whereas the left breaks things down into parts.

The most important difference between classical and operant conditioning is ________.

The role of consequences of behavior

Artificial intelligence

The science of designing and programming computer systems to do intelligent things and to stimulate human thought processes, such as intuitive reasoning, learning, and understanding language

The Scientific Method

The scientific method is a way of asking and answering questions that follows a predetermined series of steps: posing a question, conducting a literature review, developing a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis by collecting data, and analyzing the data and drawing conclusions

Psychology

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The and in that definition is important: it means that psychology focuses on both our outer actions and our inner experiences.

Difference threshold (or just noticeable difference)

The smallest change in a stimulus necessary for you to detect it at least half of the time. When differences are well above this threshold—like the difference between high-definition and standard-definition TV—they are easy to notice. Difference threshold for various senses depends on a number of factors, often including age and gender

Researchers have found that using flash cards is a better study method than highlighting key terms in a textbook. In this example, the independent variable is

The study method

Parapsychology

The study of topics that fall outside the range of mainstream psychology. Parapsychology overlaps a lot with pseudopsychology, psychological information that is not supported by science but may appear to be.

Milgram's obedience experiment

The study to see if people were likely to obey an authority figure in a white lab coat claiming to be a scientist. The "teachers" gave an electric shock to "learners" when they have a wrong answer.

Misinformation Effect

The tendency of false or misleading information presented after the fact to be mistakenly incorporated into memory

Sensory Adaptation

The tendency of your sensation of a stimulus to decrease when the stimulus remains constant. When you see, hear, or feel the same unchanging thing for a long time, you get used to it and eventually stop noticing it

Serial Position Effect

The tendency to remember the first and last items in a series better than the items in the middle

Cognitive Dissonance theory

The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

Difference between Hypomanic and manic episode

The transition from manic (hypomanic) to depression. It is more severe in a manic episode because it is going from two extremes.

Iconic Memory

The visual sensory memory, or all the information the eyes took in during the previous fraction of a second

Understanding Cultural Differences

The way that psychologists understand cultural differences has changed as multiculturalism has become more integrated in the field. This change has taken place in four stages. At first, psychologists used a deficit model to understand cultural differences. .

Social influence

The ways people alter the attitudes or behaviors of others, either directly or indirectly.

D. Is about 24 hours in length.

The word "circadian" indicates that a circadian rhythm: A. Is generated from within. B. Occurs more frequently than once a day. C. Occurs less frequently than once a day. D. Is about 24 hours in length.

How does schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorders relate?

Their heritabilities are similar Depression=anxiety Schizophrenia =bipolar disorder

A client is asked to look at a picture and to tell a story that describes what she thinks is happening in the picture. Her therapist will use the content of the story to make inferences about the client's personality. The client is likely taking the _____.

Thematic Apperception Test

trichromatic theory of color vision:

There are actually three types of cones, each capable of sensing only a certain range of colors: (1) short-wavelength-sensitive (S) cones, which pick up bluish colors; (2) middle-wavelength-sensitive (M) cones, which pick up greenish colors; (3) long-wavelength-sensitive (L) cones, which pick up reddish colors An explanation of color vision based on the idea that your cones are specialized to sense either red, green, or blue.

What makes it difficult to tell if someone has a major depressive episode

There is such diversity in symptoms that one sufferer can look incredibly different from the other . One could have insomnia, weight gain, and feel slowed down, while the other oversleeps, experienced a weight loss, and is very fidgety

Mood disorders

These are disorders in which people have more extreme moods than what is normally experienced. They tend to be operate on extreme ends of the mood spectrum ( extremely sad and/or extremely happy)

Secure attachment

These babies appeared the most stable and well adjusted. When mom was present, they were comfortable enough to explore the new toys and interact with the stranger.

Insecure-avoidant attachment

These babies didn't seem to care much when mom left, and they avoided her when she returned

Insecure-resistant attachment.

These babies got quite upset when mom left, and they didn't entirely welcome her return. They had a mixed reaction involving both seeking out mom and angrily resisting the comfort she offered.

Pseudopsychology

These were ideas the general public believed in but that had no basis in science —like we have astrology, horoscopes, and the vaccines-cause-autism theory today.

Bipolar disorder

They are disorders that involves having episodes of major depression, mania, and hypomania

Which of the following are true about defense mechanisms?

They can distort reality, they can reduce anxiety, and they can help us adapt to societal expectations.

How does Obsession correlate to compulsions?

They focus on obsession to the point that their anxiety starts to escalate dramatically. Right before the peak of their anxiety they perform the compulsion and then after the peak the anxiety goes back down and they correlate the compulsion with the lowered anxiety level. they don't realize that anxiety naturally goes down by itself.

Six-year-old Kirstin was recently given an IQ test at school, and the results show that she has an extremely high IQ. Her parents are concerned about Kirstin's social development. What advice should you give them?

They have no reason to be concerned. People with high IQs are typically well adjusted socially.

In the "Set It Off" Challenge, participants watched a video, and many of them missed the gorilla that walked across the screen. Why did they miss such an obvious occurrence?

They were focused on counting the number of passes the basketball players in yellow made to each other, while trying to ignore the players in dark blue.

Gary's son Sam is learning to drive. Each night, Gary takes Sam out in the family car for driving lessons. Gary notices that Sam improves more in lessons in which Gary is extremely critical. In fact, more critical Gary is, the more Sam improves. After Sam gets his driver's license, Gary's wife Chrissy tells him that every time Gary was critical of Sam, she took him out so he could improve before his father's next lesson. What was the problem with Gary's initial interpretation of Sam's improvement?

Third Variable Problem

Right hemisphere

This half of the brain specializes in perception of physical environment, art, nonverbal communication, music & spiritual aspects. It receives information from and controls the opposite side of the body.

D. How easy it is to think of examples or instances.

When using the availability heuristic, people tend to judge the probability of an event based on: A. The need to be right, which makes it hard to listen to the available information with an open mind. B. Statistical consideration of the frequency with which the event occurs in everyday life. C. The burden of doubt people feel about their abilities to determine probability from available information. D. How easy it is to think of examples or instances.

Stage Development Versus Continuous Development

When we do change, do we change suddenly or gradually? The way a caterpillar changes into a butterfly provides a good example of sudden—stage—development. The caterpillar stays a caterpillar for quite a while, then abruptly transforms into a butterfly, staying in that form for the rest of its life. Developmental psychologists point to certain changes—the bodily changes of puberty, for example—as being stage developments.

So what is the absolute threshold for each human sense?

You might expect psychologists to have determined the specific measures of absolute threshold for each of our senses. For example, a common estimate of the absolute threshold of frequency for hearing is around 20 hertz with a maximum around 20,000 hertz But it depends on a few factors: (1) Females generally hear better than men (although males may hear better at the lowest frequencies). (2) Young adults generally hear better than older adults. (3) Hearing loss happens at a higher rate in White Americans than Black Americans. (4) Hearing tends to be worse in people who use firearms, smoke heavily, or have diabetes Absolute threshold for smell also depends on a few factors: (1) Younger adults have more sensitive noses than older adults. (2) Females have more sensitive noses than males (even as newborns). (3) Women's sense of smell is most sensitive during ovulation Further, absolute threshold for all senses depends on a person's motivations and expectations in the moment:

Perceptual Constancy

Your brain's ability to maintain the same perception of an object even when conditions around it cause it to produce different sensations.

retinal disparity (or stereopsis )

Your brain's measurement of the difference between the images of a single object sent by each of your two eyes. Retinal disparity is greater for objects that are close up than for objects that are far away. Your brain assesses that retinal disparity and then follows the logical rule that the more retinal disparity there is, the closer the object must be.

Touch

Your skin consists of two primary layers: the epidermis, visible on the outside, and the dermis below it Your skin has separate receptor cells for touch (mechanoreceptors), temperature (thermoreceptors), and pain (nociceptors) Your touch (or tactile) receptors detect not only whether you are being touched, but how much pressure is being applied and whether the touch is accompanied by movement One measure of the strength of your sense of touch is called the grating orientation discrimination test.

Temperature.

Your skin senses temperature through two types of thermoreceptors, each of which is specially designed to detect either hot or cold (but not both). A cluster of these on a particular area of your skin is known as a cold spot or a hot spot. Overall, your skin has more cold spots than hot spots, and certain areas on your body,

perceptual set

Your tendency to perceive things in a certain way because of your previous experiences or your attention strategy

A. The behavior of humans often fails to conform to the stereotyped images of sexually promiscuous males and coy females.

Which of the following is a reason critics challenge the evolutionary views of sex differences in dating and mating: A. The behavior of humans often fails to conform to the stereotyped images of sexually promiscuous males and coy males. B. Evolutionary psychologists have tended to rely on data from case studies, which can be a poor guide to participants' actual sexual behaviors. C. Modern humans are not affected by evolutionary pressures. D. In most societies, it is no longer evolutionary beneficial for males to have as many offspring as they can.

figure-ground organization

Your tendency to visually distinguish between an object and its background. Usually, distinguishing the figure (the item in front) and the ground (what's behind it) is easy—you see your car in front of the brick wall, or your sandwich on top of your plate.

behaviorists

_____ see personality as nothing more than a set of learned responses

A. Norms.

______ are the rules that regulate social life within a culture: A. Norms. B. Roles. C. Routines. D. Stereotypes.

C. Imaging technology can mask the variability among people's brains.

Which of the following is a reason for caution in using brain imaging technology: A. Brain scans can only be used to study abnormal brains. B. Brain scans tell us what is happening, but not precisely where it is happening. C. Imaging technology can mask the variability among people's brains. D. It is not known how safe repeated usage of brain scans is for an individual.

B. Estimates of heritability are affected by the environment in which the people being studied live.

Which of the following is an important fact about heritability?: A. Estimates of heritability based on one group can be generalized to other groups. B. Estimates of heritability are affected by the environment in which the people being studied live. C. Heritability estimates apply only to a specific person, not groups of people. D. When a trait is highly heritable, it cannot be modified by the environment.

C. A score on a depression questionare.

Which of the following is an operational definition of depression: A. A feeling of extreme sadness. B. A state of low mood and aversion to activity that has a negative effect on a person's thoughts. C. A score on a depression questionnaire. D. The opposite of euphoria.

A. The sensory register.

________ acts as a holding bin, retaining information in a highly accurate form until we can select items for attention: A. The sensory register. B. Short-Term Memory. C. Working Memory. D. Long-Term Memory.

B. Neurons.

________ are the brain's communication specialists, transmitting information to, from, and within the central nervous system: A. Neutrotransmitters. B. Neurons. C. Glial Cells. D. Hormones.

A. Intelligence.

________ is an inferred characteristic of an individual, usually defined as the ability to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, think abstractly, act purposefully, or adapt to changes in the environment: A. Intelligence. B. Dissonance. C. Intelligence Quotient. D. Mental Age.

B. Memory.

________ refers to the capacity to retain and retrieve information: A. Recall. B. Memory. C. Priming. D. Recognition.

B. Negative.

________ reinforcement occurs when you escape from something unpleasant: A. Positive. B. Negative. C. Neutral. D. Compound.

C. A survey given to a diverse population in both urban and rural college classrooms in several states.

Which of the following would be considered a good example of a representative sample of college students in the United States. A. A survey given to several rural college classrooms. B. A questionnaire males to random households in Texas. C. A survey given to a diverse population in both urban and rural college classrooms in several states. D. Volunteers who found your survey on the internet.

C. Learning.

_________ is a relatively permanent change in behavior (or behavior potential) that occurs due to experience. A. Instinctive drift. B. Framing. C. Learning. D. Transference.

B. Working Memory.

_________ refers to a complex capacity that enables you to manipulate information retrieved from long-term memory and interpret it appropriately for a given task: A. Tacit Knowledge. B. Working Memory. C. Metacognition. D. Emotional Intelligence.

A. Functionalists.

_________ set the course of psychological science by emphasizing the causes and consequences of behavior: A. Functionalists. B. Rationalists. C. Fundamentalists. D. Structuralists.

C. Sigmund Freud.

____________ concluded that his patients' distress was due to conflicts and emotional traumas that had occurred in their early childhood and that were too threatening to be remembered consciously: A. Wilhelm Wundt. B. William James. C. Sigmund Freud. D. E.B. Titchner.

Carmen had a stroke that caused damage to her brain. As a result, she can longer form new memories about people she meets or information she learns. Which part of Carmen's brain is most likely damaged? a. hippocampus b. pons c. cerebellum d. thalamus

a

Zhuang is trying to decide which major he should choose in college. His older brother notes that Zhuang is always asking questions, so maybe he should become a scientist. If Zhuang asks the same kinds of questions that successful scientists ask, he is probably asking things like:

Why? How do you know? Where's your evidence? Is there another explanation?

C. Both genes and experiences can affect each other.

With regard to the interaction between human genes and experiences: A. Genes can affect one's experiences, but experiences cannot affect genes. B. Experiences can affect genes, but genes cannot effect experiences. C. Both genes and experiences can affect each other. D. The effects of genes and experience are independent.

Language

With so many ethnic groups, many of which include large numbers of new immigrants, it should come as no surprise that a sizable number of U.S. residents—19.7%, to be specific—speak a language other than English at home

Charlie touches a hot stove and immediately pulls his hand away. His quick response occurs because a. spinal reflexes are automatic, requiring no conscious effort. b. the brain registers the pain and responds quickly. c. his glands have secreted chemical messengers called hormones. d. pain information is sent to the brain faster than other sensory information.

a

Empirical findings are those that a. rely on observation, experimentation, or measurement. b. characterize an entire set of research data. c. are conducted in a field setting outside of a laboratory. d. compare subjects of different ages at a given time.

a

Most recreational drugs produce their effects by a. blocking or enhancing the actions of neurotransmitters. b. killing GABA neurons. c. causing glial cells to produce excess myelin. d. blocking glial cells from producing myelin.

a

Why do juries find eyewitness testimony so compelling as evidence?

Witnesses tend to deliver their testimony in a very confident, convincing way.

Difference between worry, anxiety, and fear

Worry: Cognitive, concern over future threat (potential threat) anxiety: emotional state; physical, cognitive, behavioral parts ( approaching threat) Fear:specific threat response; physical arousal (imminent threat)

Stuttering is a associated with language production, a function typically controlled by the left side of the brain. Which of the following is true? a. If someone who stutters sings, the stutter is often gone given this is a "right brain" function. b. Stuttering can be alleviated by using electrical stimulation applied to the parietal lobe. c. Moving handedness to the left hand can often curb stuttering due to a change in lateralization of the language functions. d. Stuttering is most often overcome by learning a musical instrument and strengthening connections between Broca's area and the nucleus acumbens.

a

The neural impulse that travels down an axon is ____________ in nature. a. electrical b. chemical c. mechanical d. acoustic

a

The participants for an experiment are randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group. Although the researchers know which group each participant has been assigned to, the participants do not know if they are in the experimental or control group. Which type of study is this an example of? a. single-blind b. correlational c. field research d. double-blind

a

The site where the transmission of a nerve impulse from one nerve cell to another occurs is called a _______________. a. synapse b. stem cell c. cell body d. neurotransmitter

a

The snail-shaped, fluid-filled organ in the inner ear is called the a. cochlea. b. stirrup. c. basilar membrane. d. semicircular canal.

a

The wavelength of light is related to our perception of a. hue. b. brightness. c. saturation. d. threshold.

a

What is the difference between sensation and perception? a. Sensation is the detection of sensory stimuli and perception is the interpretation of sensory information. b. Sensation is the interpretation of sensory information and perception is the detection of sensory stimuli. c. Perception refers to what goes on in the sensory organs and sensation is what happens in the brain. d. Nothing. They are the same thing.

a

When she goes into her mother's kitchen, Jessica doesn't know how long she will be able to stay in the room because of the overpowering smell of onions. But when her sister comes home an hour later and complains about the smell, Jessica realizes that she no longer smells the onions at all. This is an example of a. sensory adaptation. b. a just noticeable difference. c. a correct rejection. d. a miss.

a

When we vigorously rub a banged elbow, we are applying the principle of a. gate-control theory. b. pain management theory. c. phantom pain theory. d. neuron matrix theory.

a

Which of the following regions in the brain contains the auditory cortex? a. temporal lobes b. parietal lobes c. frontal lobes d. occipital lobes

a

Which of the following regions in the brain is involved in the ability to make plans, think creatively, and take initiative? a. frontal lobes b. temporal lobes c. parietal lobes d. occipital lobes

a

_______________ founded the field of psychoanalysis. a. Sigmund Freud b. William James c. Wilhelm Wundt d. E. B. Titchener

a

Cindy recently played in a softball game in which she misplayed a ground ball for an error. Later in the same game, she made a great catch on a very difficult play. According to the self-serving bias, she would attribute her error to _____ and her good catch to her _____.

a bad bounce/good fielding skills

Developmental stages (theories of)

a branch or psychology that studies physical, cognitive, ans social change throughout the life span

People are most likely to apply the fundamental attribution error to

a celebrity

Traits

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

Which of the following would be considered negative reinforcement?

a child who had previously been whining to a parent that they want candy becomes quiet after getting the candy

lens

a clear layer beneath the surface of your eye that maintains focus on an object by varying its own shape. Specifically, the lens changes its own curvature (the degree and shape of curve) to maximize focus.

limbic system

a cluster of brain areas involved primarily in emotion. (The word limbic means border, and the components of the limbic system do appear to form a border around the thalamus.) There is an old (but true) joke among people who study the brain that the limbic system is all about the "four f's": fleeing, fighting, feeding, and, um, sexual intercourse Those four f's are all considered primary motivations of human beings. When you recognize that the words emotion and motivation come from the same root—mot-, which is Latin for move—it is easy to see that the limbic system is the part of the brain most responsible for initiating the impulses and feelings designed to move you.

reticular activating system

a collection of neurons in the brainstem involved in arousal. (Reticular means netlike, which is the shape this collection of neurons takes.) The activating system part of this key term refers to the activation of waking and sleeping, but the reticular activating system is also involved in related functions like alertness and attention

iris

a colored circular muscle situated in the center of the eye. The iris gives your eyes their unique shade; The iris acts as a diaphragm that opens and closes

coronary heart disease

a common and often fatal disease in which the arteries that lead to the heart are clogged or blocked—and other cardiovascular conditions

personal fable

a common way of thinking among adolescents in which they believe themselves to be special or invulnerable.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. (A DNA molecues has two strands -- forming a "double helix" -- held together by bonds between pairs of nucleotides.)

worldview

a comprehensive, culturally influenced way of approaching and understanding the world around you.

schema

a concept or mental representation that guides the way you make sense of new information. Can be reused indefinitely for new things you encounter.

schema

a concept or mental representation that guides the way you make sense of new information. Once the schema is in place, it can be reused indefinitely for new things you encounter. That classification process is assimilation

Spontaneous recovery is said to have occurred when:

a conditioned response reappears after a period in which it did not occur.

Extinction occurs when ________.

a conditioned stimulus stops producing a conditioned response

trait

a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving

proactive coping

a coping style that focuses on future goals and the stressors that could impede them.

discriminative stimulus

a cue that signals reinforcement is available as a particular response is made

social loafing

a decrease in individual performance when tasks are done in groups

diffusion of responsibility

a decreased sense of obligation to help when others are present.

The DSM-IV-TR contains all of the following except:

a description of how to perform such procedures as trepanning to treat the disorders.

specific phobia

a disorder characterized by excessive anxiety toward a specific object or situation

From a behavioral point of view, a problem with grade inflation is that ________.

a falsely high grade is not an effective reinforcer because it isn't tied to the behavior that is desired

classical conditioning

a form of learning in which animals or people make a connection between two stimuli that have occurred together such that one predicts the other.

operant conditioning

a form of learning in which the consequences of a voluntary behavior affect the likelihood that the behavior will recur. The word operant shares its root with the word operate, so operant conditioning refers to what you learn when operating on the environment around you

conditioned stimulus

a formerly neutral stimulus that now causes a response because of its link to an unconditioned stimulus.

synapse

a gap between two connecting neurons When a signal from a neuron makes it successfully through the axon, the message travels from an axon terminal of one neuron to a dendrite of the next neuron. That trip is a vital part of neuronal communication Between the axon terminal and the dendrite—the space that needs to be crossed

fixation

a lingering psychological problem directly related to unsuccessful experience of a particular psychosexual stage.

cyclothymic disorder

a long-term, lower-intensity version of bipolar disorder.

deindividuation

a loss of identity and accountability experienced by individuals in groups that can lead to atypical behavior

congruence

a match between your real self and your ideal self.

cognitive map

a mental diagram of the physical environment—while it initially explored when no reinforcement was available

conservation

a mental operation in which an amount or quantity remains the same regardless of the shape it takes

Depression

a mental state characterized by a pessimistic sense of inadequacy and a despondent lack of activity

incongruence

a mismatch between your real self and your ideal self—leads to unhappiness and mental illness.

categorical model of psychopathology

a model in which psychological problems exist as either totally present or totally absent, as opposed to present to a certain extent. Some psychologists think that this categorical model of psychopathology, with its distinct "yes" and "no" categories, doesn't fit psychological problems as well as it fits many medical problems.

Respondent conditioning occurs when ________.

a neutral stimulus is regularly paired with an unconditioned stimulus

This is apparent when there is a sudden onset of intense panic in which there can be multiple physical symptoms of stress occuring

a panic attack

What is the cribriform plate?

a paper thin bone that the olfactory nerve passes through

pons

a part of the brainstem involved in transmitting information, sleep, breathing, and equilibrium. Because of its position near the top of the brainstem, the pons conveys messages between the brainstem and higher regions of the brain.

Broca's area

a part of the left side of the frontal lobe heavily involved in speaking. As described earlier, this area of the brain was discovered by French surgeon Paul Broca in the mid-1800s, when he conducted an autopsy on a person who had severely limited speech after a stroke. Broca found that this particular part of the frontal lobe, located near but not within the motor cortex, was the only part of the brain that had experienced any damage.

fetal alcohol syndrome:

a pattern of physical and behavioral abnormalities common in people whose mothers drank alcohol excessively during pregnancy.

fully functioning person

a person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings

hardy personality

a person who seems to thrive on stress but lacks the anger and hostility of the Type A personality

cisgender

a person whose gender and sex match.

identity

a person's stable sense of who he or she is

expectancy

a person's subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence

Introversion-extroversion

a personality trait that signifies that one finds energy from internal sources rather than external ones;Personality style where the individual prefers outward and group activity as opposed to inward and individual activity.

Type B personality

a personality very much unlike Type A personality, in which the person is noncompetitive, easygoing, relaxed, and rarely angry. People with Type B personalities are more "chill" than their Type A counterparts.

Structuralism

a perspective from the early history of psychology that focused on breaking down mental processes into their structure or basic parts. Edward B. Titchener

foot-in-the-door technique

a persuasion strategy in which one person gets another person to agree to a small request before asking for a bigger one. Of course, the bigger request is the target, the change the first person wanted all along

door-in-the-face technique

a persuasion strategy in which one person gets another person to reject a large request before making a smaller one.

lowball technique

a persuasion strategy in which one person quotes another person a low price to get an initial agreement and then raises the price.

groupthink

a phenomenon that occurs when group members value getting along with each other more than finding the best solution.

Determinism

a philosophical theory holding that all events are inevitable consequences of antecedent sufficient causes

If there is _______ in a medical experiment, the control group will show changes in the dependent variable even if they are given a harmless substitute rather than a real drug

a placebo effect

scaffolding

a process by which a person learns new words, ideas, and ways of thinking by interacting with a more advanced person who provides decreasing levels of help

Evolution and functionalism

a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage); a school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function -- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) :

a projective personality test in which the client creates stories in response to cards that show people in undefined situations.

Rorschach inkblot technique:

a projective personality test in which the client responds to 10 inkblot images.

myelin sheath

a protective sleeve of fatty material that surrounds the axon. Myelin is just one of many substances manufactured by glial cells

bipolar disorder (formerly known as manic depression)

a psychological disorder characterized by alternating between extremely high moods and extremely low moods

Mental illness

a psychological dysfunction experienced by an individuals which usually involves distress, impairment in the ability to cope with everyday life, and thoughts, feelings and/or behaviour that are not typical of the person or appropriate within their society and/or culture.

emerging adulthood

a recently proposed developmental stage during which the person gradually moves from adolescence to adulthood, typically during the late teens and twenties in modern Western cultures.

Classical conditioning

a reflexive response to a stimulus is transferred to a related, neutral stimulus. occurs with automatic involuntary behavior. learning results from association between stimuli before a response occurs.

fixed-interval schedule

a reinforcement schedule in which a behavior can be reinforced after a time interval that is consistent and predictable.

secondary reinforcer

a reinforcer that requires a learned link to a primary reinforcer to have a reinforcing effect

Correlational method

a research method used to establish the degree of relationship (correlation) between two characteristics, events, or behaviors

Case Studies

a researcher compiles a descriptive study of a subject's experiences, observable behaviors, and archival records kept by an outside observer Advantages: source of hypotheses and theories, source of therapy techniques, allow study of rare phenomena, provide exceptions to accepted ideas, theories, and practices, persuasive and motivational value (advertising)

Sample (random)

a sample of persons chosen in such a way that each one has the same (and known) probability of being selected.

discriminative stimulus

a signal that indicates that a particular behavior will be followed by a particular consequence. Discriminative stimuli are important not only to punishment but to any kind of learning.

cochlea

a spiral fluid-filled structure in the inner ear that sends sound waves to the brain via the auditory nerve.

Correlational coefficient

a statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

unconditioned stimulus

a stimulus that causes a response automatically, without any need for learning. Food certainly fits the bill, since a dog instinctively salivates to food as a natural biological reflex.

neutral simulus

a stimulus that causes no response at all. He used sounds such as a bell for the neutral stimulus because its sound produced no salivation (or any other reaction)

Reinforcement

a stimulus that strengthens or weakens the behavior that produced it

somatosensory cortex

a strip of brain matter near the front of the parietal lobe involved in receiving information from the senses. The somatosensory cortex takes in visual information that has been relayed from the occipital lobe, as well as auditory information that has been relayed from the temporal lobe. But one of the main functions of the somatosensory cortex is to directly monitor the sensation of touch (including contact, pressure, pain, temperature, and itch) everywhere on your body In fact, specific spots on the somatosensory cortex correspond to specific parts of your body.

tympanic membrane

a surface stretched taut across the ear canal to form the boundary between the outer ear and the middle ear. Your tympanic membrane is commonly called your eardrum

split-brain surgery

a surgical procedure in which the corpus callosum is cut, typically to reduce epileptic seizures Epileptic seizures typically start in one hemisphere and then gain power as they bounce back and forth, across the corpus callosum, between both hemispheres. If the corpus callosum is severed, the seizures are restricted to one hemisphere, making them much less severe. (The vast majority of people with epilepsy improve with antiseizure medications. Split-brain surgery is a last resort, considered only if such medications prove ineffective over long periods of time.)

positron emission tomography (PET)

a technique in which activity in various brain structures is illustrated by a radioactive sugar injected into the body

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

a technique in which magnetic fields and radio waves are used to make images of brain structure. MRIs offer much more detail than CT scans

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

a technique in which magnetic fields are used to make images of brain activity. fMRIs use the same kind of magnet-based technology as regular MRIs, but they can detect metabolism (energy use) in particular parts of the brain at particular times (Small & Heeger, 2013; Dickerson, 2007). That metabolism is indicated by oxygen in the blood, which has unique magnetic properties that respond to the magnetic field used in fMRI. As such, fMRIs can identify which parts of the brain are most active when we talk, think, or perform other activities

computed tomography (CT)

a technique in which multiple x-rays are combined to make a 3D image of the brain. Each x-ray (which can also be viewed alone) provides a 2D image of a "slice" of the brain; when computers combine these 2D images, they can make the image 3D. (That process is actually similar to the way 3D printers work—combining 2D slices of an object to make a 3D whole.) CT scans produce images of the brain in shades of gray

Gestalt psychology

a theory of psychology that emphasizes the importance of configurational properties

attribution theory

a theory that behavior is caused either by traits within the individual or by the situation surrounding the individual.

social role

a title, position, or status that carries expectations for acceptable behavior

In order to increase reading among her class, Mrs. Gomez, a second-grade teacher, has students record their reading by placing stickers on a large chart. For every ten stickers, students receive a new book. Mrs. Gomez is using

a token economogy

Classical conditioning

a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. Also called "Pavlovian conditioning"

Operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Anxiety

a vague unpleasant emotion that is experienced in anticipation of some (usually ill-defined) misfortune

refractory period

a waiting time before another action potential can begin, during which the neuron is reset.

empirical test construction

a way to create objective personality tests in which items are included only if different groups respond differently to them

Intelligence testing began in France because French educators wanted

a way to identify students in need of more help with learning

general adaptation syndrome

a widely accepted understanding of the way bodies respond to ongoing stress, consisting of the sequence of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

The two ions primarily responsible for action potentials are: a. Sodium and Potassium b. Oxygen and Potassium c. Sodium and Chloride d. Carbon and Calcium

a. Sodium and Potassium

optimism

an attitude toward the future characterized by hope or expectation of a positive outcome. Like hardiness, optimism buffers us from stress Optimism is a key part of the recent movement toward positive psychology, a perspective in psychology that emphasizes people's strengths and successes. . Optimistic people look toward the future with hope and an expectation of a positive outcome. Research has generally found that optimism reduces stress. As good as optimism is for fending off stress, hardiness may be even better.

fight-or-flight response

an automatic emotional and physical reaction to a perceived threat that prepares us to either attack it or run away from it.

Reflex

an automatic motor response to sensory input.

mania

an emotional state of excessively elated mood and overabundant energy

Attachment

an emotional tie with another person: shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

Psychotherapy

an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties

medical student syndrome

an experience common among medical students, and perhaps psychology students, in which they start to believe that they have the illnesses about which they are learning.

Panic attack

an experience that last typically several minutes, in which a person experiences intense feelings of fear, apprehension that something terrible will happen, it is seen with many very intense physical symptoms.

attribution

an explanation of the cause of behavior. A single behavior can generate a wide range of attributions.

Jake fails in an exam because he does not study properly. He blames his teacher for not focusing on areas that were tested in the exam. He believes that if it wasn't for the teacher, he would have passed the exam with flying colors. Jake has ________.

an external locus of control

What is thought to be a main brain feature that is affecting anxiety related disorders

an impairment in the limbic system

If the neurotransmitter affected by an antagonist is inhibitory itself, the result will be _____ in the activity of the cell.

an increase

social facilitation

an increase in individual performance caused by the presence of other people

Personality

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

primary reinforcer

an innate reinforcer that requires no learning to have a reinforcing effect because it satisfies a biological need

Reflex

an involuntary response, one that is not under personal control or choice.

NEO-Personality Inventory-3 (NEO-PI-3)

an objective personality test that measures the Big Five personality factors.

gestalt

an organized whole that you perceive as different from just the sum of its parts.

Prejudice

an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action

Chemical substances that can block or reduce a cell's response to the action of other chemicals or neurotransmitters are called

antagonists

Punishment increases __________, which has been shown to interfere with learning.

anxiety

worrying that is out of porportion

anxiety disorder

What is behavioral inhibition

anxious infants --> anxious children/adolescence

punishment

any consequence of a behavior that makes that behavior less likely to recur.

reinforcement

any consequence of a behavior that makes that behavior more likely to recur. In general, reinforcement can be described as anything that helps the animal experience pleasure or avoid pain

stressor

any event or change in your life that causes you stress.

psychophysiological illnesses

any illness that stress can cause, worsen, or maintain. it was considered newsworthy when an illness was discovered to be psychophysiological. Now, it is difficult to find an illness that isn't psychophysiological

Aggression

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

Psychosis

any severe mental disorder in which contact with reality is lost or highly distorted

discriminative stimulus

any stimulus, such as stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement.

social influence

any way in which the presence of other people influences your thoughts, feelings, or behavior.

A(n) ________ is the central component of emotion and the emotional experience.

appraisal

Marshal comes second in an international swimming competition. His coach cites Marshal's inefficiency as the reason for him second in the competition. On the other hand, his Japanese counterpart's comes third in the competition, but is not blamed by his coach. Instead, the Japanese swimmer's coach blames himself for not having trained him appropriately. This scenario illustrates the difference in the ________.

appraisal patterns across cultures

A person's perceptions, beliefs, attributions, and goals determine which emotion he or she will feel in a given circumstance; collectively, they are called _______________.

appraisals

Information-processing approach

approach to the study of cognitive development by observing and analyzing the mental processes involved in perceiving and handling information

A common distortion in though that can cause negative feeling and unrealistic beliefs in people is " jumping to conclusions." This is referred to as...

arbitrary inference

Basic research psychology specializations

are areas in which psychologists conduct research for the sake of enhancing the understanding of behavior and mental processes. These are the psychologists who run studies.

People with extremely high numbers of taste buds

are called supertasters

Delusions

are completely false beliefs that a person with schizophrenia believes to be reality.

Hallucinations

are false sensations or perceptions. Hallucinations are sounds, images, scents, or other physical sensations that the person with schizophrenia experiences even though those sensations do not exist in reality

John Watson believed that phobias

are learned through the process of conditioning

When children receive praise for doing an activity that they enjoy, they ________.

are less likely to engage in the activity again without the reward

Antagonistic hostility characterizes people who:

are ready to provoke arguments.

Depressive and bipolar disorders

are the category of psychological disorders based on extreme moods or emotional states.

Dissociative disorders

are the category of psychological disorders in which the person loses awareness of, or becomes disconnected from, essential parts of the self such as memories, emotions, or identity.

Anxiety disorders

are the group of DSM disorders in which the experience of excessive, unjustified anxiety is the primary symptom.

somatosenses

are the senses you experience through your skin, primarily touch, temperature, and pain. Other senses, like itch, tickle, and tingle, are somatosenses too

mirror neurons

are thought to underlie empathy and imitation and activate when a person performs or observes a particular behavior

easy temperament

are, well, easy-going

Psychoanalysis

as psychoanalysis: a perspective in psychology created by Sigmund Freud that emphasizes unconscious mental activity and the long-lasting influence of childhood experiences. The discovery of this "talking cure" (as it was called by Anna O., a patient whose treatment was famously described by Breuer) led Freud to two historic ideas. Sigmund Freud

biological theory of abnormality

asserts that biological factors within the human body, such as brain structures, neurochemicals, and genes, are the primary causes of psychological disorders.

psychological theory of abnormality

asserts that psychological factors—including emotions, thoughts, behaviors, and traits—are the primary causes of psychological disorders.

sociocultural theory of abnormality

asserts that social and cultural factors surrounding the person, rather than factors within the person, are the primary causes of psychological disorders.

social comparison

assessing yourself by determining how you measure up to other people.

direct observation

assessment in which the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting

brainstem

at the bottom and back, near the spine the part of the brain that connects to the spine and controls the functions most essential to staying alive brainstem accurately depicts how it fits into the larger structure of the brain—like a stem, with the rest of the brain blossoming up and around it like a flower.

frontal lobe

at the front of your brain, right behind your forehead

one of the key elements of a person-centered therapy is _____, which is the genuine, open, and honest, response of the therapist to the client.

authenticity

repetitive or obsessive behaviors and an inflexible adherence to routines or rituals are included in the psychological component of which of the following disorders?

autism spectrum

Rose believes that she is more likely to die from a tornado than from heart disease because tornados make big news. Which of the following errors has Rose made?

availability heuristic

Carter has bitten his fingernails to the point where his finger tips are constantly red and swollen. After meeting with a therapist, Carter's parents have started putting a foul-tasting liquid on his fingernails several times a day. Carter's therapist is using...

aversion therapy

People with social phobia tend to practice what kind of behavior?

avoidance

In which Axis of the DSM-IV-TR are personality disorders diagnosed?

axis II

personality disorders, such as antisocial personality disorder, would be found on which axis of the DSM-IV-TR?

axis II

A cell that conducts electrochemical signals and is the basic unit of the nervous system is called a a. glial cell. b. neuron. c. neurotransmitter. d. nerve.

b

A controlled test of a hypothesis, in which the researcher manipulates one variable in order to discover its effect on another variable, is called a(n) a. correlational study. b. experiment. c. survey. d. single-blind study.

b

According to your instructor, there is no such thing as ______ teaching. a. learning-free b. value-free c. online d. biased

b

Generally speaking, the _______________ hemisphere in the brain is in charge of the left side of the body. a. left b. right c. frontal d. rear

b

In the scientific use of the term, a "theory" is a prediction about the outcome of a given experiment or study. an organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a set of observations and how they are related. a precise definition of a term in a hypothesis, which specifies how it will be observed and measured. a scientist's best guess about the cause of an event or phenomenon.

b

Joe is walking home alone on a dark night. He hears a stick breaking and immediately turns to his right to see what made the noise. What cue did Joe most likely use to tell which direction the sound came from? a. the timbre of the sound b. the slight time difference between when the sound reached each ear c. the overall loudness of the sound d. the frequency of the sound

b

Ken watches as his wife Janet walks toward the house. Even though the retinal image of Janet grows larger as she approaches, she does not appear to be growing larger as she moves closer and closer to Ken. This scenario illustrates a. relative size. b. size constancy. c. retinal disparity. d. linear perspective.

b

Many axons, especially the larger ones, are insulated by a surrounding layer of fatty material called the _______________. a. neuromodulator b. myelin sheath c. dendrite d. glia

b

Patients with _______________ hemisphere damage in the brain may have difficulty identifying faces, interpreting emotional expressions in a face or voice, or understanding music or art. a. left b. right c. frontal d. rear

b

Psychology is defined as the discipline concerned with a. the study of all physical stimuli that affect human sensations and perceptions. b. behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism's physical state, mental state, and external environment. c. the study of humankind and the importance of culture in explaining the diversity in human behavior. d. maladaptive human behaviors and cognitions that are incorporated into a person's self-worth during childhood.

b

Receptors that account for our sense of balance are found in the a. eyes. b. ears. c. nose. d. skin.

b

Sam is seated in a dark room and asked to look at a screen. He watches as flashes of light, varying in brightness, are shown on the screen one at a time. Whenever he notices a flash, he informs the researchers. What are the researchers measuring? a. Sam's anatomical encoding of brightness b. Sam's absolute threshold for brightness c. Sam's functional encoding of brightness d. Sam's difference threshold for brightness

b

The _______________ is the structure in the brain involved in basic survival drives including feeding, fighting, fleeing, and sex. a. reticular activating system b. hypothalamus c. parietal lobes d. temporal lobes

b

The ability to focus on some parts of the environment and block out others is referred to as a. sensory deprivation. b. selective attention. c. sensory overload. d. inattentional blindness.

b

The central nervous system consists of the a. parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions. b. brain and the spinal cord. c. muscles and glands. d. sense organs and sensory neurons.

b

Which of the following correlation coefficient values indicate the strongest relationship between two variables? a. +.50 b. -.80 c. +.70 d. -.10

b

Which of the following is NOT true about the link between music and brain structure/function? a. Playing a musical instrument can improve your "executive" level functioning. b. When people listen to music, they mostly activate the temporal and parietal lobe. c. People who play a musical instrument tend to have more connections between the right and left hemispheres. d. Musicians exhibit enhanced memory functions due to assigning memories with multiple "tags".

b

Which of the following is one of the critical-thinking guidelines described in the textbook? a. don't overthink; go with your gut reaction b. define your terms c. accept all opinions as equally valid d. simplify as much as possible

b

Which of the following statements is true? a. The autonomic nervous system collects sensory input and sends commands to skeletal muscles. b. The autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. c. The sympathetic nervous system enables the body to conserve and store energy. d. The parasympathetic nervous system mobilizes the body for action.

b

Which of the following structures is part of the brain stem? a. amygdala b. medulla c. thalamus d. hypothalamus

b

The _______ is the part of the cortex involved in more complex behaviors like planning and decision making. a. Temporal Lobe b. Frontal Lobe c. Parietal Lobe d. Posterior Lobe

b. Frontal Lobe

Psychoanalysis is: a. a method of psychotherapy which emphasizes the awareness of one's own cognitive processes. b. a method of psychotherapy which emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts c. a method of psychotherapy in which an observer carefully records and interprets behavior without interfering with the behavior d. a method of psychotherapy which emphasizes how maladaptive behaviors are learned through imitations of others and through cognitive expectations

b. a method of psychotherapy which emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts

Which of the following is important for voluntary movement and appears to be malfunctioning in Parkinson's disease? a. thalamus b. basal ganglia c. hypothalamus d. cerebellum

b. basal ganglia

The tendency to look for information that supports one's belief is called the: a. principle of falsifiability b. confirmation bias c. denialism d. cognitive inertia

b. confirmation bias

The purpose of the peer review process is to: a. verify the credentials of the researcher who works on a project b. give science a built-in system of checks and balances c. ensure that there is competition among scientists doing similar research d. make sure that the research does not involve animals as subjects

b. give science a built-in system of checks and balances

Holly asks an examiner whether the test she is taking uses established standards of performance among similar individuals. Holly's question is regarding the test's: a. reliability b. norms c. content validity d. criterion validity

b. norms

The ________ is the part of the neuron that integrates incoming signals and "decides" whether or not to respond. a. dendrite b. soma c. axon d. terminal

b. soma

An organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a specified set of phenomena and their interrelationships is called a _________. a. hypothesis b. theory c. research design d. operational definition

b. theory

If a psychological test measures what it is supposed to measure, it satisfies the criteria called: a. reliability b. validity c. variability d. standardization

b. validity

Relieving losses are ________.

bad outcomes that could have been worse

ratio schedules

based on response

humanistic theory of personality

based on the ideas of Carl Rogers, emphasizes our inherent tendencies toward healthy, positive growth and self-fulfillment.

Hofstede's dimensions differ from the Big Five in that they are

based on the traits of a culture rather than an individual

interval schedules

based on time

Developmental psychology

basic research specialization in which psychologists focus on how people change throughout the life span. In the early days, developmental psychologists focused exclusively on childhood and adolescence, but in recent decades, they have also focused on development during the adult years. Developmental psychologists conduct research on how our reasoning, thinking, relationships, emotions, and other aspects of our lives evolve as we age

A fear turns into a phobia when it ________.

becomes irrational and interferes with normal activities

In Tolman's study on rats, the second group, who did not get reinforced with food until the tenth day, then

began to solve the maze immediately

formal operational stage

beginning around age 11 and lasting through adulthood, in which the person becomes able to think logically about abstract things.

ratio

behavior

_______ seem(s) to work better in group settings than psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral therapies.

behavior therapies

hardiness

behaviors that reflect resilience under stressful circumstances. Hardy people welcome stress. They see it as an opportunity for improvement and success rather than failure and pain. Hardiness is closely related to the concept of posttraumatic growth that we discussed earlier in the chapter, but it can emerge even when the stress is less than traumatic. Hardiness has three key ingredients, known by psychologists as the "three C's"—commitment, controlling, and challenge

An example of negative punishment would be ________.

being grounded

Normal distribution

bell-shaped curve that results when the values of a trait in a population are plotted against their frequency

Therapies that directly affect the biological functioning of the body and brain are known as

biomedical therapies

Using medical methods to treat psychological disorders is a form of

biomedical therapy

________ cells have a single dendrite at one end and a single axon at the other.

bipolar

Origin of Species

book written by Charles Darwin that focused biologists' attention on the great diversity of organisms, involving the idea of natural selection

Social-cognitive theories of learning emphasize

both behaviorist principles AND how attitudes and beliefs affect behaviors.

What can be done in a survey or poll to try to increase the likelihood that answers are accurate? a. The researcher can pay the volunteers. b. The researcher can make sure to find volunteers that care about the survey topic. c. The researcher can word the questions that makes the volunteer comfortable. d. There is nothing that can be done to increase accuracy.

c. The researcher can word the questions that makes the volunteer comfortable.

An academic researcher studies flirtatious behavior in college students at a campus bar, while disguising herself as a patron. Her study is considered: a. a survey b. a laboratory observation c. a naturalistic observation d. correlational

c. a naturalistic observation

Dwight suffered brain damage in a car accident. As a result, he is clumsy, uncoordinated, and has balance issues. Which structure was most likely damaged? a. pons b. medulla c. cerebellum d. reticular activating system

c. cerebellum

Real psychology differs from popular psychology and its pseudoscientific relatives in that it is based on a. popular opinion b. the ideas of prominent psychoanalysts c. empirical evidence d. biological or chemical processes

c. empirical evidence

An academic researcher would use the case study method for a research study when: a. a new discovery has been made regarding a cause-and-effect relationship b. the relationship between two variables has to be established c. ethical considerations prevent the usage of other sources of information d. the purpose of research is to track down a cause

c. ethical considerations prevent the usage of other sources of information

The ____________ is a structure in the brain stem responsible for certain automatic functions, such as breathing and heart rate. a. reticular activating system b. thalamus c. medulla d. cerebellum

c. medulla

While Bridget is walking on the road, a bicyclist swerves toward her. Her heart races and swear breaks out as she jumps out of harm's way. Soon, Bridget's heart rate begins to decrease. This calming reaction is due to the action of Bridget's: a. lymphatic system b. endocrine system c. parasympathetic nervous system d. sympathetic nervous system

c. parasympathetic nervous system

In a psychological research study, a sample made up of participants whose characteristics match the characteristics of the relevant population is called a __________ sample. a. judgment b. quota c. representative d. convenience

c. representative

The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that controls sensation and movement of the muscles is called the: a. sympathetic nervous system b. parasympathetic nervous system c. somatic nervous system d. central nervous system

c. somatic nervous system

Which of the following variables is an example of negative correlation? a. average income and purchasing power b. adult shoe size and IQ scores c. the price of a car and the mileage on a car d. height and weights

c. the price of a car and the mileage on a car

Cross- Sectional Advantages

can be done quickly, since data is collected only once from each participant no concerns about dropout

A newborn

can see objects about one foot away

sensory neurons

carry information to your brain from your senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch)

motor neurons

carry messages from your brain to your muscles. (Sensory neurons are sometimes called afferent neurons, and motor neurons are sometimes called efferent neurons.) For example, if you accidentally touch a hot stove, you'll witness how quickly both sensory neurons and motor neurons can convey their messages. Your sensory neurons carry the message "This is hot!" to your brain, and your motor neurons carry the message "Move away!" to the muscles controlling your hand—all within a fraction of a second

One of the possible symptoms of ___ schizophrenia is a behavior in which a person maintains an odd position, without moving, for hours on end

catatonic

Thorndike is best known for his behavioral studies of ________.

cats trying to escape a puzzle box

Embryonic period

cells specialize, each cell is devoted to a specific body part, facial features, arms and legs start to develop

glial cells

cells that support and protect neurons throughout the brain (Jessell & Sanes, 2013). The myelin sheath has an important role in neuronal communication: it makes sure that messages travel across axons, which can be quite long in some cases, at maximum speed and with minimal loss One problem that arises from deterioration of the myelin sheath is multiple sclerosis (MS), a disease that can affect both movement and sensation. Specifically, in people suffering from MS, the signals sent via motor neurons don't arrive as intended at the body part that is supposed to move, or the information sent via sensory neurons doesn't arrive as intended in the brain

The two main divisions of the nervous system are:

central and peripheral

Deciding which chapters to review for an upcoming exam is regulated by the

cerebral cortex.

conformity

changes in an individual's behavior to correspond to the behavior of a group of other people.

_____ allow ions to enter the neural cell.

channels

neurotransmitters

chemical messengers that travel across synapses from one neuron to the next. You are probably familiar with quite a few specific neurotransmitters.

Neurotransmitter

chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse

pheromones,

chemical signals detected by your nose without your awareness.

Hormones

chemicals made by the glands of the endocrine system, affect certain tissues throughout the body. Hormones influence virtually every important function within your body, including your appetite, mood, energy level, sleep schedule, sex drive, metabolism, digestion, and more.

What did psychologist Albert Bandura discover through his research in the 1960s?

children can learn aggression simply by observing adults

What did the Supreme Court recently decide about children and video games?

children may legally purchase violent video games

transition

choose to take steps to live as the gender that matches their identity rather than their biologically assigned gender

Which of the following is a solution used by people in reappraising a situation as a method of rethinking a problem?

choosing to think about a stressor differently

Paul is completing a survey regarding academic issues. Based on what you know about self-enhancing biases, Paul is likely to

claim he works harder than most students in his classes.

A cat that associates the sound of a can opener with being fed has learned through

classical conditioning

higher-order conditioning

classical conditioning that involves three or more stimuli.

projective personality tests,

clients respond to ambiguous stimuli in a free-form way.

Nerve hearing impairment can be helped with the use of

cochlear implants

Marlena said, "I didn't get into the sorority I wanted and my life is ruined." This would be an indicator of abnormal behavior according to the ________ model.

cognitive [confirmed - not biopsychosocial]

According to Dr. Murray, what is the most effective treatment strategy for phobias?

cognitive behavioral therapy

chickenpox virus

cognitive impairment, low birth weight, vision problems

Mercury

cognitive impairment, problems with movement

Accutane ( retinoic acid)

cognitive impairment, various deformities, psychological problems

lead

cognitive impairment, various physical illnesses

Rubella virus

cognitive impairment; heart, eye, and ear abnormalities

Behaviorism influenced the field of

cognitive psychology

Today, Gestalt psychology ideas are most closely related to which branch of psychology

cognitive psychology

When Ephraim was very young, he suffered brain damage. Fortunately, his brain was able to adapt, and the axons of some of his functioning neurons grew new branches near the damaged cells. This process is known as

collateral sprouting.

Cerys has read all the books on mythology in his school's library, and he is intrigued by how the stories all seem to have similar elements and themes. In each story there is a hero and a villain, a damsel in distress, a wise old man or woman to guide the hero, and a funny sidekick. Jung would tell Cerys that the commonalities are there because the story creators were all tapping the

collective unconscious

To relieve epileptic seizures, Bill has had his corpus callosum severed. Now Bill has difficulty

communicating between his right and left hemispheres.

n gestalt theories the principle of closure refers to the tendency to

complete incomplete figures.

Dan McAdams felt that, in order to understand a person's personality, we must take into account that person's

complete life story

altruism

completely unselfish concern for others.

Carla was bitten by a dog when she was a toddler. She's older now, but still backs up in fear when ever a dog approaches her. This is an example of

conditioned emotional response

Ivan Pavlov is best known for his research on ________.

conditioned reflexes

Ivan Pavlov studied the reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He used meat powder to trigger the salivation. It was later observed that the salivation occurred even before the food was placed in its mouth—at the sound of the footsteps of the person bringing the food. The salivation at the sound of the footsteps act as a(n) ________.

conditioned response

vicarious conditioning

conditioning that takes place via observation of others' life experiences rather than one's own.

Isaac is in a room that is almost completely dark. He notices while lying in bed that if he tries to focus on the faint little red light on the fire detector, it seems to disappear. When he asks his mother why this happens, she explains that the eye receptors that understand color do not function well in very dim light. To which receptors is she referring?

cones

At the age of ten, Norah was constantly bullied by a boy in her class and she ended up coming home crying. At that time, her mother tells her to pen down her feelings to cope with the stress. Eventually, Norah realizes that the incident was in the past and it does not affect her anymore. In this scenario, the method Norah's mother suggests is to help Norah in ________.

confessing her feelings to be able to move on

Motion sickness can be explained by

conflict between visual input and other sensory input

Jones is a responsible person who has the ability to persist in the pursuit of goals. He enjoys his work and the constant challenges that he gets to face. He is a hard worker. Jones is _______________.

conscientious

Rather than focusing on unconscious, hidden conflicts, humanistic theorists focus on

conscious, subjective experiences of emotion and people's sense of self.

Freud believed the mind was divided into three parts: the _____, _____, and the _____.

conscious, unconscious, preconscious

Understanding that while the shape of an object may change, the mass of the object stays the same is an example of

conservation

Id

contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

A student's class always met in room 100. However, when that student took the final exam, the class met in room 317. The student experienced memory problems at the final exam. What could account for the student's memory problems?

context-dependent memory

Mrs. Lewis participated in a study in which she was given no treatment for her condition. Mrs. Lewis was in the ________ group.

control

Which of the following is an advantage of laboratory studies?

control of extraneous variables

During a LASIK procedure, the ophthalmologist removes small portions of the

cornea

The eye bends light through the ____, which does the majority of the bending of the light, and the _____, which fine tunes the light.

cornea; lens

_____ promotes the release of glucose which provides energy for the brain during stress

cortisol

Murphy is a 7-year-old who has a conditioned fear of furry and hairy things. He is fond of a snack of chocolate milk and cookies and associates pleasant feelings with it. Psychologists gradually pair a furry teddy bear with the snack that Murphy enjoys. This is an example of ________.

counterconditioning

Which of the following is a secondary punisher?

criticism

According to the behavioral perspective, a children who cries and is rewarded by getting his mother's attention will

cry again in the future

A person's knowledge of the working of automobiles is an example of

crystalized intelligence

Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are ailments most often found in Western society, and are therefore called

culture-bound syndromes

A major point of difference between basic research and applied research is that: a. basic research involves experimentation and applied research involves psychiatry. b. basic research studies physical processes and applied research studies mental processes. c. basic research studies only humans, whereas applied research studies both animals and human beings. d. basic research is done to acquire knowledge and applied research is done to solve practical problems.

d

A(n) __________ psychologist studies how genetically-influenced behavior that was functional or adaptive during our species' past may be reflected in the present behaviors, mental processes, and traits of modern humans. a. cognitive b. behavioral c. sociocultural d. evolutionary

d

Damage to the occipital lobes may result in difficulty with a. language comprehension. b. speech production. c. feeling pain and pressure. d. sight.

d

Dr. Storey wants to know whether or not the first three years of life are critical for acquiring language. She decides to study a child who was tragically deprived of human language by her parents. This type of research is called a(n) a. correlational study. b. experiment. c. survey. d. case study.

d

In class, we watched a video that discussed Entoptic Phenomenon. What is an example of this phenomenon? a. Individuals who experience this show signs of veering off topic due to a surge of the neurotransmitter dopamine. b. If cats' nerves are severed in the hindbrain, they can no longer distinguish figure and ground. c. This occurs when your kinesthetic senses are knocked off balance resulting in sudden falls. d. If you hit the back of your head, you may "see stars" due to the brain misinterpreting signals in the Occipital lobe.

d

Of the smells that humans detect a. "fruity" and "rotten" seem to be the two basic smells. b. "spicy" and "flowery" seem to be the two basic smells. c. "musky" and "putrid" seem to be the two basic smells. d. no smell seems to be more basic than any other.

d

One metaphor that helps us understand the function of the thalamus is a. to think of it as a file of tags that get applied, with some items getting only one tag and others getting multiple. b. to compare it to the hub in a wheel with many spokes. c. the picture presented in class that showed a collage of faces. d. to think of it like a router taking in sensory information and then sending on to the different lobes of the brain.

d

One of the problems with neuroscience research on sex differences in the brain is a. researchers cannot account for ways that experience and culture have contributed to brain differences due to plasticity. b. researchers have often failed to correct or account for size differences that exist in males and females to begin with. c. researchers have too often used male brains when conducting studies in rats and other animals. d. All of the above are true.

d

Research has shown that learning _______ results in the same "brain benefits" as learning to play a musical instrument. a. to ride a surfboard b. how to tap dance c. acrylic and watercolor painting d. None of the above.

d

Researchers prefer to select participants who accurately represent the larger population that the researchers are interested in. This type of a group is called a _____________ sample. a. double-blind b. cross-cultural c. volunteer d. representative

d

The brain's ability to change and adapt in response to experience, through neurogenesis, or by reorganizing or growing new neural connections, is called a. constructivism. b. proliferation. c. optimization. d. plasticity.

d

The formal discipline of psychology, as we know it today, began a. in Ancient Greece. b. in the Middle Ages. c. in the 1600s. d. in the 1800s.

d

The reason why particular odors, such as the smell of gardenias, often rekindle memories of important personal experiences might be because a. the smell areas of the human brain are more highly developed than the other sensory areas. b. odors are processed in the cerebellum. c. the thalamus gives priority processing to the sense of smell. d. the olfactory bulb is directly connected to areas involved in emotion.

d

To test whether people in bars drink more when they are in groups than when they are alone, researchers visited all the pubs in a city. They ordered beers and recorded observations on napkins and pieces of newspaper. Why did they keep their identities in disguise? a. They were conducting a double-blind study. b. They wanted to make sure the study had test-retest reliability. c. They needed to determine the experimenter effects in the study at a later point in time. d. They wanted the people they were observing to behave naturally.

d

When you look at the drawing below, your brain fills in the gaps so that you perceive a complete form—in this case, a square. This occurs due to the principle of _______________. a. proximity b. continuity c. similarity d. closure

d

Which of the following statements is true, based on current research? a. Male and female brains are distinctly different in ways that explain differences on mental ability and motor tests. b. Male and female brains do not show any differences in structure other than the hippocampus, which helps explain females' superior performance on memory tests. c. Male and female brains differ in size only, although intersex people's brains are actually largest overall on average. d. Male and female brains generally display a mosaic of both typically "male-ish" and "female-ish" characteristics.

d

_______________ is an approach used only with animals to study the brain. a. Positron-emission tomography b. Transcranial magnetic stimulation c. Transcranial direct current stimulation d. The lesion method

d

_______________ is what makes a note played on a flute, which produces relatively pure tones, sound different from the same note played on an oboe, which produces very complex sounds. a. Frequency b. Pitch c. Loudness d. Timbre

d

_________ wanted to know how specific behaviors and mental processes help a person or animal adapt to the environment, so they looked for underlying causes and practical consequences of these behaviors and processes. a. Rationalists b. Structuralists c. Fundamentalists d. Functionalists

d. Functionalists

This neurotransmitter is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system: a. acetylcholine b. dopamine c. serotonin d. GABA

d. GABA

____________ argued that our mind is initially a "blank slate," and that our personality and behavior develop based on our experiences. a. Hippocrates b. Wilhelm Wundt c. Sigmund Freud d. John Locke

d. John Locke

"The fact that Jan has a higher IQ than Micheal does not mean that all women are smarter than men." Which of the following critical thinking guidelines does this example illustrate? a. define your terms b. ask questions and be willing to answer c. be skeptical d. don't oversimplify

d. don't oversimplify

Which of the following is a key characteristic of an ideal scientist? a. reliance of intuition b. virtuosity c. confidentiality d. skepticism

d. skepticism

The principle of falsifiability is defined as: a. a statement that attempts to predict a set of phenomena, specifying the false relationships among variables that have not been empirically tested b. an organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain false sets of phenomena and their interrelationships c. the principles of observing and measuring the process of phenomenon being investigated d. the principle that a scientific theory must make predictions that are specific enough to expose the theory to the possibility of disconfirmation

d. the principle that a scientific theory must make predictions that are specific enough to expose the theory to the possibility of disconfirmation

For her Experimental Psychology class, Kristen has developed the hypothesis that "intelligent people are more stressed out." Kristen's teacher tells her she needs to use operational definitions for her variables. This means that she needs to

define which behaviors or qualities differentiate one person's "intelligence" from the next person's, and define the behaviors she associates with "stressed out."

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ=ma/ca x 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance fo a given age is assigned a score of 100

heritablity

degree to which the changes in some trait within a population can be considered to be due to genetic influences

Members of some hate groups cover their faces and sometimes their entire bodies while they mistreat their targeted group. This can also happen if the hate group is extremely large or a "mob mentality" forms. In these situations, people find it easier to participate in crimes they would not normally commit due to

deindividuation.

In his famous studies on obedience, Stanley Milgram asked participants to

deliver electrical shocks to another person.

Which part of the neuron is responsible for receiving information?

dendrites

Stephanie conducts an experiment to learn if brunettes have more fun. She has three brunette female friends and three blonde female friends go to the same party and record how many times they are asked to dance. In her experiment, Stephanie has defined her ____________ as the number of times the friends were asked to dance, and her ____________ as hair color.

dependent variable; independent variable

low levels of serotonin activity have been linked to

depression

How does heritability factor into depressive and bipolar disorders?

depressive disorders ( higher in women) : 0.37-0.50 - environmental factors is higher in men bipolar disorders : 0.75-0.80 -genetics of mania are very distinct

Binocular depth cues

depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence, that depend on the use of two eyes

Archival Study

descriptive method where researchers reexamine data that was collected for other purposes

According to Dr. Dill, if you spend a lot of time with violence, such as playing violent video games, you will become _______ when you see violence in real life.

desensitized

What step comes first in designing a behavior modification plan for yourself?

determine a specific target behavior

Which of the following scenarios would best be explained by the prototype model of concept structures?

determining whether something is a flower if it is similar to a rose

To get around the human ability to mask emotions and more clearly define facial expressions for certain emotions, Ekman and his associates ________.

developed a special coding system that analyzed and identified the numerous facial muscles.

Cognitive development

development of processes of knowing, including imagining, perceiving, reasoning, and problem solving

________ are based on the normal curve distribution.

deviation iq scores

Pavlov's dogs exhibited stimulus discrimination when they

did not demonstrate a conditioned response upon hearing ticking sounds similar to the metronome

The tendency to feel that someone else is responsible for taking action when others are present is

diffusion of responsibility

Which of the following is an effect of the chemical messengers, epinephrine and norepinephrine?

dilation of pupil

Introversion

dimension of personality in which people tend to withdraw from excessive stimulation

extintction

disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal of the unconditioned stimulus.

fixation

disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage

PTSD

disorder is marked by frequent re- experiencing of a traumatic event through images, memories, nightmares, flashbacks, or other ways.

An individual with _____ schizophrenia would display symptoms of bizarre, childish behavior, confused speech, vivid hallucinations, inappropriate of flat affect, and may neglect cleanliness.

disorganized

Body language, nonverbal signals of body movement, posture, gesture, and gaze are governed by ________.

display rules

biological component of major depression

disruption of sleep

When neurons fire and transmit messages, they

do so in an all-or-none fashion.

In behavior therapy, the reduction of the undesired behavior is

easy to measure, but gaining insights, feelings of control, and self-worth are not easily evaluated.

What kind of plan is best when trying to modify our behaviors?

easy-to-follow

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

eating some delicious ice cream

coping

efforts to reduce or manage your experience of stress.

The element of the psyche that might make you feel guilty if you steal your little sister's allowance is your

ego

A(n) ________ is a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action.

emotion

In psychological terms, affect means

emotion

Ariel, a flight attendant, comes across a drunk customer during one of the flights. Though the customer's behavior infuriates her, she puts on a smile and answers all his queries cheerfully. Further, she offers to help him any way she possibly can. In this scenario, Ariel acts out an emotion that she does not really feel. The expression of such an emotion is termed ________.

emotion work

Mindfulness meditation fosters _______________.

emotional tranquility

What is the key social emotion involved with altruism?

empathy

trait theory of personality

emphasizes the discovery and description of the basic components of personality

Kinship theory

emphasizes the importance of passing your genes on to future generations

behavioral theory of personality

emphasizes the influence of the environment and the importance of observable, measurable behavior.

social-cognitive theory of personality

emphasizes the interaction of environment, thought processes, and social factors.

Shallow Processing

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

Deep Processing

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

To make sensations possible, what must be converted to send signals to your brain?

energy

bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism consists of

environment, behavior, personal factors

secondary appraisal

estimating the resources that they have available for coping with the stressor

primary appraisal

estimating the severity of the stressor and classifying it as a threat

What are some culturally specific presentations of social anxiety disorder

ex: fear of offending in japan ex: fear of seeming incompetent (U.S)

In classical conditioning, ________ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response eventually disappears.

extinction

You have trained your dog to bark on command by giving her rawhides when she is successful. However, you quit giving her the rawhides when she barks and you find that eventually she will not bark on command. What has occurred?

extinction

Andrew is quite talkative and fun loving. He loves to socialize with others and enjoys being around other people. Andrew would score high on which personality factor?

extraversion

What piece of equipment do researchers commonly use to study brain activity during facial recognition?

fMRI

Nicole has had Botox injections for cosmetic purposes. Botox paralyzes the facial muscles that are used in frowning. After having the injections, Nicole's ability to process feelings of sadness and anger was hindered. In this scenario, which of the following processes seems to be blocked?

facial feedback

Since Olivia has had Botox injections, she does not frown. This is because Botox paralyzes the facial muscles used in frowning. So, Olivia's facial muscles cannot process emotion. Which of the following has been blocked in Olivia's case?

facial feedback

The facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed in the process of _______________.

facial feedback

In ______, no one person is seen as the problem.

family therapy

People who experience the Garcia effect are likely to

feel ill after tasting food that had previously been associated with nausea.

behavioral gentics

field of study devoted to discovering the genetic bases for personality characteristics

How do field experiments differ from field studies?

field studies are non-experimental

Why is the cortex so wrinkled?

fit inside the skull

According to the DSM-IV-TR, diagnosis of a patient thought to have a mental disorder requires looking at...

five seperate axes

psychosexual stages

five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child

fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

follows a fixed number of responses. pause after reward.

When you make an educated guess about the explanation for your observations, you are

forming a hypothesis

Forgetting curve

founded by Hermann Ebbinghaus. displays retention of information and forgetting over time. conclusions to this were that most forgetting happens right after learning something. this was modified to that forgetting doesn't occur that quickly if the subject is memorizing more meaningful material

John Watson is credited with ________.

founding American behaviorism and promoting Pavlov's procedure

John Watson is credited with ________.

founding American behaviorism? NOT:discovering the principles of classical conditioning

At one year, a baby's visual sensitivity is _______ times greater than it was at birth.

four

preoperational stage

from about age 2 to about age 7, when children can use language and other symbols for real objects but still can't complete many mental operations. This is the period when kids develop the ability to represent things in their mind.

concrete operational stage,

from about age 7 to about age 11, in which children acquire the ability to think logically about concrete things.

self-actualization

fully becoming the person you have the potential to become. To grow, the plant needs water and sunlight.

What are the four regions of the brain known to be involved in facial recognition?

fusiform face area, occipital face area, posterior superior temporal sulcus, amygdala

A single general ability that influences all areas of intellectual functioning is called the

g-factor

The term for a cognitive framework for understanding what it means to be male or female in a given culture is

gender schema

An ongoing disorder lasting six months or longer in which a person has a feeling of dread and impending doom along with the physical symptoms of stress is

generalized anxiety disorder

Suggested causes of personality disorders include

genetics, social relationships, parenting

Which of the following therapists would use leading questions and planned experiences, such as role-playing, in therapy sessions?

gestalt therapists

the job of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is to

get the body ready to deal with stress

difficult temperament

give their parents a much harder time.

adrenal glands

glands located on top of the kidneys that produce hormones to arouse the body in response to stress

On the axes of the DSM-IV-TR, Axis V addresses

global assessment of functioning

Over an extended time, meditation stimulates:

greater activity of enzymes involved in the length of telomeres.? NOT: changes in brain activity associated with negative emotions.

Another name for the sensation of taste is ______.

gustation

Which system is responsible for your sense of taste?

gustatory

the tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information

habituation

____, such as hearing voices or seeing things that aren't really there, are not uncommon in someone diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia

hallucinations

A person who cannot create new memories

has anterograde amnesia.

A person who responds to frequent punishment with anxiety or rage ________.

has associated the emotions with the punishment through classical conditioning? NOT:has been reinforced to respond with these emotions

the five-factor model

has implication for the diagnosis of personality disorders

A person with the type A personality:

has the determination to achieve.

social anxiety disorder(also called social phobia)

have an intense and irrational fear of situations in which they may be judged or scrutinized

Black psychologists

have made many notable historical achievements. In 1920, Francis C. Sumner became the first Black man to earn a PhD in psychology in the United States, In 1937, Alberta Banner Turner became the first Black woman to do so. The Clarks also opened a child guidance clinic in Harlem, have made many notable historical achievements. In 1920, Francis C. Sumner became the first Black man to earn a PhD in psychology in the United States, and in 1937, The Clarks also opened a child guidance clinic in Harlem, which Mamie Phipps Clark directed for over 30 years and which is still in operation today. In 1971, Kenneth Clark became the first Black president of the American Psychological Association

object permanence:

he ability to realize that an object continues to exist even when you can't see, hear, or otherwise sense it.

bystander effect

he decrease in likelihood that you will help another person caused by the presence of others also available to help

acculturative stress

he physical or psychological stress that comes from acculturation. Acculturative stress can include lots of things that immigrants and other newcomers to cultural groups often experience: language difficulties; pressure to dress, speak, or behave in a certain way; harassment and discrimination; and lack of necessary skills or knowledge

Homeopathic medicine

health care based on the idea that the human body has the ability to heal itself and characterized by low-dose medications made from natural sources.

complementary medicine

health care that complements conventional medicine.

alternative medicine

health care that is used instead of conventional medicine. Together, complementary medicine and alternative medicine are often called CAM (Complementary and Alternative Medicine).

cognitive therapists focus on

helping people change their way of thinking

When he sees his brother for the first time after a period of five years, Aidan feels euphoric. He experiences a sense of being "flooded" by an emotion that is out of his control. The energy for such an emotion is provided by ________.

high levels of epinephrine

Sam has a fiery temper. He is easily angered and gets "flooded" by this emotion. He gets out of control because there is no way that he can consciously alter his heart rate and blood pressure. The energy of this emotion in Sam is provided by:

high levels of epinephrine.

Psychological and physical health is more common among people who are

high on the traits of extraversion and conscientiousness, and low on neuroticism.

A child who responds negatively to a label for an ethnic group different from his/her own has most likely experienced ________.

higher-order conditioning

Gina learns a positive response to the word vacation because of its association with beaches, good food, and hotel rooms. This would be an example of ________.

higher-order conditioning

After an event has occurred, people often wrongly believe that they "knew all along" what the outcome would be. This error is known as the

hindsight bias

____ made the first recorded attempt in history to explain abnormal behavior and mental illness as due to some biological process.

hippocrates

Print advertisement for a popular computer operating system features people from different countries, communities, and cultures holding hands and smiling while looking up at the sky. In this example, ________ is the unconditioned stimulus.

holding hands and looking up at the sky?

Which of the following perspectives on personality focuses on aspects that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice?

humanistic

The Garcia effect refers to

humans' readiness to associate sickness with taste.

The Garcia effect refers to:

humans' readiness to associate sickness with taste.

Cailean has always wished she had a "photographic memory." She sits on the steps of one of the academic buildings and watches the people. Sometimes she closes her eyes and tries to recall everything about what she was seeing. Each time, though, the memory quickly seems to dissolve. In what kind of memory is the visual information stored while it lasts?

iconic

When members of a group devote their lives to obtaining physical pleasure and immediate satisfaction of their needs, according to Freud, this group is dominated by their

id

Correlation will tell researchers all of the following EXCEPT _____ between variables.

if there is causation

what makes you more likely to develop major depressive disorder

if you have already had a major depressive episode.

Jenna, a 6-year-old keeps nagging her mother for candy before dinner. Which of the following is the best way to discourage the behavior?

ignoring

As medical doctors, psychiatrists are almost inevitably biological in perspective and, thus, use biomedical therapies

in addition to any psychotherapy technique they may favor.

When someone is viewing an afterimage, it appears

in all the wrong colors

Significant difference

in an experiment, a difference that is unlikely to have occurred because of chance alone and is inferred to be most likely due to the systematic manipulations of variables by the researcher

Conditioned Stimulus

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), comes to trigger a conditioned response.

Free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

Freud believed that personality was formed

in the first 6 years of life

dimensional model of psychopathology

in which psychological problems exist on a continuum as opposed to being fully present or absent.

identification,

in which the child models himself or herself after the undefeatable same-sex parent.

imaginary audience

in which they believe that their lives are continuously being watched and evaluated by other people.

Positive reinforcement

increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

Which of the following affect our perception?

individual physiological differences, the stimuli, and culture

self-efficacy

individual's expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance

After studying a psychological concept for some time, Vatana still has not been able to grasp the concept. However, while she is driving to work, she has an "ah-ha!" moment and the concept finally makes complete sense to her. Vatana has experienced

insight learning

Instinctive drift occurs when ________.

instinctual behaviors interfere with learned behaviors

Susan believes that she will perform better at her exams if she remembers to carry the pen that her father gifted her a few years back. This example illustrates ________.

intermittent reinforcement

After encountering a number of patients who had physical problems without any apparent physical cause, Sigmund Freud reasoned that the causes must be psychological and beyond his patients' conscious awareness. For example, one of his patients, a woman named Anna O., sometimes developed paralysis in her limbs even though there was nothing physically wrong with her. Based on his observations, Freud eventually developed a theory he called psychoanalysis. What was Freud actually analyzing?

internal, mostly unconscious psychological forces

how does Stress and life events affect mood disorders

interpersonal ( loss, social dejection) -->depression -mood disorders can also cause relational distress Behavioral ( goal achievement, job) -->mania However 50-80% of people who experience severe stress are fine

Dr. Stevens is treating a client with depression. During their sessions together, Dr. Stevens focuses on the client's relationships with friends, family, and coworkers, as well as how the everyday events of the clients life affect his mood. Dr. Stevens is using ____ to treat his client.

interpersonal psychotherapy

When a therapist asks questions and writes down the answers in a survey process, what assessment method is the therapist using?

interview

What are the two kinds of behavior that all organisms are capable of?

involuntary and voluntary

epinephrine

involved in the fight-or-flight response

histamine

involved in the immune system

dopamine

involved in the reward system and in movement

Obsessive -Compulsive Disorder

involves (1) obsessions, or troublesome thoughts, impulses, or images, and/or (2) compulsions, or ritualistic acts done repeatedly to reduce anxiety from the obsessions.

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

involves anxiety symptoms that persist for a long time across a wide range of situations and activities

Participant-observer study

involves field observation -pretending to be a group member, is a serious problem that requires careful planning

Positive reinforcement

involves getting something desirable

cognitive learning

involves mental processes that cannot be directly observed; premise that we are capable of new behaviors without actually having had the chance to perform them or being reinforced for them.

Negative reinforcement

involves removing something undesirable

Social psychology

is a basic research specialization in which psychologists focus on how people think about, influence, and relate to each other. Social psychologists explore our attitudes toward others, including prejudices and stereotypes, and how they relate to our interpersonal actions. They compare the way we explain the behavior of others to the way we explain the behavior of ourselves.

Personality psychology

is a basic research specialization in which psychologists focus on people's traits. They also explore factors that influence personality, including genes and family environment, in an attempt to understand how those traits develop.

Comparative psychology

is a basic research specialization in which psychologists focus on the behavior of species other than humans.

Physiological psychology

is a basic research specialization in which psychologists focus on the neural basis of behavior. Physiological psychologists conduct studies to determine the roles of various parts or processes within the brain in various behaviors, from hearing and sight to memory and sleep.

Health psychology

is a basic research specialization in which psychologists focus on the relationship between mind and body Most health psychologists are researchers, but some work in other specialization areas (like clinical and counseling), directly with clients on health-related issues. They study eating, exercise, and other topics related to weight; smoking, drinking, and other topics related to harmful substances; and sexual behavior and sexually transmitted diseases.

Attachment

is a close emotional bond between two people, particularly a young child and a caregiver.

biopsychosocial theory of abnormality

is a contemporary theory of abnormality acknowledging that a combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors contribute to psychological disorders

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

is a disorder characterized by unwanted, repetitive thoughts and uncontrollable actions done in response to those thoughts.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

is a disorder emerging in childhood that features significant problems with attention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, or both.

Autism spectrum disorder

is a disorder emerging in childhood that features significant social interaction deficits and rigid, repetitive patterns of behavior.

clinical interview

is a method of personality assessment in which the psychologist engages in conversation with the client.

Postconventional morality

is a moral decision-making strategy driven by fundamental rights and ethical principles. The personal consequences of the decision, as well as how well the decision fits with society's preferences, take a backseat at this point

Conventional morality

is a moral decision-making strategy driven by the desire to follow society's norms and laws. In this stage, what's right is what puts you in line with your culture's expectations of you.

Preconventional morality

is a moral decision-making strategy driven by the potential rewards and punishments of the decision. In this stage, what's right is what maximizes benefit and minimizes hardship for you

Continuous reinforcement

is a pattern by which a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs

Personality

is a person's distinctive and stable way of thinking, feeling, and behaving. It is the psychological equivalent of your fingerprint: a unique set of characteristics that differentiates you from other people and stays with you long-term.

Sexual orientation

is a person's pattern of romantic attraction to a particular group (or groups) of other people

Type C personality

is a personality featuring a low level of emotional expression, a high level of agreeableness with other people, and a tendency to feel helpless.

Multiculturalism

is a perspective in psychology that emphasizes the influence of culture on behavior and mental processes. Multiculturalism challenges an assumption held by the older schools of psychology (almost all of which were founded by White men from the United States and Europe) that an explanation of human behavior was equally true for all humans.

peripheral route persuasion

is a persuasion strategy that emphasizes factors other than the message's content.

central route persuasion

is a persuasion strategy that emphasizes the message's content

Multiculturalism

is a psychological approach that highlights the importance and value of multiple cultural groups within a society

Antisocial personality disorder

is a psychological disorder based on a disregard for, and violation of, the rights of other people

Borderline personality disorder

is a psychological disorder based on instability in many areas of the person's life, including interpersonal relationships, mood, and self-image.

Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)

is a psychological disorder characterized by a chronic, relatively low-intensity depressed mood

fixed-ratio schedule

is a reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced after a consistent, predictable number of occurrences.

variable-ratio schedule

is a reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced after an inconsistent, unpredictable number of occurrences

culture

is a set of shared beliefs, values, and patterns of behavior within a group of people.

Schizophrenia

is a severe psychological disorder in which the person exhibits bizarre disturbances in thinking, perception, feelings, and behavior.

ingroup

is a social group to which you believe you belong ("us").

Electroencephalography (EEG)

is a technique in which electrodes are placed on the scalp to record electrical activity in the brain. EEGs, which were first used in the 1920s, don't produce pictures of the brain,

Biopsychosocial theory

is a uniquely comprehensive popular perspective in psychology that emphasizes biological, psychological, and social factors as influences on behavior. Biopsychosocial theory is as inclusive as it gets among the schools of psychology. Unlike other old and new approaches, biopsychosocial theory does not claim that one factor alone explains your behavior. Instead, it recognizes that your brain and genetic inheritance (biological factors) and your thoughts and feelings (psychological factors) and your family and culture (social factors)

attitude

is a viewpoint, often influenced by both thoughts and emotions, that affects your responses to people, things, or situations.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)

is a widely used and respected objective personality test that emphasizes mental disorders

collectivism

is a worldview that emphasizes the well-being of the group over the well-being of the individual

Individualism

is a worldview that emphasizes the well-being of the individual over the well-being of the group.

Integration

is an acculturation strategy in which the person adopts both the new culture and the old culture.

Assimilation

is an acculturation strategy in which the person adopts the new culture and rejects the old culture

Marginalization

is an acculturation strategy in which the person rejects both the new culture and the old culture

Separation

is an acculturation strategy in which the person retains the old culture and rejects the new culture.

permissive parenting style

is an approach to parenting in which parents place minimal demands on children and allow them to run their own lives

authoritarian parenting style

is an approach to parenting in which parents require children to obey unquestionable strict rules.

authoritative parenting style

is an approach to parenting in which parents set rules, but also explain and negotiate those rules with their children.

Anorexia nervosa (often called simply anorexia)

is an eating disorder based on a refusal to eat enough food to maintain a minimally normal body weight, based on the person's height and age.

Bulimia nervosa (often called simply bulimia)

is an eating disorder in which an individual exhibits a pattern of overeating followed by drastic attempts to prevent weight gain.

Binge eating disorder

is an eating disorder with the overeating pattern of bulimia but without the purging.

psychodynamic theory of personality

is an explanation of personality, based on the ideas of Sigmund Freud, that emphasizes unconscious forces and early childhood experiences

Frequency theory

is an explanation of pitch perception based on the idea that you hear different pitches because nerve impulses travel with different frequencies through the auditory nerve. frequency theory emphasizes the speed or frequency at which the sound makes a nerve impulse travel from the cochlea through the auditory nerve

Place theory

is an explanation of pitch perception based on the idea that you hear different pitches because tiny hairs in different places within the cochlea are stimulated. Place theory emphasizes the specific place where the sound stimulates the cochlea,

Stress

is an unpleasant physical or psychological reaction to circumstances you perceive as challenging.

teratogen

is any substance that harms the embryo or fetus. Teratogens can enter the pregnant woman's body in many forms

In the long run, writing about traumatic life events ______.

is associated with physical and psychological health benefits

Aggression

is behavior intended to cause harm or death.

Prosocial behavior

is behavior intended to help others

Passionate love

is characterized by arousal and desire, and often experienced early in relationships.

Secondary appraisal

is determining how capable you are of coping with the event. Primary appraisal is how hard you think the big bad wolf can huff and puff; secondary appraisal is knowing whether your house is built of straw, wood, or brick.

Latent learning

is learning that has taken place but cannot be directly observed.

Kalliyan has taken the same route home from work for years, but today the road is closed due to an accident. Kalliyan has an important work presentation that she can't miss, so she takes a back road that she knows is there but has never used. She is displaying

latent learning

Behavioral theorists link depression to

learned helplessness

conditioned response (CR)

learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus

In his study of rats in mazes, Tolman concluded that the rats in the group that didn't receive reinforcement for solving the maze had

learned the maze by wandering around in it and formimg a cognitive map

Behaviorists explain disordered behavior as being

learned through classical or operant conditioning

The term "extinction" may be misleading because

learning is relatively permanent, meaning things are not "unlearned."

Free recall

learning procedure in which material that has been learned may be repeated in any order

operant conditioning

learning results from the association of a response with its consequences. learning by association. applies to voluntary behavior. learning results from the association of a response with consequences; what happens after the response occurs.

observational learning:

learning that occurs as a result of observing others' behavior and consequences rather than your own

unconscious mind

level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information are kept that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness

Kary welcomes her mother with an embrace and laughter when she comes home after work. Her mother uses a primary reinforcer to strengthen this response. The reinforcing stimulus is ________.

lightly stroking the hair on the top of her head

Hippocampus

long term memory, episodic memory

According to self-perception theory, if you're not sure how you feel about something, how can you find out?

look at your behavior

Interneurons

neurons that serve only to connect to other nearby neurons, rather than reaching farther out into the body. Interneurons are also known as connector neurons or relay neurons, names that reveal their function, like kids in the middle of a classroom passing along a note that was sent from a kid in the front to a kid in the back

John lifts a box and places it on a shelf. Based on our current understanding of brain functioning,

neuroscientists recognize that even simple behaviors, such as lifting a box, require the action of many parts of the brain.

Elijah often worries about his future. He almost always lies awake the night before a test concerned that he will fail. On the rare occasion that he does receive a grade that is lower than the one for which he hoped, he becomes depressed and irritable. His friends tease him that he takes everything far too seriously, or that he's going to have a nervous breakdown before he reaches 20. Based on this information and relying on the Five Factor Model, we can say that Elijah would be MOST likely to score high in

neuroticism

George is a worrier. He always seems tense, because he is anxious about his health, his job, and his relationships. Which factor of personality best encapsulates these attributes of George?

neuroticism

endorphins

neurotransmitters involved in reducing pain and increasing pleasure. They occur naturally in our brains, in response to feel-good stuff like food, fun, sex, and exercise. (Our natural endorphins are mimicked closely by such pain-killing drugs as morphine and codeine.)

Classical conditioning involves pairing between the ________.

neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus? NOT: stimuli and responses

Field Studies

non-experimental studies conducted in field. No manipulation -naturalistic observation examines subject spontaneous behavior in their actual environments and may obtain more representative behavior than experiments - high levels of external validity

A therapy style in which the therapist remains relatively neutral is ______ therapy.

nondirective

Longitudinal advantages

not vulnerable to cohort effects negatively affecting validity

Eliska is nine months old. One of her favorite games is peek-a-boo, and recently she has begun to pry at her mother's fingers when Mother covers her face. Eliska has developed _______________, the understanding that Mother is still behind her hands even when Eliska can't see her.

object permanence

After watching her father slide through pictures on his iPad using his index finger, Stan, a 6-year-old, learns to use his finger to slide the screen on the iPad. Stan acquired this behavior through ________.

observational learning

_____ is learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior.

observational learning

Researchers who allow their expectations about what they will see to affect the results of their observation studies are suffering from

observer bias

Todd has been struggling with ___ characterized by the intruding thought that his hands are covered in germs. He cannot pursue daily tasks unless he completes a ritualistic routine to wash his hands until he feels clean. These rituals have taken up so much of his time that he rarely manages to finish a task or complete his work at his job.

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Qualitative Research

obtains data consisting of words instead of numbers -obtained through self-reports, memories, thoughts - is helpful when you have a behavior that can only be understood within its context

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex responds to visual stimuli?

occipital lobe

Dissociative amnesia

occurs when a person becomes unable to recall important information from their past.

Negative symptoms

of schizophrenia are behaviors that are lacking in people with schizophrenia, but that are usually present in people without the disorder.

Positive symptoms

of schizophrenia are experiences that are present or excessive in people with schizophrenia but largely absent in people without it.

Cognitive symptoms

of schizophrenia involve the disturbed, illogical ways that people with schizophrenia think.

Research shows that recovered memories of child abuse are

often difficult to either prove or disprove.

The smell of a cookie comes through which system?

olfactory

sensory information related to smell is processed in the

olfactory bulbs

Synaesthesia refers to

one sense inducing an experience in another sense.

a highly saturated red color would contain ________ wavelengths.

only red

receptor sites:

openings in dendrites that match specific neurotransmitters like a lock fits a specific key. That lock-and-key relationship means that not every neurotransmitter will find a home as it passes from the axon terminal of one neuron to the dendrite of the next neuron. Actually, even if the neurotransmitter could fit a lock, sometimes there are not enough receptor sites to accept them all.

A teacher has decided to give 'caught being good' tickets to her students when they behave according to class rules. This teacher also rewards students with gold stars each time they improve their math speed. This teacher is using

operant conditioning

Behavior modification programs use the basic principles of ________.

operant conditioning

Print advertisement for a popular computer operating system features people from different countries, communities, and cultures holding hands and smiling while looking up at the sky. In this example, ________ is the conditioned stimulus.

operating system

If you look at the color green for an extended period of time and then look away, you will see an afterimage of red. Which theory accounts for this phenomenon?

opponent-process theory

: Type A personality

or a personality featuring high levels of competitiveness, drive, impatience, and hostility

pinna

or outer ear. Your pinna basically consists of the parts of your ear that you can easily touch with your fingers. Your pinna functions as a funnel that guides sound toward the inner ear, where the real work of hearing is done.

conditions of worth

or requirements that you must meet to earn their positive regard.

heterosexual

orientation is attracted to members of the other sex.

homosexual

orientation is attracted to members of the same sex.

bisexual

orientation is attracted to people of both the other and the same sex. The less formal terms straight, gay/lesbian, and bi are often used for heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual, respectively.

When a reinforcer is presented only occasionally following a behavior, ________.

original learning occurs more slowly than if the reinforcer is presented every time the behavior occurs

Consciousness

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

Serial-position effect

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

Disappointing wins are ________.

outcomes that are not as good as expected

fundamental attribution error

overestimating the importance of traits and underestimating the importance of the situation when explaining the behavior of other people.

Counterconditioning a fear involves ________.

pairing the feared stimulus with something that evokes a response incompatible with fear

personality inventory

paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking the test

id

part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious

superego

part of the personality that acts as a moral center

ego

part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious, rational, and logical

Hailie is writing a psychology research paper. She has collected research from the past three decades, which her professor says is fine. What is confusing for Hailie is that her articles say different things. She finally asks you why all of the research has been published if some of it is obviously wrong. You tell her that

part of the scientific process is testing and retesting a theory, to see if everyone gets the same results each time; if they don't, the research may not agree.

interval

passage of time

psychological disorder

pattern of behavior that interferes with a person's life by causing significant distress or dysfunction.

reinforcement schedules

patterns by which reinforcements occur in response to a particular behavior

why are mood disorders not as polar as we think

people can experience symptoms of both mania and depression at the same time.

optimists

people who expect positive outcomes

Neurons that are not part of the central nervous system make up the

peripheral nervous system

Type A personality

person who is ambitious, time conscious, extremely hardworking, and tends to have high levels of hostility and anger as well as being easily annoyed

Type B personality

person who is relaxed and laid-back, less driven and competitive than Type A, and slow to anger

_________ has been proven to help people change undesirable behaviors, such as failing to exercise or eating healthily.

personal behavior modification

The disorder in which a person adopts a persistent, rigid, and maladaptive pattern of behavior that interferes with normal social interactions is a(n) ____ disorder.

personality

projective tests

personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind

personality inventory Devon is taking a personality test that includes a long list of questions. For each question, Devon must choose from a limited set answers. Devon is taking a

personality inventotu

Dr. Verlitzer thinks it would be impossible to fully describe a person without knowing the person's entire history. He feels that a complete history would entail knowing the person's psychological, physical, and social history, and analyzing the person from multiple perspectives. Dr. Verlitzer subscribes to the _______ approach to personality.

personological

An irrational and often persistent fear of an object, situation, or activity is called

phobia

By making a loud noise when "Little Albert" was presented with a rat, John Watson taught the baby to fear rats. This proved that

phobias could be learned through conditioning.

Psychosomatic disorders

physical disorders aggravated by or primarily attribute to prolonged emotional stress or other psychological causes

aerobic exercise

physical exercise that maintains an increased heart rate for a prolonged time.

What are the three parts that make up anxiety

physical feelings, thoughts, and behaviors.

Which of the following has proven to stop bad behavior in the short term only?

physical punishment

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of critical thinkers?

picking and answer and sticking with it

Pre-frontal cortex

planning, making decisions

Type C personality

pleasant but repressed person, who tends to internalize his or her anger and anxiety and who finds expressing emotions difficult

The ________ was invented by William Marston to determine when a person is lying by the detection of physiological responses that cannot be controlled consciously.

polygraph machine

Maria loves to dance. She has noticed that whenever she dances, she has more energy the next day. Maria has noticed a _________ correlation.

positive

____ symptoms in schizophrenia reflect an excess or distortion of normal functions, such as hallucinations or delusions.

positive

What has proven to be a more effective punishment than physical punishment?

positive reinforcement of preferred behaviors

Sarah goes for lunch after she hears the factory lunch bell. This example illustrates ________.

positive reinforcement? NOT:signal stimulus

Prosocial behavior

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior

When a neuron is depolarized, the inside of the cell membrane is ____ and the outside of the cell membrane is ____.

positive, negative

According to Dr. Todorov, what can we do to improve our ability to recognize faces?

practice studying and remembering people's distinct facial features

Your roommate has been engaging in risky sexual behavior all semester, yet she denies that anything is wrong. She is likely in the ____ stage of the stages of change model.

pre contemplation

fixed

predictable

An infant is repeatedly shown a picture of his mother's face and a picture of geometric shapes. Each time, the infant tends to gaze at the picture of his mother's face. This finding is an example of

preferential looking.

Patients with damage to the ________ show deficits in the memory for the temporal order of events.

prefrontal cortex

An employer who thinks that members of a specific group are inferior is an example of _____; the employer's refusing to hire members of that group is an example of _____.

prejudice; discrimination

Tobacco

premature birth, physical deformities, physical underdevelopment

Someone who is researching different types of smoking cessation aids (for example, nicotine gum and nicotine patches) is in which stage of the stages of change model?

preparation/determination

Taste aversion can be explained by

preparedness.

Joan is the coach for a girls' basketball team. She tries to change their mindsets toward winning by erasing their misconceptions about the team that they would be playing against. She tries to motivate them and modify their perception of the stronger team. Joan has ________.

primary control

A middle-school teacher places words such as "calm" and "success" on the walls of his classroom to impact the behavior and achievement of his students. What memory process is he using?

priming

In high school, a student took German; however, she decided to take Russian in college. She finds that she is having trouble learning to speak Russian because she keeps using German words instead of Russian words. What type of problem is she experiencing?

proactive interference

hich of the following is TRUE about color deficient vision

problems involving one set of cones can be an inherited recessive trait

Your ability to use a computer mouse is an example of what type of memory?

procedural

An unconditioned stimulus is one that

produces a response without additional learning.

Sam's therapist administered the Rorschach inkblot test during their last session. Sam completed a(n) _____ test of personality.

projective

Efforts that are geared to helping others are referred to as

prosocial behavior.

_______ is due to the lack of functioning red cones.

protanopia

While trying to learn what a "dog" is, Arash mentally compares every animal to his family's new puppy. If the animal is similar enough, he decides that it is also a dog. Arash's puppy serves as a _______________ for the concept of "dog."

prototype

Which of the following is NOT a function of the amygdala?

providing the cognitive ability to override the initial appraisal

When we are reading, the distance of each letter from those around it affects which word we see. For example, SCARCITY means something different from SCAR CITY. THERAPIST is different from THE RAPIST and PROSECUTE is different from PROSE CUTE. Which Gestalt principle are we using to decide which letters to consider part of full words?

proximity

Which of the following psychological professionals must always have a medical degree?

psychiatrist

The ____ model explains disordered behavior as the result of repressing one's threatening thoughts, memories, and concerns int he unconscious mind

psychodynamic [confirmed - not cognitive]

major depressive disorder

psychological disorder in which a person experiences at least 2 weeks of depressed mood and a loss of interest in most activities.

alcohol

psychological disorders, cognitive impairment, facial abnormalities, physical underdevelopment

Applied psychology specializations

psychologists apply their expertise to real-world problems. These are the psychologists who practice. In other words, they use their knowledge of mind and behavior to enhance some important aspect of their clients' live

Psychological processes, nervous system, endocrine system, and immune system are all studied in an interdisciplinary specialty which is termed _______________.

psychoneuroimmunology

telling a therapist about your problems is a form of

psychotherapy

A child who witnessed the death of his mother experiences symptoms of anxiety, dissociation, nightmares, poor sleep, reliving the event, and concentration problems as late as 3 years after the event. The child is suffering from ____.

ptsd

positive punishment

punish by introducing an aversive stimulus. adding something bad

negative punishment

punish by removing a reinforcing stimulus. removing something pleasant.

When ever Vernon comes home too late on Saturday night his parents refuse to give him his weekly allowance. Vernon's parents are using what technique to modify his behavior?

punishment by removal

Cognitive symptoms of Manic episodes

racing thoughts, grandiousity, delusions, hallucinations,

An experimenter is interested in determining if there are differences in happiness, life satisfaction, and optimism between people who have been given a self-help book to read versus those who have been given a sports article to read. What is the independent variable?

reading material

A person's perception of his or her actual characteristics, traits, and abilities is called their

real self.

spontaneous recovery

reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred.

What is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement?

receiving a paycheck every two weeks

An example of positive reinforcement would be _______.

receiving a treat for good behavior

Cones

receptor cells in the retina that detect color when light is plentiful. (Try to remember the C connection: cones = color). In the human eye, there are a staggering number of both types of receptor cells in the retina, but far more rods (about 100 million) than cones (about 6 million)

Retrospective Data

recollections of past events that are collected in the present -childhood memories constitute retrospective data, your undergraduate grades not since they were collected in the past - this info may be compromised by faulty memory, current mood, and the retrieval cures that are present when you asked to recall an event

social cognition

refer to a person's thoughts about other people and the social world. In this section, we focus on forms of social cognition that social psychologists have studied extensively, including attributions, attitudes, and cognitive dissonance.

________ memory consists of information about current events, but may change from day to day.

reference or working?

unconditional positive regard

referring to the warmth, respect, and accepting atmosphere created by the therapist for the client in person-centered therapy (positive regard is given without conditions or strings attached)

David's parents have been trying to get him to clean his room. They want to reinforce him for cleaning his room, but David never cleans it. The solution to this dilemma is to ________.

reinforce tendencies in the right direction, slowly requiring more similarity to the desired response before reinforcement is given

What increases the probability of a behavior recurring?

reinforcement

variable-interval schedule

reinforcement schedule in which a behavior can be reinforced after a time interval that is inconsistent and unpredictable.

learning

relatively permanent change in behavior over time

according to the text, scientists are investigating the use of stem cells to

repair damaged or diseased brain tissue

If researchers are looking to create a conditioned response, what is one thing that must occur to make that happen?

repetition

Darin had an automobile accident in which his brother and another passenger were killed. Though Darin wasn't seriously hurt in the accident, he can't remember any of the accident details. Darin is exhibiting which ego defense mechanism?

repression

_____ is a defense mechanism that involves pushing threatening impulses out of conscious awareness.

repression

cross-sectional design

research design in which people of different ages are compared to each other at the same point in time.

longitudinal design

research design in which people of different ages are compared to each other at the same point in time.

Longitudinal research

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period of time

Deviant Case Analysis

researchers examine difference between deviant and normal individuals to identify etiological factors

Viggo needs to take an extended leave of absence from work for personal reasons. The remaining employees are required to perform Viggo's duties, and Dewitt is the only one who understands how to do many of them. Though Dewitt's body is unable to maintain the alarmed state it entered when he learned of the additional work, he remains "stressed out" over the weeks that follow. He hopes Viggo will return before he becomes truly overwhelmed. Dewitt is in the _______________________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).

resistance

In Skinner's terminology, an operant is a ________.

responce

Stimulus generalization is a tendency to ________.

respond to a stimulus that resembles one involved in a previously conditioned association

reinforcement

responses that have satisfying effects are strengthened and more likely to occur again (increase likelihood of reoccurring)

neo-Freudian theories

revised, but did not entirely reject, the basics of Freud's original psychodynamic theory. Freud's followers held on to his core ideas: the unconscious, the significance of early childhood experiences, and the notion that the mind contained id, ego, and superego. However, his followers let go of some of his ideas too. They deemphasized the biology that was so prominent in Freud's theories, such as the id's bodily drives and the explicit sexuality of the phallic stage

What part of the brain is not involved in explicit memories?

rhinal cortex hippocampus?

Which of the following tastes do infants grow to like as they get older?

salty

In German, the feeling of joy at another's misfortune is best described by the word _______________.

schadenfreude

variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement in which after an average number of operant responses. steady rate of response.

variable interval schedule of reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement in which delivered an average amount of time after initial response. regular rate of response.

Although Alex had never taken chemistry before, he still knew, based on experiences with other college courses, what to expect on the first day of class. Alex has a(n) ______ for "the first day of class."

schema

The term dementia praecox once referred to the disorder now known as ___________.

schizophrenia

_____ is a severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered thought processes.

schizophrenia

jason suffers from a mental disorder. his thinking is often confused and he has a difficult time identifying emotional states

schizophrenia

When people tend to accommodate to a bad situation by changing their own desires the emphasis lies on what is known as the Eastern approach of _______________.

secondary control

Unlike other glands, such as salivary or sweat glands, endocrine glands:

secrete chemicals directly into the bloodstream.

This is the primary role of the adrenal glands.

secrete hormones

pessimists

seem to expect the worst to happen

_________ makes reinforcement more potent and valuable.

self indulgence or deprivation?

A state of self-fulfillment in which a person reaches his highest potential is called

self- actualization

Which theory focuses on the distinction between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation?

self-determination theory

An individual believing that he or she can successfully engage in a behavior that promotes health is an example of

self-efficacy

The process through which the senses detect environmental stimuli and transmit them to the brain is called ____.

sensation

What are two of our most basic psychological functions?

sensation and perception

Alessandra's family has always had at least one pet, so she is comfortable around dogs. Her friend Tyra, however, was bitten by a dog a few years ago and is now afraid of all dogs. While Alessandra and Tyra are walking to school, they are approached by a dog that is wagging its tail. Alessandra bends down to pet the dog, but Tyra backs up because she is afraid. Both girls are ________________ the same dog, but the way each experiences or ____________ the dog is different.

sensing; perceives

When you pick a cookie up off the plate, where does the energy received through the touch receptors travel for processing?

sensory cortex

The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory includes

sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Thalamus

sensory processing in general

Among other factors, the development of gender involves

sensory, personality and cognitive factors

The neutral stimulus must be paired with the unconditioned stimulus _______ in order to result in successful conditioning.

several times

According to Dr. Todorov, there is evidence that shows we are better at recognizing the faces of people who _______ than those who do not.

share our race and gender

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

shelter

Dendrite

short fiber that conducts toward the cell body of the neuron

One way to measure abnormality is to use _____, which is the social or environmental setting of a person's behavior.

situational context

_______ is the tendency to perceive objects that are close to one another as part of the same grouping

size constancy

axon terminals

small branches at the end of an axon that form connections with the next neuron. (The word terminal lets you know that it is the end of the first neuron.) On the receiving end of that next neuron, smaller passageways take in what the axon terminals deliver. Those smaller passageways are dendrites

Matthew did poorly when trying out for his school's soccer team. To make himself feel better about his performance, he said to himself "at least I wasn't as bad as Brad." Matthew's self-talk is an example of

social comparison.

outgroup

social group to which you believe you do not belong ("them")

A fear of interacting with others or being in a social situation is called

social phobia

cooking grease splatters john while he is making breakfast, and he quickly jumps away from the stove. the pain he experiences is best described as __________ pain

somatic

Amanda notices that her dog scurries into the kitchen as soon as she starts opening a can of dog food with an electric can opener. In this example, the ________ is the conditioned stimulus.

sound of the electric can opener

A work-related accident left Bob with a paralyzed left arm and an inability to recognize the left side of his visual field. Bob's condition is called:

spatial neglect

Counseling psychology

specialization in which psychologists focus on improving the functioning of people who are struggling through difficult times in their lives.

The nervous system is an extensive network of _______ that carries information to and from all parts of the body.

specialized cells

Bryn adopted her cat, Minnie, from the local shelter. She feeds Minnie dry food, but the previous owner fed her canned food. Every time Bryn opens her refrigerator, her new cat comes running. Bryn never gives Minnie food after she opens the refrigerator, however, so eventually Minnie stops showing up. Once in a while, though, Minnie will come running when Bryn opens the refrigerator, as if food is forthcoming. This reappearance of Minnie's old behavior is called

spontaneous recovery.

traits

stable elements of personality that influence thoughts, feelings, and behavior across most situations. Trait theorists assume that varying amounts of each trait account for differences in personality, just as varying amounts of each baking ingredient account for differences in taste.

The main advantage of personality inventories over projective tests and interviews is inventories are __________.

standardized

An emotion is a ________.

state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action.

Remembering is better when a person's mood at encoding is similar to their mood at retrieval. This is an example of

state-dependent memory.

According to a behaviorist, reinforcers are ________.

stimuli that strengthen the preceding behaviors

When 7-year-old Mary goes to the store with her dad and whines for the princess dress, she gets it. But when she goes with her mom, whining never ends up getting her what she wants. Before long, Mary only whines when she is at the store with her dad. This is called ________.

stimulus discrimination

When a neutral stimulus that is similar to a conditioned stimulus produces behavior that is different from the conditioned response, researchers say that ________.

stimulus discrimination has occurred

When a neutral stimulus that is similar to a conditioned stimulus produces behavior that looks like a conditioned response, researchers say that

stimulus generalization has occurred.

A child is conditioned to be afraid of white furry rabbits. The child then develops a fear for all white furry things, including cotton. What has occurred?

stimulus generalization.

conditioned stimulus (CS)

stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus.

Neutral stimulus (NS)

stimulus that has no effect on the desired response.

An advertisement for environment friendly cars features people changing the world for better by reducing pollution, planting trees, and fighting the system. This is accompanied by stirring music. In this example, ________ is the unconditioned stimulus.

stirring music

Intergroup contact

strategy for fighting prejudice based on direct interpersonal interaction between members of multiple groups.

Common group identity

strategy for fighting prejudice based on the creation of a larger group that includes multiple smaller groups

jigsaw classroom

strategy for reducing prejudice by giving each student in a diverse group an essential part of the solution to a problem that must be solved via group interaction.

According to B.F. Skinner, behavioral responses that are followed by pleasurable consequences are

strengthened, or reinforced

Positive reinforcement____________and negative reinforcement ________________.

strengthens behavior by adding a stimulus; strengthens behavior by removing a stimulus

acculturative stress

stress associated with the process of managing old and new cultures

____ refers to a rapid series of still pictures that seem to be in motion

stroboscopic motion

Problem of Reactivity

subjects alter their behavior when they know that they are being observed

Many people believe that some stimuli act upon the unconscious mind and influence behavior, a process called

subliminal perception

the term ____ refers to stimuli that are bleow the level of conscious awarness.

subliminal stimuli

Marisa wants to go out with her boyfriend but she has a big paper to write. According to Freud, which part of her psyche will try to balance her desire to be with her boyfriend with her responsibility to do her homework?

superego

According to Adler, humans' driving force was not the pursuit of pleasure but the pursuit of

superiority

Which taste did the 2-month-old infant seem to prefer?

sweet

The saclike structures that are found at the end of a neuron's axon and that contain neurotransmitters are called:

synaptic vesicles

In French, the phrase "Haven't the police found you yet?" is written "La police, ne t'a pas encore trouvé?" Since French speakers arrange words differently than English speakers, the literal translation is "The police, not you have yet found?" In other words, French and English speakers use different rules, called ________________, to govern word order.

syntax

slow-to-warm-up temperament

take a long time to get used to new people or new situations, and their typical first reaction is to shy away.

Longitudinal disadvantages

takes a long time, some original participants drop out, often expensive

What is the common name for the taste receptor cells?

taste buds

One of B.F. Skinner's famous experiments involved

teaching rats to learn how to obtain food

defense mechanisms

techniques used by the ego to manage conflict between the id and superego.

A(n) _______________ is a protein complex at the end of a chromosome, of which a tiny part is whittled away by enzymes every time a cell divides; this process eventually stops the cell division leading to cell death.

telomere

halo effect

tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client's behavior and statements

generalization

tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response.

discrimination

tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Zofia's dermatologist has recommended a drug called Accutane for her acne. Accutane has potentially serious detrimental effects on a fetus, so Zofia is required to have a pregnancy test both before she begins treatment and every month that she takes the medication. In this situation, Accutane would act as a(n) ________________ on an unborn child.

teratogen

When light passes through the eye, which brain structure does it then pass through before it reaches the occipital lobe for processing?

thalamus

Cerebellum

the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; it helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance

pituitary gland

the "master gland" in the brain, which produces human growth hormone and also controls all of the other glands in the body. Although it is no bigger than the eraser on the end of a pencil, your pituitary gland is in charge, either directly or via control of other glands, of some remarkably important stuff: how tall you grow, your metabolism rate, the ratio of muscle to fat in your body, when puberty kicks in, your blood pressure, your body temperature, the production of breast milk after childbirth, and much more.

plasticity

the ability of the brain to adapt its structure or function in response to damage or experience. . Amazingly, your brain shows some of the same versatility and adaptability

Depth perception

the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance

dynamic sizing

the ability to simultaneously know the norm for a group and recognize that the norm might not apply to every member of that group

cultural competence

the ability to work sensitively and expertly with members of a culturally diverse society.

learned helplessness

the absence of any attempt to help oneself that results from previously learning that such attempts are useless

flat affect

the absence of appropriate emotion. For example, a person with schizophrenia may be the only one who doesn't laugh during a funny movie or cry at a funeral.

if it is found that for a person to notice a smell in a room. the smallest amount of scent needed is one drop of perfume diffused throughout a three-room apartment, this amount of perfume would be described as

the absolute threeshold for the sense of smell

Contrast

the act of distinguishing by comparing differences

Socialization

the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture

The learning/performance distinction is demonstrated by

the aggressive behavior by the children to the Bobo doll in Bandura's study.

The first phase of the general adaptation syndrome is _______________.

the alarm phase

id

the animalistic part of the mind that generates our most primal, biologically based impulses such as sex and aggression

outgroup homogeneity

the assumption that all members of an outgroup are essentially similar.

trait-situation interaction

the assumption that the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed

unconditioned response

the automatic response to a stimulus that occurs naturally, without any need for learning.

temperament

the basic emotional responsiveness that characterizes a person throughout his or her life span

psychic determinism

the belief that all thoughts and behaviors, even those that seem accidental, arbitrary, or mistaken, are determined by psychological forces.

central nervous system

the brain and the spinal cord. All communication with the brain must move through the central nervous system, but often—as the example of searching for a smartphone in the dark illustrates—the communication moves beyond the brain and spinal cord to other body parts, like your hands or feet

In comparing a computer to the human brain, the computer's hardware is like _____ and the computer's software is like _____.

the brain; cognition

corpus callosum

the bundle of neurons that connects and allows communication between the two cerebral hemispheres.

personality disorders

the category of psychological disorders based on an enduring pattern of inflexible and maladaptive behavior that appears across a wide range of situations and interferes with interpersonal interaction

eating disorders

the category of psychological disorders that involve significant disturbances in behaviors related to eating or food.

Etiology

the cause of a disease

Electra complex

the childhood experience of desiring the father and resenting the mother.

Oedipus complex:

the childhood experience of desiring the mother and resenting the father.

In person-centered therapy, most of the work is done by...

the client or patient

objective personality tests,

the client responds to a standardized set of questions, usually in multiple choice or true-false format.

hue

the color of light, as determined by its wavelength. The wavelengths that your eyes can detect represent just a small fraction of the full range of wavelengths.

hassles

the common, minor annoyances or aggravations of day-to-day life. Hassles add up, and cumulatively, they can add significantly to your stress level

social exchange theory

the comparison of benefits and costs to the individual for helping.

Alex regularly gives donations of blood to the Red Cross because he received a life-saving transfusion when he was in a car accident two years ago. His helping behavior is best explained by _____.

the concept of reciprocity

Control Group

the condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

Experimental group

the condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that it, to one version of the dependent variable

Rehearsal

the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

Extinction

the diminishing of the conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

reciprocity norm

the expectation that those who provide help will receive help in the future.

Dependent variable

the experimental factor -- in psychology, the behavior or mental process -- that is being measured; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

Independent variable

the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

Tom is surprised to find that not all of his friends think about affirmative action in the same way he does. Tom's surprise can be explained by

the false consensus effect

genital stage

the final stage in Freud's psychosexual stages, from puberty on, sexual urges are allowed back into consciousness and the individual moves toward adult social and sexual behavior

oral stage

the first stage in Freud's psychosexual stages, occurring in the first 18 months of life in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict

psychosexual stages

the five biologically based developmental stages of childhood during which personality characteristics are formed.

latency

the fourth stage in Freud's psychosexual stages, occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways

Contingency in classical conditioning refers to

the frequency with which the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus occur together.

Assuming that the reason a person is obese is because he or she has no willpower is an example of

the fundamental attribution error

The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of inner dispositions upon another's behavior is called _____.

the fundamental attribution error

When many people first learn of the classic conformity and obedience studies, they often believe that the participants in these studies are weak-minded people and they tend to underestimate the power of the social situation. This is an example of ______.

the fundamental attribution error

Gladys is a therapist who is constantly reminding her clients that people have a natural capacity for personal growth and positive qualities. Gladys likely endorses the _____ of personality.

the humanistic perspective

localization

the idea that specific parts of the brain do specific things. In this section, we will discuss examples of localization, but let's remember not to oversimplify. When identifying what various parts of the brain do, it is important to remember that no part of the brain does anything entirely by itself.

egocentrism

the inability to understand a situation from a point of view other than their own. Kids influenced by both egocentrism and theory of mind often show a blend of the two perspectives—they kind of see the world as others see it, but kind of see it their own way too.

When the infant is shown a picture of a face and a circle, what happens?

the infant focuses on the face

Cerebral cortex

the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body;s ultimate control and information-processing center

cell body (or soma)

the large central region of a neuron that performs the basic activities, including the production of energy, to keep the neuron functional. The passageway extending from each neuron is the Axon

Ego

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that according to Frued, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the "reality principle", satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

_____ is the rule of thumb stating that if there are two explanations for a phenomenon, the simplest explanation is often the best one.

the law of parsimony

cerebral hemispheres

the left and right halves of the cerebrum. (Actually, lower parts of the brain are similarly divided in half, but the hemispheres are particularly relevant in the cerebrum.)

threshold

the level of electrical charge required to trigger an action potential Each action potential is followed by a refractory period

Action Potential

the local voltage change across the cell wall as a nerve impulse is transmitted

Nature-nurture controversy

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors

resting potential

the low-level electrical charge in a neuron that is not firing The neuron shifts from rest into action when the electrical charge reaches a certain threshold

occipital lobe

the lower back part of the brain involved in vision. Your occipital lobe connects (through the thalamus) with your eyes, taking in the raw images you see and beginning to process (or extract meaning from) them. Damage to the occipital lobe can cause a range of sight-related problems, including difficulty seeing certain parts of the visual field, difficulty seeing certain movements or colors, visual hallucinations (seeing things that aren't really there), or complete blindness

Absolute Threshold

the lowest level of stimulation that a person can detect

when the action potential gets to the end of the axon,

the message gets transmitted to another cell

When Maria sees her mother in pain, she feels a jolt of empathy. This is because:

the mirror neurons involved in pain fire.

Neocortex

the more recently evolved portions of the cortex of the brain that are involved with higher mental functions and composed of areas that integrate incoming information from different sensory organs.

here is a strong negative correlation between smoking while pregnant and the birth weight of the baby. This means that

the more you smoke while pregnant, the less your baby will weigh at birth.

Cerebral hemispheres

the nearly symmetrical right and left halves of the cerebrum, separated by a longitudinal fissure running from the front to the back of the brain

peripheral nervous system

the neurons that connect the central nervous system to other parts of the body. You've heard the word peripheral before in the term peripheral vision—not what's in the center, but what's off to the side. Peripheral means the same thing here—the neuronal connections that extend from your center (your brain and spine) to all other parts of your body.

Classical or Pavlovian conditioning has occurred when ________.

the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus

New-School Psychology

the new schools—most notably, multiculturalism, evolutionary psychology, cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and biopsychosocial theory—more accurately capture the movements that characterize psychology's present and immediate future.

social responsibility norm

the notion of duty to help those who need it, regardless of any potential payback to the helper.

scapegoat hypothesis

the notion that prejudice can be fueled by the need to find someone to blame

just-world hypothesis

the notion that the world is fair and that unfortunate events happen to those who deserve them

Frequency (audition)

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a ping in a given time (for example, per second)

law of effect

the observation that a behavior is more likely to be repeated if its effects are desirable but less likely to be repeated if its effects are undesirable (1911, 1927). It's a simple but powerful rule by which we all (animals and people) live: we pay attention to the outcome of each of our actions. If we like the outcome, we will probably repeat that action; if we don't like the outcome, we probably won't repeat the behavior.

Which of the following is an advantage of group therapy?

the opportunity for the therapist and the client to observe how the client interacts with others. [confirmed]

cerebral cortex

the outer layer of the cerebrum, where sensory information is processed.

action potential

the release, or firing, of an electrical impulse that travels through the axon. Action potentials either happen completely or don't happen at all, a phenomenon known as the all-or-none response.

conditioned response

the response to a conditioned stimulus acquired through learning.

anal stage

the second stage in Freud's psychosexual stages, occurring from about 18 to 36 months of age, in which the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict

Tamara normally feeds her cat canned cat food. She noticed that every time she uses her electric can opener, her cat comes to the kitchen. What is the conditioned stimulus?

the sound of the electric can opener

Classical conditioning is most effective when:

the stimulus to be conditioned occurs immediately before the unconditioned stimulus.

A stranger goes straight to the front of a long line waiting to speak with a customer service representative at a department store. In applying the fundamental attribution error, you would most likely think

the stranger is a rude person

motor cortex

the strip of brain matter near the back of the frontal lobe involved in voluntary movement. The motor cortex lies just in front of the somatosensory cortex Like the somatosensory cortex, it connects to parts throughout the body, but rather than taking information from them (in the form of sensations), the motor cortex sends information to specific parts of the body It is your motor cortex, with the help of your somatic nervous system, that tells your thumbs to move when you text and your feet to move when you dance.

self-actualizing tendency

the striving to fulfill one's innate capacities and capabilities

behavioral genetics

the study of the impact of genes (nature) and environment (nurture) on personality and behavior.

psychoneuroimmunology (PNI):

the study of the relationship between psychological factors, including stress, and the immune system

What does "personology" refer to?

the study of the whole person

group polarization

the tendency for a group's attitudes to become more extreme as a result of group discussions.

locus of control

the tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives

instinctive drift

the tendency of animals' behavior to return to innate, genetically programmed patterns

Conscientiousness

the tendency to be organized, responsible, and deliberate

Openness to experience

the tendency to be receptive to new or unconventional ideas

Extraversion

the tendency to be socially outgoing

Agreeableness

the tendency to cooperate and comply with other people

Neuroticism

the tendency to experience negative emotions such as anxiety, depression, and stress

Associationism (history)

the theory that our understanding of the world occurs through ideas associated with similar sensory experiences and perceptions

reciprocal determinism

the theory that three factors—your behavior, your environment, and your cognitions—continually influence each other.

Attribution Theory

the theory that we tend to five a casual explanation for someone's behavior, often by crediting either the situation of the person's disposition

phallic stage

the third stage in Freud's psychosexual stages, occurring from about 3 to 6 years of age, in which the child discovers sexual feelings

Social psychologists have found that performance in any given situation may be influenced by

the threat of being negatively stereotyped.

Just noticeable difference

the threshold at which one can distinguish two stimuli that are of different intensities, but otherwise identical

puberty

the time period featuring physical changes that mark the onset of adolescence and enable sexual reproduction. You know from your own experience (and your biology or sex ed classes) the outward hallmarks of puberty

Freud considered ____ to be the primary motivating force of human behavior.

the unconscious

theory of mind

the understanding of the thoughts, feelings, intentions and other mental activities of oneself and others. Simply put, kids in the preoperational stage gain an ability to "get inside the head" of other people (and themselves) that they did not have when they were younger

personality

the unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave

Unconditioned response (URS)

the unlearned response that occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.

Empiricism

the view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment

Infant-mother attachment

the way that an infant reacts when the mother leaves the room and then returns later

appraisal

the way you evaluate the things that happen to you

A psychologist is interested in increasing safer sex behaviors. In developing an intervention to increase safer sex behaviors, she focuses on the ways in which participants' friends view condom usage. Her inclusion of social group norms in her intervention is consistent with which theory of health behavior?

theory of reasoned action

oval window membrane

there's a second membrane between the middle ear and the inner ear In between those two membranes, your ossicles amplify sound to about 17 times its entry level

Prevalence of mood disorders

they are very common worldwide (20.8%) -major depressive disorder ( 16.6%) -persistent depressive disorder (2.5%) -bipolar 1 and 2 (3.9%) -cyclothymia (0.4-2.5%) VERY RARE

Stem cells are unique because

they can develop into almost any type of cell.

A danger of using stereotypes is that

they cause us to view people not as individuals but rather as typical group members.

One of the criticisms of cognitive-behavioral therapies is that...

they treat the symptom, not the cause.

Meaning

thoughts in our minds and interpretations of others' messages

There are _____ different categories of recognized types of personality disorders in the DSM-IV-TR.

three

For a neuron to fire, it takes a stimulus that is just strong enough to get past its _____.

threshold

How can causality be demonstrated?

through an experiment

How does environmental stimulation reach our brain?

through our skin, nose, eyes and ears

Abhinov was told to stop knocking over his brother's block tower. After three warnings to stop this behavior, Abhinov's mom told him to go to his room. Abhinov's mom is using a form of extinction called

time-out

cilia

tiny scent-seeking threads through the mucus.

synaptic vesicles

tiny, sacklike containers for neurotransmitters To complete their journey across the synapse, the neurotransmitters emerge from the synaptic vesicles and find their way to receptor sites:

Why did Mischel develop CAPS theory?

to explain the fact that some traits are more heavily influenced by the situation than others, and that this varies from person to person and situation to situation

Intermittent reinforcement is most effective when it is used ________.

to maintain an established, reliable response

Joy earns a gumball sticker for every chore she completes. She puts the stickers on her gumball chart. When the gumball chart is filled, Joy gets to choose a prize out of the prize box. Joy's parents are using

token economy

Solving a jigsaw puzzle by looking at the picture on the box and then searching for pieces of a certain color requires using what?

top-down processing

the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole

top-down processing

A typical use of applied behavior analysis is

treating children with disorders such as autism

Rachel tells her psychiatrist about the bad experience that she has had as a child. Her psychiatrist asks her repeat the story backward to see if the story is true or concocted. He follows this routine because liars tend to make more mistakes when they are asked to tell their story backward. Rachel's psychiatrist is ________.

trying to increase the "cognitive load" on her

According to humanistic theory, a child who receives _____ from her parents is likely to avoid the problems associated with _____, which determine the circumstances under which people approve or disapprove of themselves.

unconditional positive regard/conditions of worth

In the context of a classical conditioning experiment, when a dog salivates as he eats his food, the dog's salivations is called the _______.

unconditioned response

Watson and Rayner's study on a placid 11-month-old boy named Albert involved developing a fear of rats. Each time the rat was presented to the boy it was accompanied by a loud noise. In this experiment, Albert's reaction of fear on hearing the loud noise is the ________.

unconditioned response

In an experiment, a researcher blows a puff of air in the participant's face, and the participant blinks. The researcher then rings a bell just prior to the air puff; this continues for several trials. When the researcher next rings the bell but does not blow the puff of air, the participant blinks. In this experiment, the ORIGINAL blink is the

unconditioned response.

In the context of a classical conditioning experiment, when a dog salivates as he eats his food, the food is considered the _______.

unconditioned stimulus

psychological defense mechanisms

unconscious distortions of a person's perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety

Zika Virus

undersized skull and brain, development delays

Which of the following illustrates psychology's goal of control?

using rewards to help a smoker give up cigarettes

Food and water are:

usually primary reinforcers.

If a test does not measure what it's supposed to measure, then it lacks

validity

Freudian slips

verbal or behavioral mistakes that reveal unconscious thoughts or wishes.

Which bodily system contributes to our balance?

vestibular

Sigmund Freud's ideas were probably shaped by the historical era in which he lived, a time known as the

victorian age

When it comes to media content, American society is much more tolerant of _______ than of ________.

violence sex

Operant conditioning is dependent on

voluntary behavior

Cross-sectional disadvantages

vulnerable to cohort effects negatively affecting validity

positive regard:

warmth, acceptance, and love from those around you.

In Bandura's famous experiments, children showed aggressive behavior after they ________.

watched a model behave aggressively?

Young children may learn aggressive behavior by

watching cartoons

The self-enhancing bias suggests that

we believe we are somewhat better than others in a variety of dimensions.

Scientific

we measure the merit of those ideas by applying the scientific method.

posttraumatic growth

when people experience trauma, but find a way to benefit, improve, or enrich themselves from that point forward

odors

which are smells of which you are aware. If it's an odor, you realize you're smelling it, and you also realize the effect it has on you.

anal stage,

which lasts from about age 18 months to about age 3, and focuses on the psychological consequences of toilet training.

genital stage,

which lasts from puberty through adulthood and focuses on mature, adult sexual relationships.

latency stage,

which lasts through the elementary school years, when puberty has not yet kick-started the child's sexual drive,

transduction

which means that outside stimuli (light) get converted into internal brain signals (neural activity)

phallic stage,

which runs from 3 to 6 years old and focuses on the psychological consequences of attraction to the opposite-sex parent.

oral stage,

which takes place from birth to about 18 months and focuses on the psychological consequences of feeding behavior.

without the spinal cord, the brain

would be useless

In Seligman's study, dogs that had been harnessed and had learned there was nothing they could do to escape a shock

would not attempt to escape when escape was possible

cultural intelligence

your ability to live and interact effectively in a multicultural society. Also known as cultural competence, cultural intelligence is what enables you to get along happily and productively with people of different ethnicities, races, religions, geographic locations, genders, sexual orientations, and more.

locus of control

your belief about how much control you have over what happens to you.

sex

your biological maleness or femaleness. In casual conversation, you've probably heard people use gender and sex interchangeably, assuming that the two always match.

Semantic memory

your memory for meanings and general (impersonal) facts

gender

your psychological and behavioral experience of maleness or femaleness.

vestibular sense

your sense of balance. Your vestibular system is largely located in your inner ear

Vision

your sense of sight—dominates the human senses

A fertilized egg is called a(n)

zygote

Amnesia

- partial or total loss of memory

Prevalence of OCD

1.8%

transgender

a person whose gender and sex do not match

the first identified neurotransmitter was

acetylcholine

Pavlov initially set out to study his dogs'

digestive systems

menarche

her first menstrual period

Audition

is your sense of hearing.

Childhood

the state of a child between infancy and adolescence

variable

unpredictable

When a neuron is resting, the inside of the cell membrane is _____ and the outside of the cell membrane is _____.

negative, positive

When a neuron is at rest, the ions inside the cell are mostly _______ and ions outside a cell are mostly ________

negatively; positive (confirmed)

the specialized cell that sends and receives messages in the nervous system

neuron

kinesthetic sense

is your sense of the position and movement of your body parts. Your kinesthetic sense comes from sensors in the muscles, tendons, and joints throughout your body

self-concept

is your view of who you are.

which of the following is true about depth percetion?

it helps one to judge how far away objects are

An infant looks at the picture of the cube rather than the square because ______.

it is more complex

According to Dr. Lilienfeld, which of the following is a major problem with physical punishment?

it tells people what NOT to do instead of what TO do

Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive psychology is a perspective in psychology that emphasizes processes such as thinking, language, attention, memory, and intelligence. These are the processes of acquiring and using information The cognitive perspective arose largely as a reaction against the behavioral perspective, which came before it. In particular, psychologists associated with the cognitive perspective argue against the behavioral emphasis on issues outside of the mind, like observable behavior and external conditions. Instead, cognitive psychologists highlight the fact that what happens inside the mind is essential to understanding humans. Cognitive psychologists study a wide range of inside-the-mind questions, like how we solve problems and make decisions, how we learn languages, what stimulates creative thinking, and what influences intelligence.

Rationalization

Comes up with seemingly acceptable explanations for behaviors actually based on id impulses You give in to your impulse to order (and eat) many boxes of Girl Scout cookies, but tell yourself that you only did so to support a worthy cause.

Differences in Sex Life

Compared to college students in the United States, college students in China are less knowledgeable and experienced with sex. Specifically, Chinese college students lose their virginity later, have less premarital sex, have less oral sex, and participate in a narrower range of sexual activities than their U.S. counterparts.

Comparing Heads and Brains Across Species

Compared to the heads of other specaies, the heads of humans are bigger on top and up front. That reflects the fact that our brains are bigger on top and up front. Generally, the parts on top and up front are involved in our uniquely human abilities, like planning, decision making, and complex cognitive tasks. By contrast, the parts near the back and the bottom of the brain—which all species have—are involved in the abilities common to both humans and other types of animals, like breathing, balancing, hunger, sleeping, and heartbeat.

Don's dream is to be a pro golfer. His parents, however, have made it clear that they think he will not succeed at this goal, and that they will not be happy with him unless he goes into the family business. Carl Rogers would say that the parents are imposing _______ on Don.

Conditions of Worth

Dr. Edwards wants to show a causal relationship between tobacco smoking and cancer. Dr. Edwards should conduct an experiment using

Conduct an experiment using animal participants

Focusing on information that supports your beliefs and discounting information that contradicts your beliefs is an example of

Confirmation Bias

________ is the ability to persist in pursuit of goals, get a good education, work hard but enjoy the work and its challenges, and be responsible.

Conscientiousness

When Billy flips a coin, it appears to be different shapes as it rotates in the air. Sometimes it looks like a circle, sometimes more oval, and, when flat, like a thin sliver. By using which perceptual rule does Billy know that although his perception of the penny's shape may change, it never actually changes shape?

Constancy

Correlational Research

Correlational research is research in which the goal is to determine the relationship between two variables. To measure correlations, psychologists use the correlation coefficient: a statistic that shows the relationship between two variables, ranging from highly positive (+1) to highly negative (−1) (Figure 1.4). A positive correlation coefficient means that as one variable goes up, A negative correlation coefficient means that as one variable goes up, Between the positive and the negative, there's the zero correlation coefficient, Even though such coefficients may lean in either a positive or negative direction, they lean so slightly that they have no real predictive value.

Temira tells her roommate Carmella that she recently read that people who paint their rooms blue get better grades. Carmella knows that painting their room will be a lot of work. Therefore, she asks Temira where she got her information and what evidence her sources had for their conclusion. She also wonders if there might not be another reason that people with blue rooms have higher grades—for example, maybe smart people prefer the color blue. What skill is Carmella using?

Critical Thinking

Research on latent learning suggests that during operant conditioning, people learn ________.

knowledge about responses and consequences

Evolutionary Psychology

Evolutionary psychology is a perspective in psychology that emphasizes Charles Darwin's theory of evolution as an influence on behavior. Evolutionary theory is well over 100 years old, and its influence on psychology can be traced back as far as William James's functionalism, but its impact on psychology continues to grow. Contemporary psychologists increasingly turn to evolutionary theory to explain and predict all kinds of human behavior. Evolutionary psychology also offers explanations of psychological disorders. For example, the most common phobias—heights, snakes, insects, small animals, the dark, enclosed spaces—are actually not the biggest threats to our survival today. But they were the biggest threats to the survival of our ancestors. Ancestors who feared those things were more likely than the fearless to live long enough to have kids of their own.

Which research method will allow researchers to determine the cause of a behavior?

Experiment

C. They require informed consent.

Experiments are more valuable than other research methods because: A. They are always double-blind. B. They can determine correlations. C. They require informed consent. D. They allow a determination of cause-effect relationships.

Which of the following is NOT a division of the nervous system?

External

________ is a general expectation about the results of your actions that are beyond your control.

External locus of control

If focused on exclusively, the use of _______________ reinforcers can cause a behavior to decrease in frequency.

Extrinsic

D. Is of a different ethnic background.

Eyewitness testimonies by victims are most likely to contain errors when the suspect: A. Is of a different gender than a victim. B. Is significantly older than the victim. C. Is significantly younger than the victim. D. Is of a different ethnic background than the victim.

Once you see an ambiguous figure a certain way, you always see it that way. (True or False)

False

What are some cognitive symptoms of a major depressive episode

Feelings of worthlessness, guilt, decreased/increased concentration, thoughts of death,

________ did research about the inconsistencies between thought and action.

Festinger

Research on latent learning suggests that during operant conditioning, people learn

knowledge about responses and consequences.

How Psychologists Share Their Results

Psychologists who have conducted research are certainly eager to share their results, but they do so in a way that ensures higher quality than simply putting those results out there without any oversight or scrutiny. Psychologists make their research known to others via the peer review process: the appraisal of research by people who are as expert as (or more so) on the subject than the researcher. The peers involved in the peer review process take an evaluative role: they receive submissions from researchers and decide whether they are worthy to be shared with the professional community here are two main outlets for psychologists (and their students) to share their research—presentations at professional conferences and articles in professional journals. The peer review process is a big part of both outlets.

B. Behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism's physical state, mental state, and external environment.

Psychology is defined as the discipline concerned with: A. The study of all physical stimuli that affect human sensations and perceptions. B. Behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism's physical state, mental state, and external environment. C. The study of humankind and the importance of culture in explaining the diversity in human behavior. D. Maladaptive human behaviors and cognition that are incorporated into a person's self-worth during childhood.

What Psychology Is Not

Psychology is not just therapy psychology is not exclusively about people with mental disorders. Psychology is also not all about Sigmund Freud. Psychology is also not psychiatry, the medical specialization focusing on the brain and its disorders. Psychiatrists are medical doctors. They go to medical school and earn MD degrees to become physicians

________ is the study of the relationships among the psychology, nervous and endocrine systems, and the immune system.

Psychoneuroimmunology

Retrieval

Pulling information out of memory

Retrieval Cues

Pulling information out of memory

The rise of criminal offences in the past decade has stirred up the argument on punishment. It is important that citizens acknowledge personal responsibility in their state's affairs. In modern existence due to a collapse of morality on the part of majority of peoples, the duty of enforcement lies solely on law enforcers. Therefore, the use of punishment by law enforcers will restrict law breakers.Which of the following, if true, weakens the argument?

Punishment is often administered inappropriately and applied so broadly that it covers all sorts of irrelevant behaviors.

binocular depth cues

Qualities of visual stimuli that indicate depth when you use both eyes. Binocular depth cues help us when we look at things in three dimensions Binocular depth cues depend on retinal disparity (or stereopsis )

monocular depth cues

Qualities of visual stimuli that indicate depth when you use only one eye. Monocular depth cues are the kinds of things you notice in a two-dimensional painting or photograph. For example, relative size, which is how big two things are in comparison to each other, can suggest depth.

POSITIVE

REINFORCEMENT Increase frequency of behavior by getting something good Punishment Decrease frequency of behavior by getting something bad

Which of the following is NOT considered a health behavior?

Reading

C. Empirical Evidence.

Real psychology differs from popular psychology and its pseudoscience relatives in that it is based on: A. Popular opinion. B. The ideas of prominent psychoanalysts. C. Empirical Evidence. D. The latest theories.

Rods

Receptor cells in the retina that detect shades of gray and allow us to see in low light.

Sublimation

Redirects the id impulse in a way that actually benefits others You have an id impulse to hurt other people, so you become a soldier who can do so for the sake of national security.

Displacement

Redirects the id impulse toward a safer target in order to minimize the consequences to you You have an id impulse to scream at your supervisor, but instead you scream at your dog.

Myra worked in one of the Twin Towers at the World Trade Center. She called in sick on September 11, but she really just wanted to go shopping with her sister who was in town visiting. She was sick with grief when she realized that all her coworkers and friends lost their lives, and she felt guilty that she was still alive because she lied and stayed home. What is Myra experiencing?

Survivor Guilt

hippocampus

Spatial memory is your memory for physical spaces, such as the layout of the house you grew up in, or the hallways of your high school. Those mental maps, including the emotional connections to those spaces, become long-term memories thanks to your hippocampus Long-term memory takes place when things that you focus on temporarily (that is, things that are in short-term memory) become stored in such a way that they endure indefinitely. Your hippocampus is the part of your brain most responsible for that conversion, and your awareness of that conversion Damage to the hippocampus impairs the ability to convert short-term memories to long-term memories—that is, to stop memories from simply fading away. In severe cases, it causes anterograde amnesia, a complete inability to form new long-term memories after a certain point in time For now, just know that anterograde amnesia is fascinating to observe but devastating to live through. People who experience it can recall their long-term memories from before the onset of anterograde amnesia, but they can't create any new long-term memories. One way the hippocampus can become damaged is through stress. In particular, high levels of stress that last for a long time can damage the

Industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology

Specialization focused on the workplace. Some I/O psychologists concentrate on issues of personnel—helping companies hire the right people, place them in jobs that fit their abilities, and train them to maximize their performance.

Educational Psychology

Specialization in which psychologists focus on learning and teaching They improve students' performance by examining how students organize their materials, study, motivate themselves, and deal with challenges. There is significant overlap between educational psychologists and school psychologists,

Forensic psychology

Specialization in which psychologists focus on legal and criminal justice issues. Forensic psychologists—whose degrees are often actually in clinical psychology, with a concentration in forensic issues

Clinical psychology

Specialization in which psychologists focus on psychological disorders. Clinical psychologists do many professional activities, Clinical psychologists also do psychological assessment, including intelligence tests and personality tests, often to diagnose people with psychological disorders.

Community psychology

Specialization in which psychologists focus on the wellness of entire communities. Rather than helping individuals with a problem one by one as they experience it, community psychologists try to address community-wide problems that make its members vulnerable to that problem in the first place. As a result, community psychologists often participate in large-scale efforts to empower people and enhance their lives through prevention

Spiritualism

Spiritualism took many forms, typically including communicating with spirits or the deceased. Clairvoyants, fortunetellers, palm readers, and séance conductors could tell you all about your past, present, and future, according to these techniques. So early psychologists fought hard to make sure that psychology was scientific, which made its claims more valid and respectable than those of all the nonscientific techniques. Unfortunately, pseudopsychology is still around and still persuades lots of people.

Middle Adulthood

Starting in the 30s and accelerating with every decade, the functioning of our brains and bodies gradually declines. Age spots, wrinkles, thinning hair, creaky joints, and loss of muscle tone creep in.

Which of the following is true regarding stereotypes?

Stereotypes are more dangerous to groups with relatively low power in society.

________ occurs when responses generalize to stimuli that were not present in original learning environment, but resemble the original stimuli in some way.

Stimulus generalization

What is the 3rd factor ( learning factor/ psychological risk factor)

Stressors activate biological vulnerability

Questionable Analogy

Student government is a mistake from the beginning. Look what happens in homes when parents let the children run things their own way: Fallacy=

Which of the following is a reason researchers prefer to use animals in experiments rather than humans?

Studying long-term effects is much easier

A market-research firm calls you on the phone and asks you a series of questions about your attitudes toward exercise. The market-research firm is conducting a(n)

Survey

The _________ is the part of the cortex involved in processing pain and temperature, as well as allowing us to interact with our environment. a. Temporal Lobe b. Frontal Lobe c. Parietal Lobe d. Occipital Lobe

c. Parietal Lobe

Testing the Hypothesis by Collecting Data

When you collect data for your study of social media and self-esteem, you'll have to decide whose social media time and self-esteem you are most interested in. In other words, you have to identify the study's population: the whole range of people on whom the research is focused. In this case, as we have already discussed, your population is U.S. college students. But you certainly won't be able to include all of them in your study; there are way too many, and you couldn't get to them all. That means you'll have to settle for a sample: the subset of the population who actually participate in the research. It's important for the sample to match the population (Figure 1.6). If the sample differs in a significant way from the population, your results may be true only for your sample, not more generally across your whole population. . Surveys are usually done in a self-report format, which means that the person completing the survey answers questions about himself or herself. Occasionally, people complete surveys that describe someone else's behavior or attitudes, as when a parent completes a survey about a young child. With laboratory observations, the psychologist collects data from participants by watching their behavior in the psychologist's lab. With naturalistic observations, the psychologist collects data from participants by visiting them in the real-world location where their behavior happens naturally.

adrenaline

When you notice that your "adrenaline is pumping"—when you're gearing up for a big game, or walking through a haunted house, or mountain-biking down a steep incline—that is actually your adrenal glands working overtime. Adrenaline is also known as epinephrine.

A. The Biological perspective.

Which modern psychological perspective focuses on bodily events and their effects on behavior, feelings, and thoughts: A. The Biological Perspective. B. The Cognitive Perspective. C. The Evolutionary Perspective.

A. Sociocultural.

Which modern psychological perspective focuses on bold events and their effects on behavior, feelings and thoughts. A. Sociocultural. B. Learning. C. Cognitive. D. Biological.

A. The Structuralist Perspective.

Which of the following approaches was popular during the early days of modern psychology?: A. The Structuralist Perspective. B. The Cognitive Perspective. C. The Feminist Perspective. D. The Sociocultural Perspective.

A. During the production of the sperm and egg, genes can spontaneously mutate and recombine to form new traits.

Which of the following describes how new genetic variations arise: A. During the production of the sperm and egg, genes can spontaneously mutate and recombine to create new traits. B. Natural selection causes stable genes to begin to mutate. C. When a new trait is required for an organism's survival, the body begins to create new genes by recombining DNA sequences from existing genes. D. The least "fit" members of a species acquire genetic material from the "fittest" members.

D. Fear of Spiders.

Which of the following fears can be easily conditioned in human beings: A. Fear of flowers. B. Fear of butterflies. C. Fear of toasters. D. Fear of spiders.

B. There is typically one correct answer.

Which of the following is a characteristic of formal reasoning?: A. The information needed to solve the problem may be unclear or missing. B. There is typically one correct answer. C. You often need to decide which of the many possible solutions is the most "reasonable". D. It is a type of nonconscious responding

A. Triggering physical changes at puberty.

Which of the following is a possible effect of sex hormones?: A. Triggering physical changes at puberty. B. Regulating daily biological rhythms and sleep. C. Triggering responses to drugs, such as caffeine and nicotine. D. Causing increased emotion in women prior to menstruation.

Which of the following statements in true of hypothesis? a. It is a sentence negating the assumption that is considered correct by a researcher b. It is a system of assumptions that explains a behavior c. It is a prediction about a relationship between variables that may be empirically tested d. It is a prediction about future events based on one's institution

c. It is a prediction about a relationship between variables that may be empirically tested

Andy claims that phrenology is pseudoscience because it can't be falsified. Which of the following statements supports her specific claim? a. When phrenologists found large "theft" bumps on the head of a person, despite the person not being a thief, they could easily conclude that other positive bumps held this characteristic in check. b. Most of the phrenologists received inadequate training in the analysis of head bumps and so there were variations in their predictions. c. Phrenologists relied heavily on the theories of Charles Darwin, and yet they could not link the bumps to evolutionary adaptation. d. These "bumps" were viewed as indicators that different brain areas have different functions, which we now know is not true.

a. When phrenologists found large "theft" bumps on the head of a person, despite the person not being a thief, they could easily conclude that other positive bumps held this characteristic in check.

An academic researcher is interested in how often couples live together long term instead of getting married. He does cold calls across New York and asks people a series of questions about their relationships and living arrangements. His study is considered: a. a survey b. a psychological test c. a naturalistic observation d. correlational

a. a survey

An example of Basic Psychological Research would be: a. an fMRI study evaluating the function of the thalamus b. a study evaluating the effect on students' information retention following specific examination methods c. a study evaluating how peer pressure can be used to encourage students to report sexual assault on campus d. a study evaluating the potential memory benefits of a new drug for Alzheimer's patients.

a. an fMRI study evaluating the function of the thalamus

The _______ is the brain structure involved in the formation of new information in long term memory (especially spatial information). a. hippocampus b. thalamus c. amygdala d. cerebrum

a. hippocampus

MMPI-2:what does it specifically test for?

abnormal behavior patterns in personality.

Unconscious

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware

observational learning/modeling

acquire new behaviors by imitating behaviors observed in others; allows us to become capable of behaviors even before we have a chance to do behaviors ourselves. Bobo Doll Study.

The main goal of _____ therapy is to change disordered or inappropriate behavior directly.

action

discrimination

action based on prejudice or stereotypes toward a social group.

A(n) ________ is a response motivated by an emotion.

action tendency

Short-term memory

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.

The _______ is who you are. The _________ is who you would like to become.

actual self; ideal self

it is now known that the brain can change itself quite a bit by ______ neurons

adapting

Conformity

adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with the group standard

Which hormones are the brain designed to release under stress?

adrenaline and cortisol

spontaneous recovery

after a temporary period of inactivity, the return of a conditioned response that had become extinct.

Octavia enjoys being around others and is well-known for her social grace. She is warm and engaging with everyone she meets regardless of whether the setting is the classroom, her workplace, a restaurant, or her own home. Based on this information and relying on the Five Factor Model, we can say that she would be MOST likely to score high in

agreeableness

In order, starting from the first stage, what are the stages of the general adaptation syndrome?

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

which psychologist is best known for working with children and a bobo doll rto study whether aggressive behavior is learned by watching others be aggressive

albert bandura

Using a drug to enhance the activity of a certain receptor in the ________ speeds up the extinction of a phobia (fear of heights) during virtual reality treatments.

amygdala

Amygdala

amygdala as an especially important part of the brain, perhaps the most important part of all, in terms of emotion the amygdala sounds the fight-or-flight alarm in the first place Damage to the amygdala causes all kinds of problems with emotional processes, especially the experience of fear. Other researchers stumbled upon a different kind of finding about the amygdala by studying altruists, people who commit acts of kindness for others that provide no payoff for themselves.

Conditioned reflex

an acquired response that is under the control of (conditional on the occurrence of) a stimulus

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that seep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

biological preparedness

an animal's evolutionary predisposition to learn what is most relevant to the survival of that species.

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder characterized by sudden, intense, unpredictable brief bursts of anxiety

Phobia

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation

behavioral assessment

an approach to assessment that assumes client behaviors are themselves the problems, rather than signs of deeper problems.

multimethod assessment

an approach to personality assessment that emphasizes the use of multiple methods rather than only one method.

How long does a manic episode have to last to qualify?

last one week or less if very severe

association areas

brain material that is devoted to synthesizing and interpreting information rather than merely taking in information. To understand what happens in association areas, imagine that an ambulance approaches your car from behind. There are specialized parts of your brain that process the sight of the flashing lights in your rearview mirror and the sound of the blaring siren that grows louder as it gets closer But somewhere in your brain, that information has to be integrated to make sense. That is what the association areas do. They associate, or combine, these various bits of information so they have meaning: There's an ambulance behind me, which means there's an emergency nearby, so I need to pull over to let the ambulance get to the person who needs help.

thalamus:

brain's main sensory processing center, located near the center of the brain The thalamus, which is shaped like a small egg, receives the information you take in through your eyes, ears, mouth, and skin, then directs this information to the parts of your brain that need to process it.

dendrites:

branches at the end of neurons that receive signals from other neurons. So, the signal shoots through the axon, into an axon terminal, and travels to a dendrite on the next neuron.

In 1996, Lindemann proposed a fifth primary receptor which detects which type of taste?

brothy

the response that is given to the conditioned stimulus is not usually quite as strong as the original unconditioned response,

but it is essentially the same response.

Jake has found a correlation between the amount of time he spends exercising every day and the number of hours he sleeps at night. The more he exercises, the longer he sleeps. However, his psychology instructor explained to him that correlation does not mean causation. This means that

by itself, the correlation doesn't say if more exercise causes longer sleep.

A ballerina will rely primarily on which brain area that is involved in regulating balance? a. hypothalamus b. pons c. cerebellum d. thalamus

c

A researcher wants to know whether eating chocolate makes people nervous. Some participants are given three bars of chocolate to eat and some are given no chocolate at all, and then all of the participants are tested for nervousness an hour later. In this experiment, the amount of chocolate eaten a. would be a dependent variable. b. would be a placebo. c. would be an independent variable. d. may be either an independent or dependent variable.

c

Chemical substances secreted by glands, that affect the functioning of bodily organs, are called a. endorphins. b. neurotransmitters. c. hormones. d. opioid peptides.

c

Isaiah lost a leg in Afghanistan after an improvised bomb exploded near him. Years later, he still has times when he feels intense pain that he perceives as coming from his missing leg. It is obvious that Isaiah a. is craving the attention of his family and friends. b. is experiencing cramps in the other intact leg. c. is experiencing phantom pain. d. has been faking the pain to avoid working.

c

One difference between rods and cones is that a. rods are sensitive to color and cones are not. b. rods are less numerous than cones. c. rods are more sensitive to light than cones. d. rods are located in the center of the retina and cones in the periphery.

c

Real psychology differs from popular psychology and its pseudoscientific relatives in that it is based on a. popular opinion. b. the ideas of prominent psychoanalysts. c. empirical evidence. d. the latest theories.

c

The _______________ is often called the body's "master gland" because the hormones it secretes affect many other endocrine glands. a. olfactory bulb b. pineal gland c. pituitary gland d. temporal lobe

c

The ganglion cells connected to your rods and cones can fire based on a. only externally generated light. b. light and pressure. c. light, pressure and lack of stimulation. d. light, pressure, lack of stimulation and serotonin.

c

The part of neurons that receive messages from nerve cells and look like the branches of a tree are called a. axons. b. neurotransmitters. c. dendrites. d. cell bodies.

c

Which of the following is a chemical messenger? a. synaptic vesicles b. receptor sites c. neurotransmitters d. potassium ions

c

Which two senses keep us informed about the movement of our own body? a. homeostasis and balance b. equilibrium and homeostasis c. equilibrium and kinesthesis d. kinesthesis and homeostasis

c

While Breanna is walking on the road, a bicyclist swerves toward her. Her heart races and sweat breaks out as she jumps out of harm's way. Soon, Breanna's heart rate begins to decrease. This calming reaction is due to the action of Breanna's a. skeletal nervous system. b. endocrine system. c. parasympathetic nervous system. d. sympathetic nervous system.

c

_______________ psychologists studied how people organize the world visually into meaningful units and patterns. a. Psychophysical b. Organizational c. Gestalt d. Ground

c

Which of the following is an operational definition of depression? a. A feeling of extreme sadness b. A state of low mood and inactivity that has a negative effect on a person c. A quantifiable score on an established depression assessment test d. The opposite of euphoria

c. A quantifiable score on an established depression assessment test

___________ research allows us to identify relationships and make predictions about variables, but only _________ research allows us to identify casual relationships between variables. However, ____________ research only allows us to learn about behavior and other psychological phenomena. a. Descriptive; correlational; experimental b. Descriptive; experimental; correlational c. Correlational; experimental; descriptive d. Experimental; correlational; descriptive

c. Correlational; experimental; descriptive

Which of the following statements is true? a. Scientists should keep their research cover so as to protect their ideas from plagiarism. b. It is a waste of time and money to replicate a study that has already been done. c. Disclosure of the details of a study is important so that other can verify them. d. Peer reviews take place after research findings are announced publicly.

c. Disclosure of the details of a study is important so that other can verify them.

Experimental Research

is research in which the goal is to determine the cause-and-effect relationship between two variables by manipulating one and observing changes in the other. independent variable (IV): in experimental research, a variable that is manipulated by the researcher. By contrast, self-esteem would be your dependent variable (DV): in experimental research, a variable that is expected to depend upon the independent variable. Of course, you'd want to put participants into those two groups via random assignment: a procedure in experimental research by which the assignment of participants into either the experimental or control group happens entirely by chance. If you used some factor (gender, for example) (the experimental group) the new therapy and the other half (the control group), a therapy already proven to work.

Freud's theory of psychoanalysis

is still in use by professional's today, with less emphasis on sex and sexual motivations

internal locus of control

is the belief that your life is under the control of forces inside of you

external locus of control

is the belief that your life is under the control of forces outside of you

DSM (full name: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders )

is the book in which mental disorders are officially defined. DSM is used by psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, counselors, even physicians and nurses—anyone who might diagnose or treat an individual with a mental disorder.

Pitch

is the description of how "high" or "low" a sound is. Pitch is produced by the frequency of vibrations: The more frequent the vibrations, the higher the pitch. (Pitch is measured in hertz, which means vibrations per second.)

Adolescence

is the developmental period that encompasses the transition from childhood to adulthood.

Cognitive dissonance

is the discomfort caused by having an attitude that contradicts another attitude or a behavior

sensorimotor stage

is the first stage in Piaget's theory of development, from birth to about age 2, when babies understand the world through sensory experience. Babies know something is real by seeing, hearing, smelling, touching, or tasting it.

nervous system

is the full set of nerves that connect your brain with all the other parts of your body. The nervous system is what enables your brain to act as a command center, sending and receiving messages from all over your body. As described earlier in the chapter, the building blocks of your nervous system are neurons, the cells that facilitate communication within the nervous system.

somatic nervous system

is the part of the peripheral nervous system that connects the central nervous system to the parts of the body you control voluntarily. The example in which you move your hand around inside your backpack to find your phone illustrates the somatic nervous system.

autonomic nervous system

is the part of the peripheral nervous system that connects the central nervous system to the parts of your body you control involuntarily. Your autonomic nervous system regulates the bodily functions that you never have to think about, like the beating of your heart and the digestion of your food. Unlike your somatic nervous system, which spreads throughout your entire body, your autonomic nervous system covers only your core, where most of your organs are

parasympathetic division

is the part of your autonomic nervous system that calms your body down when stressors decrease.

sympathetic division

is the part of your autonomic nervous system that revs your body up in response to stressors

Learning

is the process by which life experience causes change in the behavior or thinking of an organism.

ideal self

is the self-actualized version of yourself that you naturally strive to become

endocrine system

is the set of glands that send hormones throughout the body via the bloodstream.

Broca's aphasia

is the speech dysfunction caused by damage to Broca's area. People with Broca's aphasia have no problem comprehending speech (assuming Wernicke's area remains intact), but have a difficult time producing speech There are very long pauses between their words, and when they put together a sentence, it often includes just the most essential words: "Need...bread..." rather than "We need to go to the store to buy more bread." Broca's aphasia is often called an expressive aphasia, since the problems primarily involve getting language out. By contrast, Wernicke's aphasia is often called a receptive aphasia, since the problems primarily involve taking language in.

Developmental psychology

is the study of the changes to body, mind, and interpersonal interaction that people experience across the life span

real self

is the version of yourself that you actually experience in your day-to-day life.

Behaviors tend to be MOST resistant to extinction when the reinforcement

is unpredictable

Biofeedback

is using a monitor to see information about your physiological functions (like heartbeat or muscle tension), with the intention of influencing those functions in a healthy direction.

Sound localization

is your ability to perceive the location from which a sound originates.

immune system

is your body's innate method of defending against bacteria, viruses, infections, injuries, and anything else that could cause illness or death

Olfaction

is your sense of smell. It is well known that other species (dogs, for example) have better olfaction than humans,

Gustation

is your sense of taste. Gustation comes from the same root as disgusting, and the Spanish verb gustar (as in "me gustan las enchiladas"), all of which generally refer to how pleasing something is (or tastes) to you. How good it tastes is important not just for enjoyment but for health too. Gustation allows you to sense, and spit out, toxins and other substances that would cause you disease or discomfort if you ate them.

Two factor model

looks to explain specific phobias as a result of an event that was experienced. Event: scary experienced observation/warning ex: Bitten by a dog at a park as a child 1) Response to threat (classical conditioning): -dogs/ parks are dangerous, they make me feel anxiety symptoms which make me feel afraid 2) anticipatory anxiety leads to avoidance (operant conditioning) -They avoid dogs, parks, houses that have dogs to avoid the fear and anxiety response they feel when in those situations. -this explains why the anxiety isn't distinguished because they never rode the peak of their anxiety until it came down, and they never had an opportunity to see a friendly dog or to rewrite the experience as a singular event as opposed to a universal truth. (that dog was scary vs All dogs are scary)

companionate love

love characterized by deep commitment and affection, and often experienced later in long-term relationships.

Unconditional positive regard is

loving and respecting another person regardless of his or her thoughts or actions.

Severe punishment may encourage

lying to avoid punishment

In a panic disorder, a person may interpret a racing heart as a heart attack. This form of irrational thinking is...

magnification

____ is the most commonly diagnosed mood disorder and is twice as common in women as it is in men.

major depression

_______ is the most commonly diagnosed mood disorder.

major depression

antonia feels completely alone and hopeless

major depression

Unipolar depression

major depressive disorder

accommodation

making sense of new information by revising or creating new schemas.

assimilation

making sense of new information by sorting it into already existing schemas.

assimilation

making sense of new information by sorting it into already existing schemas. Of course, sometimes an item doesn't fit into an existing schema, or a schema needs to be subdivided or redefined. We deal with these situations by using accommodation:

A woman who cuts herself to relieve anxiety would be suffering from

maladaptive behavior

according to the text, _______ have greater odds of having color-deficient vision than __________

males;females

acculturation

managing a life that involves the coexistence of more than one culture

why isnt agoraphobia a panic disorder ?

many people who have agoraphobia dont have panic attacks

changes such as an increase in height or the size of the brain are called

maturation

One night, Jessica goes out to dinner with a friend and orders her favorite meal, steak and potatoes with red wine. Unfortunately, she also drinks too much and is sick at the end of dinner. The next time she orders steak, she

may not like it anymore.

Our eyes capture light __________ much like a camera.

mechanically

Which of the following is one of Bandura's elements of observational learning?

memory

Intelligence

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

Mental imagery

mental representations of things that are not physically present

Marta was recently in an automobile accident and she suffered a traumatic brain injury. Since she is having a lot of trouble seeing, the neurologist suspects that she has damage in the _______________ and/or the _____________.

midbrain; occipital lobe

Brain cells that fire when a person or animal observes another carrying out an action and are involved in empathy, language comprehension, imitation, and reading emotions are called ________.

mirror neurons

five-factor model (Big Five)

model of personality traits that describes five basic trait dimensions

Anthony has difficulty playing with other children. He often gets angry and stomps off when things don't go his way. To help him learn to deal with his anger, his parents engage him in a game of Candy Land. They respond the way they would like to see Anthony respond when he loses a turn or is forced to move backward on the board. Anthony's parents are using a behavior modification technique called

modeling

Depression is classified as a(n) _____ disorder.

mood

On Christmas, Mark surprises his brother, Matt, by gifting him the remote-controlled helicopter that he had always wanted. Matt's mood turns unusually cheerful. Later, Matt meets his friend Julian who is depressed because he feels his sister's gift was better than his. After this meeting, Matt feels depressed.This change of mood in Matt can be explained by the mechanism of _______________.

mood contagion

Which of the following is NOT among the components of an emotion?

mood contagions from one person to another

A person's personality should not be confused with their character, which is the person's

morals or ethics.

In his research with nonsense syllables, Ebbinghaus found that

most forgetting occurs shortly after the information is learned.

In the disease ____, the myelin sheath is destroyed.

multiple scelrosis

Multiple sclerosis is caused by lesions on

myelin tissue

David has been exercising more and losing weight. So far, he has lost 8 pounds. This is an example of a __________ correlation.

negative

When an aversive stimulus is removed and behavior increases as a result, ________.

negative reinforcement has occurred

cerebellum

the part of the brain near the bottom and the back primarily involved in balance and the coordination of movement The main role of the cerebellum involves motion, though it may also be involved in other functions, including attention and memory Your cerebellum does not initiate movement, but it regulates it. For example, imagine that you need to slow down your car to about half its current speed. Your cerebellum would not send the message "Step softly on the brake," but it would make sure that you step on the brake with just the right amount of force and consistency. Without your cerebellum, a simple act like stepping on the brake could go wrong in many ways: You could tap it so weakly that the car doesn't slow down; you could slam on it so hard that the car comes to a jolting stop; or you could step on it in an inconsistent, herky-jerky way that makes the car lurch back and forth.

Parietal Lobe

the part of the brain near the top and back of the head involved in touch and perception.

medulla

the part of the brainstem most specifically involved in heartbeat and breathing. Together, the pons and medulla also control swallowing.

hypothalamus

the part of the limbic system involved in maintaining steadiness in bodily functions. One way the hypothalamus achieves this steadiness is by exerting control over the pituitary gland, which is the master gland of the endocrine system and therefore has tremendous influence on the release of hormones. The hypothalamus also has significant influence over the autonomic nervous system, which means that it affects your heartbeat, breathing, and other involuntary functions The hypothalamus also influences the triggers you feel to eat or drink. In this way, your hypothalamus helps you maintain homeostasis, or a relatively constant internal environment. For example, homeostasis ensures that your heartbeat increases while you work out on the elliptical machine, and makes sure your heartbeat returns to normal soon after your workout. Homeostasis also means that your body temperature stays about the same, even when Mother Nature causes great fluctuations in the temperature around you.

superego

the part of the mind that opposes the id by enforcing rules, restrictions, and morality.

ego

the part of the mind that serves as a realistic mediator between the id and superego. The ego makes compromises. Its task is to find ways to satisfy both the id and the superego, while also meeting the demands of the real world

Axon

the part of the neuron that carries information toward other neurons. At the end of the axon, the axon splits into axon terminals

primary sex characteristics

the parts of the body directly involved in sexual reproduction, such as genitals, ovaries, and testes. For example, a boy's penis and testes enlarge, and he experiences his first ejaculation. A girl experiences enlargement of her uterus, clitoris, and labia

secondary sex characteristics:

the parts of the body that characterize sexual maturation but are not directly involved in reproduction. For example, in girls, hips widen, breasts develop, and body fat increases in certain areas. In boys, shoulders broaden, facial hair grows, muscles develop, and the voice deepens. In both, height surges, underarm and pubic hair appears, and acne does too, at least for some.

insight

the perception of a solution to a problem that results from cognitive understanding rather than from trial and error.

extinction

the point in the learning process at which the conditioned stimulus no longer causes the conditioned response because it is no longer linked to the unconditioned stimulus.

acquisition

the point in the learning process at which the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus because it causes the conditioned response.

How does the prefrontal cortex influence mood disorders?

the prefrontal cortex has serotonin ( deficiency causes depression) and Dopamin (influences mood, emotional response, and motivation) . It also controls cognition, emotion, judgement, planning. There is also the anterior cingulate cortex which controls goal pursuit and motivation.

fetus

the prenatal human organism from about 2 months after conception to birth.

embryo

the prenatal human organism from about 2 weeks to about 2 months after conception. For the remainder of the pregnancy,

zygote

the prenatal human organism from the moment the egg is fertilized by sperm to about 2 weeks

discrimination

the process by which stimuli that are different from the conditioned stimulus fail to cause the same conditioned response.

generalization

the process by which stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus cause the same conditioned response.

visual accommodation

the process by which the lens changes shape to focus on objects at varying distances from your eyes.

Shaping

the process of gradually learning a complex behavior through the reinforcement of each of its small steps.

reuptake

the process when a neurotransmitter is taken back up by the sending neuron after failing to land in a receptor site in the receiving neuron

cognition

the processes by which sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used.

Development can be best described as

the product of the interaction of nature and nurture

What is a telomere?

the protective coating at the end of chromosomes

retina

the rear part of the eyeball that receives visual stimulation and sends it to the brain via the optic nerve. The retina is basically a screen at the back of your eye.

social support

the relationships you have with friends, family, and others that can benefit you when you experience stress. Social support can take many forms, but it is often categorized in three ways

Long-term memory

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system